Intent Description Research Articles

Using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) with Providers in the Early Intervention Setting: A Qualitative Validity Testing Study.

More than one in four parents in the United States of America (USA) have low health literacy, which is associated with reduced health equity and negatively impacts child health outcomes. Early intervention (EI) programs are optimally placed to build the health literacy capacity of caregivers, which could improve health equity. The health literacy of interdisciplinary EI providers has not previously been measured. This study used the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) with EI providers (n = 10) to investigate evidence based on response (cognitive) processes. Narratives from cognitive interviews gave reasons for HLQ score choices, and concordance and discordance between HLQ item intent descriptions and narrative data were assessed using thematic analysis. Results found scales with highest concordance for Scales 3, 6, and 9 (each 96%, n = 24). Concordance was lowest on Scale 5 (88%, n = 22), although still strong with only 12% discordance. Three themes reflecting discordance were identified: (1) Differences between Australian and USA culture/health systems; (2) Healthcare provider perspective; and (3) Participants with no health problems to manage. Results show strong concordance between EI providers’ narrative responses and item intents. Study results contribute validity evidence for the use of HLQ data to inform interventions that build health literacy capacity of EI providers to then empower and build the health literacy of EI parents.

Continuous Description of Human 3D Motion Intent Through Switching Mechanism

Post-stroke motor recovery highly relies on voluntarily participating in active rehabilitation as early as possible for promoting the reorganization of the patient's brain. In this paper, a new method is proposed which manipulates cable-based rehabilitation robots to assist multi-joint body motions. This uses an electromyography (EMG) decoder for continuous estimation of voluntary motion intention to establish a cooperative human-machine interface for promoting the participation in rehabilitation exercises. In particular, for multi-joint complex tasks in three-dimensional space, a switching mechanism has been developed which can carve up tasks into separate simple motions. For each simple motion, a linear six-inputs and three-outputs time-invariant model is established respectively. The inputs are the processed muscle activations of six arm muscles, and the outputs are voluntary forces of participants when executing a multi-directional tracking task with visual feedback. The experiments for examining the decoder model and EMG-based controller include model training, testing and controller application phases with seven healthy participants. Experimental results demonstrate that the decoder model with the switching mechanism could effectively recognize arm movement intention and provide appropriate assistance to the participants. This study finds that the switching mechanism can improve both the model estimation accuracy and the completeness for executing complex tasks.

On the role of habit for self-understanding

An action is typically carried out over time, unified by an intention that is known to the agent under some description. In some of our habitual doings, however, we are often not aware of what or why we do as we do. Not knowing this, we must ask what kind of agency is at stake in these habitual doings, if any. This paper aims to show how habitual doings can still be considered actions of a subject even while they involve a sense of involuntariness and there is a temporal displacement in the self-understanding they afford. It turns out that in some forms of habitual agency, we do not have the relevant intentional description at hand when we are engaged in the process of doing what we so typically do; on the contrary, such a description can only be appropriated with effort and subsequent to the time of the action. I will focus on two approaches to habits, broadly construed; a phenomenological and an action theoretic one, and I will suggest that both approaches focus too narrowly on a synchronic relation between habitual action and self-understanding. I will suggest that we need a diachronic account of the potential for self-understanding required for agency that allows us to explain the experience of diminished control and alienation involved in certain of our habitual actions. The suggested perspective enables us to explain how some habits can be experienced as both momentarily involuntary and unconscious while at the same time they play a significant role for self-understanding.

