Description Of Materials Research Articles

Justification of the approach to searching for and exploring productive objects: a case study of the Krasnoleninsk and Angaro-Lena oil and gas regions

The article provides a rationale for the approach to the search and exploration of local productive zones based on the analysis of geographically distant objects of different geological structures: the Tyumen and Chora formations. The need for a joint study of the problem of localizing oil and gas deposits has been identified by comparing the patterns of location of local productive objects in remote territories that differ in their geological structure. The relevance of the study is determined by the significant degree of depletion of reserves of hydrocarbon deposits, characterized by the simplest development conditions and the need to find an approach to the study of deposits, within which the establishment and description of the patterns of deposit structure cause difficulties. The primary information for the study was drilling data, geophysical well survey results, description of core material, petrophysical survey data, information on testing and well performance dynamics, 2D seismic interpretation materials, as well as published articles. Methods of analysis and comparison were adopted as a basis in order to highlight common features of the distribution of hydrocarbon deposits in the studied areas. In the course of the study, the prerequisites were formed for the development of a comprehensive methodology for studying the structure of hydrocarbon deposits of Tyumen and Chora formations from the perspective of an approach to the exploration of complex objects, implying a joint study of the possibilities of processes described separately by both organic and inorganic hypotheses of oil and gas generation. The need to introduce an approach to geological modeling that takes into account the fractal structure of geological systems is formulated.

Chemically Functionalized 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Sensors.

The goal of the sensor industry is to develop innovative, energy-efficient, and reliable devices to detect molecules relevant to economically important sectors such as clinical diagnoses, environmental monitoring, food safety, and wearables. The current demand for portable, fast, sensitive, and high-throughput platforms to detect a plethora of new analytes is continuously increasing. The 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) are excellent candidates to fully meet the stringent demands in the sensor industry; 2D-TMDs properties, such as atomic thickness, large surface area, and tailored electrical conductivity, match those descriptions of active sensor materials. However, the detection capability of 2D-TMDs is limited by their intrinsic tendency to aggregate and settle, which reduces the surface area available for detection, in addition to the weak interactions that pristine 2D-TMDs normally exhibit with analytes. Chemical functionalization has been proposed as a consensus solution to these limitations. Tailored surface modification of 2D-TMDs, either by covalent functionalization, non-covalent functionalization, or a mixture of both, allows for improved specificity of the surface-analyte interaction while reducing van der Waals forces between 2D-TMDs avoiding agglomeration and precipitation. From this perspective, we review the recent advances in improving the detection of biomolecules, heavy metals, and gases using chemically functionalized 2D-TMDs. Covalent and non-covalent functionalized 2D-TMDs are commonly used for the detection of biomolecules and metals, while 2D-TMDs functionalized with metal nanoparticles are used for gas and Raman sensors. Finally, we describe the limitations and further strategies that might pave the way for miniaturized, flexible, smart, and low-cost sensing devices.

The Spondylus beads from El Molino (Puerta de Corral Quemado, Catamarca, Argentina): Analysis and implications for the study of local power in Inka times

The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis of a set of Spondylus beads found in El Molino (Puerta de Corral Quemado, Dept. of Belén, province of Catamarca, Argentina) –3000 km south of Tumbes–, a local residential pre-Inka site, with evidence of Inka influence during the 15th century CE. Given that the presence of objects manufactured in Spondylus in Chile and Argentina is nearly restricted to the capacochas −Inka burial ceremonies of children and young maidens dressed in fine textiles at the top of the snow-capped peaks of the Andes−, the discovery of these beads in El Molino acquires special relevance. We present the description of the raw material, the reconstruction of possible manufacturing techniques, the analysis of the morphometry and the comparison with other sets of beads. The implications of this discovery at a local and regional scale, taking into account the symbolic and strategic importance of this resource for the Inka expansive policy, are discussed. It is proposed that the site could have been a space of local power, where an elite group, that organized the manufacture of prestigious goods, was benefited by the mechanisms of hierarchization and legitimation of political power promoted by the state.

