Description Of State Research Articles

Theoretical developments on the initial state in relativistic particle collisions

We discuss recent progress towards developing accurate initial state descriptions for heavy ion collisions focusing on weak coupling based approaches, that enable one to constrain the high-energy structure of nuclei from deep inelastic scattering or proton-nucleus collisions. We review recent developments to determine the event-by-event fluctuating nuclear geometry, to describe gluon saturation phenomena at next-to-leading order accuracy, and to include longitudinal dynamics to the initial state descriptions.

Сучасна теріофауна лівобережжя Каньйонового Придністер’я

The article analyses the current state of the mammal fauna of part of Podolian Transnistria, which lies between the rivers Zbruch and Zolota Lypa (southern Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine). To designate the region, the publication uses a term from old Polish sources—Canyon Transnistria—which reflects the prevailing landform. The area of research in old faunal summaries is mentioned only as part of wider regions, such as Galicia, western Ukraine, or Ternopil Oblast. Over the past decades, the number of publications on the mammal fauna of this particular region has increased substantially, which makes it possible to make a summary overview. The modern mammal fauna of the region comprises 60 species belonging to 7 orders, 20 families, and 41 genera. Over the past 70 years, the mammal fauna of the studied region has undergone significant changes. Its dynamic component is almost 27%. It includes species of recent immigrants (Blyth’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus lepidus, mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus, muskrat Ondatra zibethicus), as well as two species that recovered their range (Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, wildcat Felis silvestris); the dynamic component also includes three extinct or probably extinct species—Geoffroy’s bat (Myotis emarginatus), Podolian ground squirrel (Spermophilus odessanus), and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A group of phantom species has been singled out, which are known only from single old finds, and modern studies of these species are far from sufficient to understand their status. It includes the lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis oxygnathus), Nathusius’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), southern birch mouse (Sicista loriger), and Podolian mole rat (Spalax zemni). Such species as the long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus) and the pygmy field mouse (Sylvaemus uralensis) appeared in the lists of the mammal fauna of the region due to changes in taxonomy. The rare component of the mammal fauna comprises 18 species (30%). The article provides a brief description of the current state of mammal populations in the region. Conservation recommendations are given for rare species.

PSYCHOLOGISM IN THE WORKS OF S. LENZ ("THE OLDEST WOMAN")

Objective. The objective of the article is to identify and characterise the peculiarities of the forms and types of psychologism in the works of S. Lenz translated into Ukrainian (on the basis of “The Oldest Woman” translated by Volodymyr Vasyliuk). Methods. The main scientific results are obtained through a component analysis of the manifestations of the psyche of the characters in the story "The Oldest Woman". The main attention is paid to the psychoanalytic interpretation of emotions, states, feelings of the main character, and the means of expressing the psychological character of the work. Results. In national literary studies, the works of the twentieth-century German writer S. Lenz have not often been the object of attention, although the themes and issues of this writer's works are quite relevant. The problem of the psychologism of S. Lenz's short fiction, his mastery of depicting the psyche and psychology of the characters in his works has been touched upon tangentially in academic works. In “The Oldest Woman”, the organisation of the text plays an important role in achieving psychologicalism. The psychological tension is maintained by an inexplicable dramatic change in the main character's state and moods. For the character of the short story "The Oldest Woman", the decisive feeling is fear. Such a contrast in the tone of the narrative also creates a considerable psychological tension both in the text itself and for the reader. Because of the fear of losing her pension, the woman completely and consciously changes her lifestyle. At first, due to the enthusiastic description at the beginning of the novel, it does not occur to the reader that someone like Birta could be afraid of anything. The author does not reveal the reasons for Birta's frailty until the end of the novel. In addition, the description of the protagonist's states, moods, and feelings is constantly accompanied by a vivid artistic detail, which sometimes reveals the essence of the experience. The narrator in the work helps the reader create a psychological portrait of the characters, revealing their characteristics, thoughts, and aspirations. Particularly valuable are the statements and comments on the characterisation of Birt. The reader's perception and understanding of the character's character and main experiences is based on the narrator's vision of her: he shares his admiration for the physical strength of 92-year-old Birta and creates an image of a strong and unwavering, physically enduring woman, which he supports throughout the text with comments, encouragements to the reader to think, imagine, etc.