An indigenous psychology perspective on psychosocial support in Southern Africa as collective, networking, and pragmatic support

AbstractThis comparative case study seeks to describe the traditional African psychosocial support practices used in postcolonial Southern Africa. We use an indigenous psychology theory (relationship‐resourced resilience) as a theoretical lens to understand and supplement dominant Western discourses on psychosocial support. Seven Southern African communities with high need and indigenous belief systems were conveniently sampled. Participatory reflection and action methods were used to generate data from a snowball sample of individuals with a dominant African home language and who demonstrated significant vulnerability (n = 430: elders = 240; youth = 190; men = 150; and women = 280). Focus groups were audio‐recorded and their speech transcribed. Observation data were documented in photographs. After in‐case and cross‐case analysis, we found that psychosocial support was collective, pragmatic, and capitalised on networking. The psychosocial support strategies expand insight into the indigenous psychology theory on collective resilience. The intentional description of robust non‐Western psychosocial support practices, continued to be used by elders and young people in rural and urban spaces in Southern Africa, establishes that endemic practices exist in lieu of policy‐level support to provide much‐need services given frequent and intense need. Knowledge of the way in which psychosocial support is commonly provided affords an opportunity to graft development initiatives onto that which has withstood adversity, rather than reimagining interventions.

Automated optimal flight planning based on the aircraft intent description language

The future air traffic management system is to be built around the notion of trajectory-based operations. It will rely on automated tools related to trajectory prediction in order to define, share, revise, negotiate and update the trajectory of the aircraft before and during the flight, in some case, in near real time. This paper illustrates how existing standards on trajectory description such as the aircraft intent description language can be enhanced including optimisation capabilities based on numerical optimal control. The Aircraft Intent Description Language is a formal language that has been created in order to describe aircraft intent information in a rigorous, unambiguous and flexible manner. It has been implemented in a platform for a modular design of the trajectory generation process. A case study is presented to explore its effectiveness and identify the requirements and needs to generate optimised aircraft intents with higher automation and flexibility. Preliminary results show the suitability of numerical optimal control to design optimised aircraft intents based on the aircraft intent description language.

Behavior Intention Derivation of Android Malware Using Ontology Inference

Previous researches on Android malware mainly focus on malware detection, and malware’s evolution makes the process face certain hysteresis. The information presented by these detected results (malice judgment, family classification, and behavior characterization) is limited for analysts. Therefore, a method is needed to restore the intention of malware, which reflects the relation between multiple behaviors of complex malware and its ultimate purpose. This paper proposes a novel description and derivation model of Android malware intention based on the theory of intention and malware reverse engineering. This approach creates ontology for malware intention to model the semantic relation between behaviors and its objects and automates the process of intention derivation by using SWRL rules transformed from intention model and Jess inference engine. Experiments on 75 typical samples show that the inference system can perform derivation of malware intention effectively, and 89.3% of the inference results are consistent with artificial analysis, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of our theory and inference system.

What is the Phenomenological Approach? Revisiting Intentional Explication

In this paper I outline the main features of the phenomenological approach, focusing on the central themes of intentionality, embodiment, empathy, intersubjectivity, sociality and the life-world. I argue that phenomenology is primarily a philosophy of intentional explication that identifies the a priori, structural correlations between subjectivity and all forms of constituted objectivities apprehended in their horizonal contexts. Intentional description reveals the structurally necessary, meaning-informing interactions between embodied subjectivity (already caught in the nexus of intersubjectivity) in the context of embeddedness in the temporal, historical, and cultural life-world. I shall defend phenomenology as a holistic approach that rightfully defends the role of subjectivity in the constitution of objectivity and recognizes the inherent limitations of all forms of naturalism, objectivism and scientism.

Preserved implicit mentalizing in schizophrenia despite poor explicit performance: evidence from eye tracking.

Schizophrenia has been characterized by an impaired mentalizing. It has been suggested that distinguishing implicit from explicit processes is crucial in social cognition, and only the latter might be affected in schizophrenia. Two other questions remain open: (1) Is schizophrenia characterized by an hypo- or hyper attribution of intentions? (2) Is it characterized by a deficit in the attribution of intention or of contingency? To test these three questions, spontaneous mentalizing was tested in 29 individuals with schizophrenia and 29 control subjects using the Frith-Happé animations, while eye movements were recorded. Explicit mentalizing was measured from participants’ verbal descriptions and was contrasted with implicit mentalizing measured through eye tracking. As a group, patients made less accurate and less intentional descriptions of the goal-directed and theory of mind animations. No group differences were found in the attribution of contingency. Eye tracking results revealed that patients and controls showed a similar modulation of eye movements in response to the mental states displayed in the Frith-Happé animations. To conclude, in this paradigm, participants with schizophrenia showed a dissociation between explicit and implicit mentalizing, with a decrease in the explicit attribution of intentions, whereas their eye movements suggested a preserved implicit perception of intentions.