Yanovstan formation of Western Siberia: Lithology, structure, and correlation of deposits

Research subject. Yanovstan f ormation ( J3-K1jnv) of Kimmeridgian-Early Beriasian age. Aim. To identify structural features of the Yanovstan formation, to carry out a detailed correlation of its deposits, including the development of criteria for determining the boundaries of the suite. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of borehole data, including core material from 5 boreholes and borehole logging data from 209 boreholes. The borehole logging complex comprised the following methods: gamma ray logging, neutron gamma ray logging, acoustic logging, caliper logging, as well as apparent resistivity and self-polarization logging. The borehole sections were correlated by tracing individual sections of the geological section, which are characterized by relatively stable geophysical parameters. Additionally, a sequence stratigraphic approach was used. Results. The boundaries between the Sigov and Yanovstan formations were identified based on the description of core material and its comparison with the borehole logging data. The Yanovstan formation was subdivided into three units proposed by the authors: lower (ЯНв), middle (ЯНб), and upper (ЯНa). A borehole correlation of the units of the formation was carried out, on the basis of which maps of the total thickness and net-to-gross ratio and the structural plan of each of the identified stratigraphic units were constructed. It was determined that the total thickness of the lower unit reaches 80 m and is characterized by maxima within the eastern part of the study area. The thickness of the upper unit reaches 240 m and is identified within the northeastern part of the area. This part is represented by a predominantly clay composition. The total thickness of the formation as a whole varies from 40 m in the west to 320 m in the northeast. The thicknesses of the middle unit are relatively consistent throughout the study area. The sandiness of the lower unit varies from 0 to 0.27 units; the upper ranges within 0–0.45 units. The middle unit is not characterized by the presence of sandstones. Conclusions. The theory about the supply of sedimentary material during the sedimentation of the suite from paleomounts within the eastern edge of the West Siberian Jurassic paleobasin was confirmed. An assumption was made that the increased thickness of the predominantly clayey suite within the northeastern part of the study area is associated with the redistribution and transfer of terrigenous material carried from the Siberian land by currents moving unidirectionally along the coast (counterclockwise). These currents thus seized the lightest (clayey) material and transported it to the northern part of the basin.

Stochastic modelling of symmetric positive definite material tensors

Spatial symmetries and invariances play an important role in the behaviour of materials and should be respected in the description and modelling of material properties. The focus here is the class of physically symmetric and positive definite tensors, as they appear often in the description of materials, and one wants to be able to prescribe certain classes of spatial symmetries and invariances for each member of the whole ensemble, while at the same time demanding that the mean or expected value of the ensemble be subject to a possibly ‘higher’ spatial invariance class. We formulate a modelling framework which not only respects these two requirements—positive definiteness and invariance—but also allows a fine control over orientation on one hand, and strength / size on the other. As the set of positive definite tensors is not a linear space, but rather an open convex cone in the linear space of physically symmetric tensors, we consider it advantageous to widen the notion of mean to the so-called Fréchet mean on a metric space, which is based on distance measures or metrics between positive definite tensors other than the usual Euclidean one. It is shown how the random ensemble can be modelled and generated, independently in its scaling and orientational or directional aspects, with a Lie algebra representation via a memoryless transformation. The parameters which describe the elements in this Lie algebra are then to be considered as random fields on the domain of interest. As an example, a 2D and a 3D model of steady-state heat conduction in a human proximal femur, a bone with high material anisotropy, is modelled with a random thermal conductivity tensor, and the numerical results show the distinct impact of incorporating into the constitutive model different material uncertainties—scaling, orientation, and prescribed material symmetry—on the desired quantities of interest.

"Bound Tightly in the Pack": Cloth and Care in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden.

Talk therapy is, by definition, difficult, if not impossible, to represent materially. Whereas other scholars have sought to do so by referencing Sigmund Freud's drawings or the setting of his consulting room, this article looks instead to the use of cloth in Joanne Greenberg's 1964 semiautobiographical novel I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. The two main treatments given to protagonist Deborah Blau were therapy sessions with Dr. Clara Fried, based on Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, and the "cold pack," in which the patient was restrained and wrapped in sheets drenched with ice water. The two treatments, this article argues, can be considered in parallel, and through analysis of the material descriptions of the cold pack, one can learn more about the talking cure. Namely, this article analyzes the care in both cases as one of constraint, giving material form to the metaphorical "holding environment" of psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott. Deborah uses the cold pack to endure her psychosis and return to reality. Similarly, Winnicott describes the ideal therapeutic space as one that, by its reliability, allows regression in service of finding a new self and distinguishing between fantasy and the outside world. The aim of this article is thus twofold: one, to further elucidate the role of cloth in treating mental distress, and two, to understand more fully the therapeutic relationship via the literal and figurative constraint of treatment.