Explicitly correlated Gaussians for high-precision variational calculations of S^{e},P^{e}, and D^{e} states of quantum systems: An efficient algorithm.

In this work we consider an efficient algorithm for variational calculations of quantum few-particle systems in S,P, and D states of the even parity using all-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian (ECG) basis sets. We primarily focus on the description of states where the dominant configuration contains either two particles in p states or a single particle in a d state (all other particles are in s states). The basis functions we consider are products of spherically symmetric ECGs and bipolar harmonics. We introduced a scheme for deriving expressions for matrix elements of the overlap, kinetic and potential energy, as well as their derivatives with respect to the nonlinear parameters of the Gaussians. This allowed us to improve the efficiency of numerical calculations of the matrix elements (which is the most critical part of any code that uses ECGs) by one to two orders of magnitude compared to previous implementations. We provide a complete set of formulas for all basic matrix elements using the formalism of matrix differential calculus and discuss some technical details relevant to their efficient implementation. Lastly, we report a few example calculations of the ^{2}D^{e} states of the Li atom, ^{4}P^{e} and ^{2}D^{e} states of the B atom, and ^{3}P^{e} states of the C atom.

CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS OF THE FORMATION OF CARGO FLOWS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT OF UKRAINE IN THE SECURITY MEASURE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Topicality. Formation of cargo flows is an important component of modern logistics and supply chain. Today, the transport system, especially water transport, is in a state of turbulence. In modern conditions, when Ukraine is left without a key logistics chain, it is necessary to focus attention precisely on the importance and role of Ukrainian sea transport in the formation of cargo flows that ensure food security. That is why there is a need to review the economic approaches used to regulate cargo flows and the need to develop a general guiding course for the post-war recovery of maritime logistics traffic by shaping cargo flows in the context of the global sefety system.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to develop conceptual provisions regarding the formation of cargo flows by maritime transport of Ukraine in the context of global security based on individual reference markets, in particular, types of cargo transportation in the post-war period. The tasks that must be solved in order to achieve the set goal: a) analysis of cargo flows and cargo volumes for the period from 2017 to 2023, to single out among the full nomenclature of cargoes the main markets that can be relied on in the post-war period, during the revival of maritime logistics traffic; b) give a brief description of the current state of the markets of selected cargoes; to develop and propose conceptual provisions for the formation of cargo flows in the context of global navigation sefety on the basis of reference markets.Materials and Methods. This study is based on the use of conceptual provisions on the formation of cargo flows to solve the problems of food security and the global shipping security system. The methods of: graphic method, statistical analysis, system analysis, economic analysis on the example of cargo flows of water transport are applied.Reserch results. The authors of the study conducted a thorough analysis of cargo flows of various types of products that can be exported abroad by sea transport. The indicators presented in the article highlight the economic trends of domestic cargo flows of products transported by the sea corridor. Thus, an analytical study of the formation of cargo flows in the section of each seaport of Ukraine for the period from 2017 to 2021, i.e. the pre-war period, was conducted. The importance and expediency of using Ukrainian sea transport in ensuring global cargo flows is substantiated. The authors formed a concept regarding the formation of cargo flows by maritime transport of Ukraine in terms of security.Conclusion. Thus, the borders of some EU countries remain closed for the export of Ukrainian grain (only transit to distant European ports), we believe that Ukraine should keep its sights on third countries that directly depend on domestic grain and agri-food, namely: Indonesia, the Philippines, Morocco, India, PSA (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore) and African countries. After russia broke the agreement and began massively destroying the port infrastructure of seaports and river ports on the Danube, the Government is now opening "temporary sea corridors" that carry out transportation under the protection of the Armed Forces Navy. Therefore, from August 2023, transshipment of grain and oil takes place exclusively through the "temporary grain corridor" and the Danube ports. The total amount of export of agricultural products amounted to 3.6 million tons, out of the planned 6 million tons.