Discovery Mechanism for Learning Semantic Web Service

Nowadays, e-learning offers advantages over traditional learning in terms of independence. Moreover, adaptive e-learning systems take into account learner's profile, such as learning style and level of knowledge, in order to provide the most appropriate learning object. However, the essential challenge is finding and identifying the learning objects from a big corpus while ensuring their independence in different contexts. To overcome these problems of interoperability and accessibility of learning objects, the authors proposed to define a learning semantic Web service for each learning object. This service is an extension of OWLS that encompasses the description of the learning intention and the use of context that characterize a learning object. In this paper, the authors propose a new discovery mechanism based on learning intention and context use guided by the learner's intention and profile in order to offer a personalized learning path. Experimental results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach and approve its notable contribution.

OWLS-LO: extending OWL-S to support learning object

The essential challenge in e-learning is finding and identifying a learning object from a big corpus on the one hand, and ensuring the independence and reusability of learning objects in a different context, on the other hand. These problems can be solved by using the principles of Web service paradigm. In this paper, we propose a semantic description of learning services that encompasses the description of the learning intention and the use of context that characterise a learning object. Then, we propose a semantic service descriptor, based on our OWL-S extension, to enrich service registry. The feasibility of our extended semantic OWLS-LO is proved by experimental results obtained.

What’s New About New Realism? Mereology and the Varieties of (New) Realism

The paper set up a small “philosophical lab” for thought experiments using Digital Universes as its main tool. Digital Universes allow us to examine how mereology affects the debate on New Realism of Ferraris (2012) and shed new light on the whole notion of Realism. The semi-formal framework provides a convenient way to model the varieties of realism that are important for the program of New Realism: we then draw the natural consequences of this approach into the ontology of our world (may it be digital or not), arguing that the same considerations that apply to Digital Universe would hold for chess, institutions and social objects as well. Once a particular version of mereology is chosen, there are unavoidable consequences that the very underlying structure of social (and non-social) ontology. We then propose a new New Realism to tackle social objects: social objects turn out to be nothing more than mereological sums, picked up by some (possibly intentional) description.

The Concept of Intent in Rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union

The concept of intention is used in different ways in many regulations of the EU. The Court of Justice of the EU has given a description of intention and accepted dolus eventualis as a form of intention. This article examines several relevant judgments of the Court, especially case C-396/12.These judgments show a double emancipation process. Not only are legal concepts used in the European Union emancipated from those concepts used in the national legal traditions of the Member States. These concepts are also emancipated from the field of law in which they were developed in the Member States.

Exploring spontaneous mentalization in schizophrenia: An eyetracking study

Individuals with schizophrenia have been shown to be impaired in their ability to attribute intentions to others. However, the mentalizing tasks usually used impose large demands on explicit reasoning, thus leaving the large domain of implicit social cognition largely unexplored in schizophrenia. Yet, Frith has suggested that social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia were characterized by dissociation between an impaired explicit mentalization and a spared implicit mentalization [1]. Another question that remains open is whether schizophrenic patients’ difficulties in those tasks can be characterized as hypo- [2] or as hyper mentalization deficits [3]. In order to test these two questions, mentalization was tested in individuals with schizophrenia (n = 29) and in control subjects (n = 29) with the Frith-Happé paradigm [4], while eye movements were recorded. Explicit mentalizing was measured from participants’ verbal descriptions and was contrasted with implicit mentalization measured through eyetracking. As a group, schizophrenia cases made less accurate and intentional descriptions of the intentional animations whereas no differences where found for the random animations. These differences were not explained by lower verbal or performance IQ or impaired executive function measured by cognitive contextual control. However, eyetracking results revealed that individuals with and without schizophrenia showed a similar modulation of eye movements in response to the different condition of Frith-Happé animations. To conclude, participants with schizophrenia showed an explicit deficit in mentalization in the direction of a hypomentalization, whereas their implicit mentalization was preserved, thus suggesting dissociation between explicit and implicit attribution of intentions in schizophrenia.