Deconstructing Junior High School English Learning Materials based on Microlearning

Microlearning provides smaller units of a subject adapted using technologies that can be accessed anywhere in a relatively short period, making learning activities more efficient and helping students learn with a specific focus in a brief session. This study aims to analyze the extent of microlearning in the existing junior high school English learning materials and describe the description of junior high school English learning materials based on microlearning. This study uses a qualitative research approach to analyze 25 English learning materials applied and used by junior high school English language teachers in East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta. The study found that most of the junior high school English learning materials are not microlearning-based as they do not fulfill the indicators of microlearning-based English materials for the junior high school level. The procedure of deconstructing 36 basic competencies into microlearning object material includes recognizing the topic and the instructional activities as well as finding suitable micro-learning object materials for the activities. The total 195 microlearning object materials are varied, such as Short videos, Games, PPTs, Quizizz, Interactive e-learning Websites, podcasts, YouTube videos, digital flashcards, and many more. In summary, as the existing English learning materials do not fulfill the indicators, the procedure of deconstructing basic competencies is made to form micro-learning object materials.

Evaluation of classical correlation functions from 2/3D images on CPU and GPU architectures: Introducing CorrelationFunctions.jl

Correlation functions are becoming one of the major tools for quantification of structural information that is usually represented as 2D or 3D images. In this paper we introduce ▪ open-source package developed in Julia and capable of computing all classical correlation functions based on imaging input data. Images include both binary and multi-phase representations. Our code is capable of evaluating two-point probability S2, phase cross-correlation ρij, cluster C2, lineal-path L2, surface-surface Fss, surface-void Fsv, pore-size P and chord-length p distribution functions on both CPU and GPU architectures. Where possible, we presented two types of computations: full correlation map (correlations of each point with other points on the image, that also allows obtaining ensemble averaged CF) and directional correlation functions (currently in major orthogonal and diagonal directions). Such an implementation allowed for the first time to assemble a completely free solution to evaluate correlation functions under any operating system with well documented application programming interface (API). Our package includes automatic tests against analytical solutions that are described in the paper. We measured execution times for all CPU and GPU implementations and as a rule of thumb full correlation maps on GPU are faster than other methods. However, full maps require more RAM and, thus, are limited to available RAM resources. On the other hand, directional CFs are memory efficient and can be evaluated for huge datasets – this way they are the first candidates for structural data compression of feature extraction. The package itself is available through Julia package ecosystem and on GitHub, the latter source also contains documentation and additional helpful resources such as tutorials. We believe that a single powerful computational tool such as ▪ presented in this paper will significantly facilitate the usage of correlation functions in numerous areas of structural description and research of porous materials, as well as in machine learning applications. We also present some examples as applied to ceramic, soil composite and oil-bearing rock samples based on their 3D X-ray tomography and 2D scanning electron microscope images. Finally, we conclude our paper with discussion of possible ways to further improve presented computational framework. Program summaryProgram Title: CorrelationFunctions.jlCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/6gb9gfm3dw.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/fatimp/CorrelationFunctions.jlLicensing provisions: MITProgramming language: JuliaSupplementary material: Numerous Jupiter notebooks with examples are available on the GitHub pageNature of problem: Correlation functions are invaluable universal statistical descriptors of structures used in numerous scientific fields such as astronomy, material science, rock and soil physics, hydrology and biology, to name just a handful of examples. While computational approaches are available in the literature for some functions, they are fragmented and are usually implemented in proprietary interpreted languages for CPU architecture alone.Solution method: We contribute an open source and cross-platform solution with well documented API for computation of all classical correlation functions from both 2D and 3D images on CPU and GPU architectures. The package computes correlation functions using two approaches: computation of correlation maps and computation along predefined directions. These two approaches can be thought of as an execution time - memory trade-off, but the choice may also depend on the application. The computations are based on a) fast Fourier transform with preprocessing steps such as cluster labeling or edge detection, and b) linear scan approach to evaluate correlation functions along predefined directions. Where justified, the algorithms can be executed on both CPU and GPU which results in high execution speed on modern hardware.