PROSE OF HERMANN HESSE IN AZERBAIJAN LANGUAGE

Among the examples of German prose translated into Azerbaijani, the works of the world-famous writer Hermann Karl Hesse have a special place. H.Hesse, who started writing in 1904 and gained fame as an author of stories, novels, and poems, has won many readers in different countries of the world, and his works have been the subject of various studies, as they are mostly devoted to important internal and psychological problems of people such as self-awareness, self-affirmation, and self-expression. H.Hesse’s works were hardly accepted by readers and the literary community at first due to the peculiar description of human feelings, complex moral and psychological states, many problems such as the search for oneself, but soon gained fame in Europe and America. The great writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946 and the Pour le Merite Prize in 1954. Since there were some complexities in the life of the writer, his thoughts, nature were influenced by these issues, and the difference in his life was also manifested in his work, H.Hesse has signed a multifaceted literary creation in terms of content, ideas, and images. Therefore, the translation of this writer’s works into another language requires the translators to learn not only the important principles of the art of translation, but also the layers of ideas of H.Hesse’s work, many important moments in his personal life, the social environment in which he was born and grew up, the philosophical and psychological trends that influenced his thoughts, and such other issues as well. Therefore, in the dissertation, we found it appropriate to study the translation issues of H.Hesse’s works into our language as a separate paragraph.

Perceptions and metaphors of patients about epileptic seizures and postictal state in Medellín-Colombia: A qualitative study

IntroductionPWE describe epileptic seizures and the postictal state with the description of experienced symptoms or through metaphorical language. For treating physicians, this metaphoric language may go unnoticed. The purpose of the study is to identify both the real and metaphorical descriptions of epileptic seizures and postictal state referred by PWE from Medellín Colombia. MethodsIt is a qualitative study that uses grounded theory applied in ten semi-structured interviews of PWE from the Metropolitan Area of Medellín, Colombia. Descriptions of epileptic seizures and the postictal state were identified. For their classification into metaphorical and literal characteristics, the texts of “The Living Metaphor” by Paul Riccoeur, “The Illness and its Metaphors – AIDS and its Metaphors” by Susan Sontag, and “Metaphors of Everyday Life” by Lakoff and Johnson were used as references. ResultsTen clinical and fourteen metaphorical descriptions of epileptic seizures were identified. Regarding the postictal state, eight clinical and six metaphorical descriptions were identified. The metaphors were classified into three categories: a. external force b. depreciation and division and c. the absence of continuity (slowness, disconnection). ConclusionMetaphors are frequent in the description of epileptic seizures and can be useful in seizure classification, neuroanatomical localization, and therapeutic approach. Metaphors can be an initial stage in the construction of otherness as a form of identity.

The Archaeological Site of Tumshukayko (Peru): A Preliminary Report

AbstractIn 2021, an Italian-Peruvian archaeological team began a research project in the Ancash Sierra to investigate the origins of early monumental architecture in the northern-central Andes. The large complex of Tumshukayko—located in the northern part of the town of Caraz in Ancash, Peru—was immediately found to be the most suitable site for this project. This report presents an initial description of the current state of the remains, topographical data, and test pit results. Preliminary data suggest that Tumshukayko is a multicomponent site comprising at least two mounds that were built during the Initial Formative period (2500–1500 BC).

Resonance Enhancement of Vibrational Polariton Chemistry Obtained from the Mixed Quantum-Classical Dynamics Simulations.

We applied a variety of mixed quantum-classical (MQC) approaches to simulate the VSC-influenced reaction rate constant. All of these MQC simulations treat the key vibrational levels associated with the reaction coordinate in the quantum subsystem (as quantum states), whereas all other degrees of freedom (DOFs) are treated inside the classical subsystem. We find that, as long as we have the quantum state descriptions for the vibrational DOFs, one can correctly describe the VSC resonance condition when the cavity frequency matches the bond vibrational frequency. This correct resonance behavior can be obtained regardless of the detailed MQC methods that one uses. The results suggest that the MQC approaches can generate semiquantitative agreement with the exact results for rate constant changes when changing the cavity frequency, the light-matter coupling strength, or the cavity lifetime. The finding of this work suggests that one can use computationally economic MQC approaches to explore the collective coupling scenario when many molecules are collectively coupled to many cavity modes in the future.