Adaptation dynamique de processus métier. Application au circuit du médicament à l’AP-HM

Variability is inherent in health processes and the diversity of implementation cases implies the need to control the modeling and management of those processes as well as their adaptation to highly dynamic environments. Research conducted within the AP-HM fits into this problematic. It is applied to the medication circuit and has led to the proposal of the V-BPMI approach for the description, management and adaptation of business processes. This paper treats the adaptation and presents a solution for dynamic adaptation. Starting from a database of process lines and process variants, a new process is dynamically constructed and deployed in a specific environment. Intentional and contextual descriptions of processes are the key point of the approach. MOTS-CLES : Processus metier, processus de sante, variabilite des processus, ligne de processus, variante de processus, adaptation dynamique.

Structural Model of Intention to Buy on Purchase Decision Saloon Car In Surabaya: Theory of Planned Behavior Approach and Stimulus Response Theory

The impact of modernization has been felt in almost every aspect of human life. The high level of mobility, both human and goods, the absolute need of adequate transportation and backed with supporting facilities. This condition causes the automotive industry sub-segment saloon car as transportation providers continue to experience growth over time. Lifestyle changes, especially in urban areas will cause the demand for motor vehicle sub-segment saloon car continues to increase. This study has several objectives: (1) the description of attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, culture, intention and car purchasing decisions in Surabaya, (2) determine the effect of attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, and culture to intentions (3) determine the effect of attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, culture and intention to car purchase decisions in Surabaya. The scope of this study is the city of Surabaya, the reason the area is the largest city, has the largest population, and has a number of new car buyers biggest saloon car in East Java. The number of sample is 164 samples. The statistical method for testing hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM). This study has several descriptive inference and hypothesis testing results. Attitude towards the product supports both confidence indicators side or evaluation. Consumers have a weakness stance on aspects of the evaluation. Subjective Norms high measured in both normative beliefs and motivation indicators. Subjective norm has the advantage of aspects of normative beliefs. Behavioral control high measured in confidence indicator has an average lower than indicators of the strength and confidence behavioral control has a weakness in the aspect of faith. Culture has the advantage of aspects of culture and social class. Intention has the advantage of preferential intentions. Purchase decision has the advantage of the time of purchase. Attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control and cultural influence on purchase intentions saloon car in Surabaya. The strongest influence on behavioral intentions derived from controls. Attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, and intentions cultural influence purchasing decisions saloon car in Surabaya. The greatest impact on purchase decisions derived from the intention.

Intentional Models as Essential Scientific Tools

In this article, I argue that the use of scientific models that attribute intentional content to complex systems bears a striking similarity to the way in which statistical descriptions are used. To demonstrate this, I compare and contrast an intentional model with a statistical model, and argue that key similarities between the two give us compelling reasons to consider both as a type of phenomenological model. I then demonstrate how intentional descriptions play an important role in scientific methodology as a type of phenomenal model, and argue that this makes them as essential as any other model of this type.

On the Inscrutability of Logic in Certain Natural Language Contexts

The paper opens by defining 'logical universality' as the retention of the propositional content of expressions under any enunciative circumstances. Universality in this sense, the paper claims, cannot be demonstrated in the same manner across different discursive domains and sign systems. Unlike in geometry, arithmetic, algebraic and mathematical logic, where logical universality can be shown to be non-controversial, the concept of universality becomes problematic as soon as natural language terms and syntax are employed. The paper shows the main reasons for this difficulty to lie in the extensional features of natural language, which cannot be adequately captured by intentional means. Intentional descriptions are claimed to apply only to semiotically homogeneous sign systems of a formal kind. Natural language expressions, in contrast, are semiotically heterogeneous, or heterosemiotic, characterised as they are by quasi-perceptual ingredients. Nevertheless, the paper argues, there are three cases in which logical universality can be demonstrated to hold in spite of natural language being employed, one of which is strictly technical language. In contrast, culturally fully saturated natural language use is shown to escape the constraints of logical universality as defined, on the grounds that some of its essential features, such as referential background, reference, and deixis, especially in its implicit form, effectively undermine the retention of identical propositional contents across cultures and time.