Analisis Biaya Ekonomi Serta Dampak Lingkungan Penggunaan Gasoline dan Biofuel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Transportasi

Global warming is not the newest issue we are facing. Until now, the issue of global warming is still a topic of discussion among world-class researchers. Global warming is the increase in the earth's temperature or the average temperature of the atmosphere, sea and earth's land that we are experiencing today. The amount of carbon obtained at this time is the result of industrial, transportation, household and commercial activities in the use of energy consumption. In order to suppress rising temperatures, the government has made the decision to continue its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by taking a number of strategic steps in the management of the energy, transportation and energy sectors. The government's strategy in the transportation sector is to transition oil-fueled vehicles into electric motorized vehicles. The strategic step to reduce fossil energy consumption is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy such as bioethanol. However, mixing bioethanol as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel faces problems. Related to the obstacles that become obstacles due to the relatively high cost of bioethanol production, resistance from local entrepreneurs, and limited supply. This writing is by applying the Literature Review method. Literature review contains descriptions of theories, findings and other research materials derived from reference materials as the basis for research activities. In terms of economic and environmental aspects, the use of bioethanol in vehicle fuel can be an alternative solution that must be continuously developed and produced.
 Keywords: Biofuels, Economic Costs, Gasoline, GHG Emissions, Environment.

Kemampuan Literasi Digital dalam Pembelajaran Teks Eksplanasi Siswa di SD Negeri 4 Made

Technological developments require individuals to adapt to developments, especially elementary school students. The very rapid development of technology makes learning activities easier. Digital literacy is learning that is influenced by technological developments, digital literacy can help increase students' knowledge. This research method is a type of qualitative research method, namely all the information in this research is presented in the form of words or sentences. This research uses descriptive analysis, namely a description of facts or material obtained from the field. In the current era, students' reading levels are very low, especially in the current era of technological development, therefore researchers want to know students' literacy levels, especially the digital literacy skills that students have mastered. Elementary school students' digital literacy skills in learning are very good, students have made maximum use of their digital literacy skills, such as searching for information via the internet and checking the correctness of information as well as using the internet to facilitate their learning activities. The conclusion that can be obtained is that digital literacy is an activity that is very necessary, with literacy activities students can obtain new information to increase students knowledge.

Analysis of the bonding’s energy in metal-halide perovskites and brief evaluation of meta-GGA functionals TPSS and revTPSS

Metal-halide perovskites, known for their remarkable photovoltaic performance and ease of production, have garnered global attention in material science. Addressing scalability requires tackling the technology’s primary challenge: instability. Crucial insights into the complex chemistry of these materials are imperative for progress. The present study focused on well-known perovskites, namely CsPbI3, CH3NH3PbI3 and HC(NH2)2PbI3. Through both cohesive energy and ICOHP analysis, the chemical bonding of these compounds. Additionally, a comparative evaluation of the functionals of TPSS, revTPSS, HCTH/407, and PBE was made through bandgap determination. The key findings of this study were: i) having confirmed the predominantly ionic nature of lead halide interactions; ii) having pointed out the predominantly covalent nature of the molecules’ constituents binding; iii) having found that the strongest hydrogen bonds are formed by methylammonium; and iv) having nourished the utility of the TPSS meta-GGA functional in calculating the band gap of organic–inorganic perovskites. The results presented here could be important to the understanding and description of metal halide perovskite materials.

Explicit and Implicit Ways of Expressing Author's Modality in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian Languages: A Comparative Aspect.

Linguistic modality is one of the most complex categories, that is why its nature, meanings and ways of expression often become the object of various, at times, controversial theories. The present article described the concept of modality in the context of linguistic research. The purpose of this study was to identify the means of expressing author's modality in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian, determine their relations in intra- and inter-system contexts, and specify the significance of modality for typological studies of these languages. The comparative typological method was mainly used, along with observation, description, transformational analysis, and synthesis of theoretical and practical materials. The results revealed similar and distinctive elements in constructing modal relations in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian. The study suggested various forms of expressing author's modality in a literary text, including explicit means such as modal words, particles, moods and interjections, and implicit means like images, themes, ideas, concepts, symbols, and punctuation. In conclusion, the identification of multi-level means of expressing author's modality in these languages contributed to deepening knowledge on the linguistic category of modality, comparative language study, and translation theory.