Численное моделирование цунами оползневого типа

The article proposes mathematical models and stable numerical algorithms for solving problems of deformation and flow of water-saturated porous materials. This class of problems arises in many engineering and applied fields, from field development to biomechanics. Of particular interest are the problems of the collapse of the banks of rivers, lakes and bays of the seas due to their catastrophic impact on possible consequences, for example, blocking the riverbed, the occurrence of a tsunami on the water surface of a reservoir, etc. For the mathematical description of the stress-strain state of saturated porous media, the Biot theory of three-dimensional consolidation is used, supplemented by the kinetics of damage accumulation in the medium and the Drucker-Prager yield conditions. After the formation of the main yield surface (or crack) in the material at the moment of the beginning of the collapse, its rheological properties are presented in the form of a Bingham model with a mathematical description similar to the Navier-Stokes equations with effective viscosity. A characteristic hydrodynamic feature of the problem under consideration is the presence of a free surface. Numerical modeling of the considered problems is carried out by the finite element method. The evolution of the free surface and the occurrence of a tsunami generated by a landslide are investigated.

Classification and description of the drainage state of manholes in urban drainage systems.

Manholes are important structures in urban storm drainage systems connecting roads and underground drainage networks, and they are also an important part of the research on improving urban resistance to storm flooding. Due to cost and space constraints, most of the existing experimental data on manholes come from scale model experiments obtained by scaling according to Froude's similarity criterion, and there is a lack of validation based on full-size experimental data. This also leads to inconsistencies in the form and parameter values of the manhole flow exchange equations derived from different experiments. To remedy this deficiency, a full-scale urban drainage engineering physics model was developed in this study with the aim of investigating the flow exchange of surface water as it flows through manholes into the sewer system. Experiments were conducted under steady flow conditions and compared with predictions from the existing models. The results show that the predictions of the existing model deviate significantly from the measured values when the flow is between free weir flow and submerged orifice flow. Therefore, we constructed a weighting equation based on weir and orifice flows and found that the weighting coefficients decayed exponentially during the transition from weir to orifice flow.

Assessment of the state of socio-ecological and economic systems using the desirability function (using the example of administrative-territorial units of the Nizhny Novgorod Region)

Any administrative-territorial unit is a system characterized by three main criteria – socio-demographic, environmental and economic. A generalized desirability function can be used to correctly compare disparate indicators that quantitatively reflect these directions. This article demonstrates the possibility of using the desirability function for a comprehensive assessment of the state of socio-ecological and economic systems on the example of administrative-territorial units of the Nizhny Novgorod Region for 2010–2020. The methodology involves determining the generalized desirability function according to socio-demographic, environmental, and economic parameters individually and as a whole. Based on the calculation of these indicators, a rating was compiled among the administrative-territorial units of the region and a general description of the complex state of the region was given. It was revealed that 98% of the studied objects belong to the two lower grades of the generalized desirability function out of a possible five. The paper examines the possible causes of the results obtained, examines the factors affecting the state of the socio-ecological and economic system in each of the areas separately. The dynamics of the values of the generalized desirability function during the studied decade was also analyzed. The results obtained reflect the need to increase the effectiveness of the measures taken to develop the administrative-territorial units of the region.

1D higher-order theories for quasi-static progressive failure analysis of composites based on a full 3D Hashin orthotropic damage model

This work investigates the crack propagation in composites by adopting a novel full three-dimensional (3D) Hashin-based orthotropic damage model combined with higher-order one-dimensional (1D) finite elements based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). Previous literature has proven that CUF provides structural formulations with great accuracy and improved computational efficiency. Moreover, a Layer-Wise (LW) formulation can be implemented within the CUF framework, allowing an accurate description of the 3D stress state in composite laminate, representing crucial information for progressive failure analysis. A Newton–Raphson predictor–corrector algorithm is used for the numerical solution of classical case tests, i.e., compact tension and three-point bending tests. The obtained results are compared with experimental outcomes and with solutions from well-established 2D damage models and a 3D Abaqus numerical model, demonstrating the capability of the proposed method to efficiently capture both the failure load and shape of the crack pattern.