Air-Ground Trajectory Synchronization through Exchange of Aircraft Intent Information

This paper presents preliminary results on how the exchange of Aircraft Intent (AI) information derived from a Flight Management System (FMS) can improve trajectory predictions made by different operational ground-based Decisions Support Tools (DSTs). AI, which contains information about the guidance strategy planned by the FMS, was expressed using the Aircraft Intent Description Language (AIDL). This formal language allows the encoding of any possible guidance mode or flight commands available to a pilot or FMS. Translators for airborne and ground-based operational DSTs were developed to facilitate the exchange and use of AI information in the AIDL format. The different operational DSTs considered in this study included an Indra Flight Data Processing System, a Barco Arrival Manager, and a General Electric Aviation Systems (GEAS) FMS. An experiment was conducted in which AI information was exchanged between a GEAS FMS and the different DSTs. The experiment was purposely conducted in nominal conditions (e.g., no wind, standard atmosphere, no air traffic control [ATC] intervention, FMS in managed mode, etc.) to isolate the effect of the exchange and use of AI on the ground predictions. The results indicate that the use of FMS-derived AI information improves the trajectory prediction process of ground-based DSTs. These results support the assertion that higher levels of trajectory synchronization between air and ground can be achieved when AI information (aircraft guidance strategy, already available in the FMS but not to ground DSTs) is exchanged, improving traditional flight intent exchange as found in the current form of a flight plan. A higher level of synchronization would, in turn, foster a coordinated decision-making process between airborne and ground DSTs.

Enhancing workflow with a semantic description of scientific intent

Scientists are becoming increasingly dependent upon resources available through the Internet including, for example, datasets and computational modelling services, which are changing the way they conduct their research activities. This paper investigates the use of workflow tools enhanced with semantics to facilitate the design, execution, analysis and interpretation of workflow experiments and exploratory studies. Current workflow technologies do not incorporate any representation of experimental constraints and goals, which we refer to in this paper as scientist’s intent. This paper proposes an abstract model of intent based on the Open Provenance Model (OPM) specification. To realise this model a framework based upon a number of Semantic Web technologies has been developed, including the OWL ontology language and the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). Through the use of social simulation case studies the paper illustrates the benefits of using this framework in terms of workflow monitoring, workflow provenance and annotation of experimental results.

An Intensional Solution to the Bike Puzzle of Intentional Identity

In a 2005 paper Olafur Pall Jonsson presents a puzzle that turns on intentional identity and definite descriptions. He considers eight solutions and rejects them all, thus leaving the puzzle unsolved. In this paper I put forward a solution. The puzzle is this. Little Lotta wants most of all a bicycle for her birthday, but she gets none. Distracted by the gifts she does receive, she at first does not think about the bike. But when seeing her tricycle, she is reminded of the bike. The question is how we are to analyse these two occurrences of ‘the bike’ in the absence of a unique bike that Lotta wants. So the semantics of ‘the bike’ needs to be spelt out, and it must be made explicit what the complements of Lotta’s attitudes are. My analysis shows that the attributer’s usage of ‘the bike’ blurs the distinction between a second-order and a first-order intension (a property concept and a property, respectively). My solution can be summed up in this two-premise argument. (a) In the state-of-affairs S, the property of being a bike is the extension of the property concept the property such that Lotta wants an instance of it more than any other; (b) in S, Lotta does not think about/is reminded of the property that she wants an instance of more than any other; (c) therefore, in S Lotta does not think about/is reminded of the property of being a bike. This solution requires looking beyond the confines of denotational semantics, which all of Jonsson’s eight solution candidates belong to.