Applications of vector bundle to finite elasto-plasticity

A new approach to finite elasto-plasticity of crystalline materials, with a differential geometry point of view toward the material description, is proposed. In order to define the plastic and elastic distortions, traditionally it is accepted the existence of an intermediate configuration, which is endowed with a differential manifold structure. A more restrictive but physically and mathematically well-motivated structure is assigned to the intermediate configuration, namely, a vector bundle structure. Two approaches to multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient can be rebuilt if on the same total space (intermediate configuration) the vector bundle structures are considered, but either the reference configuration, B (i.e., plastic assumption) or the deformed configuration, B t (i.e., elastic assumption) stands for the base space. As the base spaces are homeomorphic, a pullback vector bundle over one base space is provided by the other one through the motion diffeomorphism. Thus, the total space is endowed with different differential manifold structures. The plastic distortion and the inverse elastic distortion, respectively, are defined for any material points as linear, invertible, and non-integrable maps from the tangent vector space at their material points, with the value on the attached vector fiber. The multiplicative decompositions into their non-integrable components are derived, based on the associate inverse elastic distortion and plastic distortion, respectively. When the plastic and elastic assumptions are simultaneously accepted, then a three-term multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is achieved. The transition functions, which characterize the compatibility of the overlapping charts which belong to these different structures, namely of the vector bundle and of the pullback vector bundle over the same configuration, say B define the non-uniqueness of the two-term multiplicative decomposition. The material symmetry transformation is defined for elastic-type materials. The compatibility of the models and examples of the bundle vector structures are also discussed.

Analisis Biaya Ekonomi Serta Dampak Lingkungan Penggunaan Gasoline dan Biofuel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Transportasi

Global warming is not the newest issue we are facing. Until now, the issue of global warming is still a topic of discussion among world-class researchers. Global warming is the increase in the earth's temperature or the average temperature of the atmosphere, sea and earth's land that we are experiencing today. The amount of carbon obtained at this time is the result of industrial, transportation, household and commercial activities in the use of energy consumption. In order to suppress rising temperatures, the government has made the decision to continue its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by taking a number of strategic steps in the management of the energy, transportation and energy sectors. The government's strategy in the transportation sector is to transition oil-fueled vehicles into electric motorized vehicles. The strategic step to reduce fossil energy consumption is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy such as bioethanol. However, mixing bioethanol as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel faces problems. Related to the obstacles that become obstacles due to the relatively high cost of bioethanol production, resistance from local entrepreneurs, and limited supply. This writing is by applying the Literature Review method. Literature review contains descriptions of theories, findings and other research materials derived from reference materials as the basis for research activities. In terms of economic and environmental aspects, the use of bioethanol in vehicle fuel can be an alternative solution that must be continuously developed and produced.
 
 Keywords: Biofuels, Economic Costs, Gasoline, GHG Emissions, Environment

Full-bandwidth anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg theory and its application to superhydrides

Migdal-Eliashberg theory is one of the state-of-the-art methods for describing conventional superconductors from first principles. However, widely used implementations assume a constant density of states around the Fermi level, which hinders a proper description of materials with distinct features in its vicinity. Here, we present an implementation of the Migdal-Eliashberg theory within the EPW code that considers the full electronic structure and accommodates scattering processes beyond the Fermi surface. To significantly reduce computational costs, we introduce a non-uniform sampling scheme along the imaginary axis. We demonstrate the power of our implementation by applying it to the sodalite-like clathrates YH6 and CaH6, and to the covalently-bonded H3S and D3S. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of maximizing the density of states at the Fermi level in doped H3S and BaSiH8 within the full-bandwidth treatment compared to the constant-density-of-states approximation. Our findings highlight the importance of this advanced treatment in such complex materials.

Nb3Cl8: a prototypical layered Mott-Hubbard insulator

Despite its simplicity and relevance for the description of electronic correlations in solids, the Hubbard model is seldom inarguably realized in real materials. Here, we show that monolayer Nb3Cl8 is an ideal candidate to be described within a single-orbital Hubbard model, constructed within a “molecular” rather than atomic basis set using ab initio constrained random phase approximation calculations. We provide the necessary ingredients to connect experimental reality with ab initio material descriptions and correlated electron theory, which clarifies that monolayer Nb3Cl8 is a Mott insulator with a gap of about 1.4 to 2.0 eV depending on its dielectric environment. Comparisons to an atomistic three-orbital model show that the single-molecular-orbital description is adequate and reliable. We further comment on the electronic and magnetic structure of the compound and show that the Mott insulating state survives in the low-temperature bulk phases of the material featuring distinct experimentally verifiable characteristics.