Propagating multi-dimensional density operators using the multi-layer-ρ multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree method

Solving the Liouville–von-Neumann equation using a density operator provides a more complete picture of dynamical quantum phenomena than by using a wavepacket and solving the Schrödinger equation. As density operators are not restricted to the description of pure states, they can treat both thermalized and open systems. In practice, however, they are rarely used to study molecular systems as the computational resources required are even more prohibitive than those needed for wavepacket dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential utility of a scheme based on the powerful multi-layer multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree algorithm for propagating multi-dimensional density operators. Studies of two systems using this method are presented at a range of temperatures and including up to 13 degrees of freedom. The first case is single proton transfer in salicylaldimine, while the second is double proton transfer in porphycene. A comparison is also made with the approach of using stochastic wavepackets.

Monitoring of Tool and Component Wear for Self-Adaptive Digital Twins: A Multi-Stage Approach through Anomaly Detection and Wear Cycle Analysis

In today’s manufacturing landscape, Digital Twins play a pivotal role in optimising processes and deriving actionable insights that extend beyond on-site calculations. These dynamic representations of systems demand real-time data on the actual state of machinery, rather than static images depicting idealized configurations. This paper presents a novel approach for monitoring tool and component wear in CNC milling machines by segmenting and classifying individual machining cycles. The method assumes recurring sequences, even with a batch size of 1, and considers a progressive increase in tool wear between cycles. The algorithms effectively segment and classify cycles based on path length, spindle speed and cycle duration. The tool condition index for each cycle is determined by considering all axis signals, with upper and lower thresholds established for quantifying tool conditions. The same approach is adapted to predict component wear progression in machine tools, ensuring robust condition determination. A percentage-based component state description is achieved by comparing it to the corresponding Tool Condition Codes (TCC) range. This method provides a four-class estimation of the component state. The approach has demonstrated robustness in various validation cases.

СРЕДСТВА ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИИ БАЗОВЫХ ЭМОЦИЙ В ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫХ ПОРТРЕТНЫХ ИНТЕРВЬЮ С АМЕРИКАНСКИМИ СПОРТСМЕНАМИ

The article is dedicated to the issue of verbalization of emotion in an individual portrait interview with American athletes. The work provides approaches to the definition of basic emotions from the point of view of psychology and psycholinguistics, it also touches upon the question of the number of basic emotions. The aim of the work is to identify prevailing means of verbalizing emotions in individual sports interviews. The research material consists of 50 video interviews with American athletes by American journalists. Sports is a topical and widely discussed theme in everyday life, outstanding athletes are the subjects of national pride, so emotivity is an ubiquitous component of the sports discourse, this fact makes the work relevant. The authors believe that the verbalization of emotions by athletes and journalists in individual interviews has specific features connected with the peculiarities of one-to-one communication. In addition, this is the first time basic emotions are studied in the perspective of sports discourse. Research methods: continuous sampling, generalization and interpretation of results, introspection. The object of the study is 6 emotions (joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise), which are recognized as basic by the majority of scientists. Interview analysis shows that mostly positive emotions (joy, pleasant surprise) are verbalized. Verbalization of emotions is realized by lexical and syntactic means. Lexical means include exact naming of the emotion and description of emotional state, syntactic means are represented by repetitions. The selected factual material is undoubtedly of scientific interest to researchers. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further research of the verbalization of basic emotions, make a certain contribution to the linguistics of emotions and linguistic theory of communication.

On coherent states description of exciton systems: NLSE equations and hydrodynamics

The exciton system is described by means of specially constructed coherent states (CS), according to an idea of L.V. Keldysh long ago. The system is analyzed from the geometric point of view and from the relevant symmetry group contained in the displacement operator as generador of the CS system in the Klauder–Perelomov sense. Explicitly important quantities involving the quantum statistics of the system (partition function, mean density n and the Yuen limit) are calculated and briefly discussed in relation to the known case of pure bosons (e.g. photons). The Bogoliubov type transformations for the field operators of the Wannier–Mott type exciton system are presented in an exact way (in sharp contrast with the case of kel where only a rough approximation was given) showing how these transformations induce nonlinearity (cubic at first order) in the Schrodinger equation of the system. The conditions for a hydrodynamic description of the original Keldysh model, as the possibility of a BEC (Bose–Einstein Condensation), are discussed.

The similarity theory of free turbulent shear flows of viscoelastic fluids

A new theory is formulated for the description of the conformation state of the polymer chains in free turbulent shear flows of viscoelastic fluids. Using self-similarity arguments and new scaling relations for the turbulent flux of conformation tensor we show the existence of minimum and maximum solvent dissipation reduction asymptotes, and four different polymer deformation regimes. The similarities with the maximum drag reduction asymptote of turbulent pipe flow is discussed and new scaling laws are obtained for all components of the mean conformation tensor at each deformation regime. Analytical solutions for the self-similar transverse profiles of the conformation tensor components are also obtained, providing the complete solution for the mean flow problem at the far field. The analysis is developed for both planar jets and wakes and covers the two limits of shear flows, with large and small velocity differences, respectively. Comparisons of the new theoretical results with several direct numerical simulations employing the FENE-P rheological model show excellent agreement.

Experimental Study on the Backflow Mechanism of Proppants in Induced Fractures and Fiber Sand Control Under the Condition of Large-Scale and Fully Measurable Flow Field.

The proppant backflow in the process of flowback has a great significant effect on gas field development. Therefore, the study of proppant backflow is of great significance for the development and production of gas wells. At present, the physical simulation methods for proppant backflow mainly include the tube perforation model, the slot model, an API standard flow tester, and a large-scale flowback apparatus. The current experimental methods are unable to observe the backflow of proppants during the process of the flowback test. In addition, the only characterization parameter for proppant backflow is the liquid flow rate corresponding to the sand discharge in the diversion chamber called critical velocity, which is too simple and single to accurately characterize the movement state of proppants during the flowback process. In this paper, a physical simulation method of proppant backflow in fractures based on the measurement of flow field was proposed. It can realize the observation and fine description of the proppant backflow state and movement rule. In addition, the process of proppant backflow can be quantitatively described by a multidimensional characterization parameter. The research shows that (1) the proppant backflow is closely related to the shape of the sand bank formed during the proppant placement and the irregular voids formed; (2) the fiber increases the strength of the proppant pack significantly; (3) the critical velocity with fiber increased by 2.25 times compared with the critical velocity without fiber, the optimum fiber concentration was 0.8%, and the fiber length was 12 mm; (4) the full fiber injection was selected as the best injection mode by the experiment; and (5) the whole process of flowback can be divided into two stages. In the strong fluid shear stage, the effect of fiber sand control is more significant. However, when the flowback enters the stage of slow erosion, the difference in the sand control effect under different parameters is no longer significant.

Spreading Widths of Giant Monopole Resonance in the Lead Region: Random Matrix Approach

The microscopic calculation of the decay width of giant monopole resonance (GMR) anticipates the mixing of one-phonon states with configurations of increasing complexity. To this aim we develop the effective approach for description of monopole excited states that are obtained in the quasiparticle random phase approximation (QRPA), with regard of the coupling between one- and two-phonon states. Based on the QRPA one-phonon states, we generate the coupling and two-phonon states by means of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) distribution. Within our approach the spreading width of the GMRs in 204,206,208Pb are described by means of a random matrix approach on two energy scales. It is demonstrated that the main contribution into the decay of the GMR is determined by a small number of two-phonon states strongly coupled to low-energy surface vibrations. While a vast majority of the coupling matrix elements (that are small in value and following the GOE distribution) are responsible for the fine structure of the GMR spreading width. A remarkable agreement between the results of the full microscopic calculations (based on QRPA phonons coupled by means of the microscopic coupling matrix elements with calculated two-phonon states) with those of the developed approach confirms the vitality of the proposed ideas.