Comparative Assessment of Neural Radiance Fields and Photogrammetry in Digital Heritage: Impact of Varying Image Conditions on 3D Reconstruction

This paper conducts a comparative evaluation between Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and photogrammetry for 3D reconstruction in the cultural heritage domain. Focusing on three case studies, of which the Terpsichore statue serves as a pilot case, the research assesses the quality, consistency, and efficiency of both methods. The results indicate that, under conditions of reduced input data or lower resolution, NeRF outperforms photogrammetry in preserving completeness and material description for the same set of input images (with known camera poses). The study recommends NeRF for scenarios requiring extensive area mapping with limited images, particularly in emergency situations. Despite NeRF’s developmental stage compared to photogrammetry, the findings demonstrate higher potential for describing material characteristics and rendering homogeneous textures with enhanced visual fidelity and accuracy; however, NeRF seems more prone to noise effects. The paper advocates for the future integration of NeRF with photogrammetry to address respective limitations, offering more comprehensive representation for cultural heritage preservation tasks. Future developments include extending applications to planar surfaces and exploring NeRF in virtual and augmented reality, as well as studying NeRF evolution in line with emerging trends in semantic segmentation and in-the-wild scene reconstruction.

Metal-free small molecule-based piezoelectric energy harvesters.

Organic and metal-free molecules with piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties have gained wide interest for their applications in the domain of mechanical energy harvesting due to their desirable properties such as light weight, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, feasibility to achieve high Curie temperatures, and ease of synthesis. However, the understanding and design of these materials for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications is still in its early stages. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental characterization of piezoelectricity for a range of organic ferro- and piezoelectric materials and their composites. It also discusses the limitations of traditional piezoelectric materials and highlights the advantages of organic materials in this area in the introduction part. In addition, the paper provides a detailed description of peptide-based and other biomolecular piezoelectric materials as a bio-friendly alternative to current materials. This perspective aims to guide researchers in designing functional organic materials and composites for practical mechanical energy harvesting applications and to highlight current limitations and future perspectives in this emerging area of research.

AI Based Prediction Algorithms for Enhancing the Waste Management System: A Comparative Analysis

Waste management has become an increasingly pressing issue due to urbanization, population growth, and economic development. According to World Bank projections, waste production will reach 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050. The paper is focused on detailed analysis of waste management techniques that has to be improved and resources to be maximized, to be able to deal with various types of waste, including agricultural waste, industrial waste, municipal solid waste (MSW), and electronic waste (e-waste). The advancement in the artificial intelligence in various fields has drawn the attention towards utilizing its benefits in achieving optimized management of different types of wastes also. The paper is focused on description of on-recyclable waste materials which can be transformed into energy by using waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. The different types of wastes generated in different sectors are being studied with details on their quantity and challenges in handling the wastes. The literature highlights the performance analysis of various methodologies of waste handling in terms of their efficiency, economic impacts and ecological implications. The prediction models and their performance was discussed with respect to the R2 value and mean absolute error (MAE) root mean square error (RMSE) to find the most suitable algorithm. The conclusion suggested that these AI based optimization methods can bring about enhancement in the various waste to energy conversion process making the management of waste materials more sustainable and reliable.

The origin of the Malesian fossil turtle diversity: Fossil versus molecular data

The origin of the turtle fauna of Malesia is analysed here through a review of the literature, a re-evaluation of previously described material, and the description of new material. Very few data are available prior to the Quaternary. While the Early Pleistocene record is largely dominated by reports of giant tortoises, the Middle Pleistocene record provides reports of the first occurrences of most extant taxa living in the area. Most, if not all, of the faunas have stronger relationships with Indochinese than with East Asian taxa, suggesting that colonisation largely followed the Siva- or Sino-Malayan routes, allowing turtles to invade the Sunda Shelf and disperse further east during periods of low sea-level. On the other hand, there is nearly no fossil data to understand the origin of the six endemic Malesian species, but molecular studies suggest that most of these taxa may have evolved in Malesia well before the Quaternary dispersal of the Indochinese fauna. In addition to clarify several fossil identifications, we provide evidence that the box turtle of the ``Cuora amboinensis'' species complex arrived in the Philippines before the early Middle Pleistocene. We also confirm that Duboisemys isoclina is an endemic extinct genus and we discuss its relationship to continental and endemic turtles.