Salt Water Desalination Research Articles

Integrated modeling of surface water and groundwater interactions in the Eastern Mitidja Plain, North Algeria: investigating the impact of human activities and climate change

ABSTRACT The study aims to investigate surface water (SW)–groundwater (GW) interactions in the Mitidja Plain (northern Algeria), taking into account the impacts of human activity and climate change emphasizing the alignment with Sustainable Development Goals, Clean Water and Sanitation, and Climate Action. The dynamic interactions between the El Hamiz River and the alluvial aquifer were studied using MODFLOW 6. A typical scenario analysis approach was employed, considering historical and projected climate conditions based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 models, as well as current and projected GW abstraction rates. The findings reveal substantial changes in flow dynamics over time. In 1982, the aquifer refilled the river at a rate of 2.59 m3/s. In 2019, a new state was observed where the opposite occurred the river recharged the aquifer at a rate of 0.73 m3/s. This reduction in the flow rate can be attributed to over-pumping and declining recharge rates, and this pattern is anticipated to persist in the future. Furthermore, future forecasts indicate that GW overuse has a greater impact on GW dynamics compared to climate change. However, the adoption of saltwater desalination and enhanced irrigation methods could make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of GW resources, with an increase of up to approximately 14 m.

Comparative kinetics and enhanced desalination efficiency of hydrate-based desalination using HFC-125a, HFC-134a, and HFC-152a through hydrate pelletization and induced melting

The present study demonstrates the feasibility of gas hydrate technology for effective desalination of salt water without requiring pre- or post-treatment. The research highlights two main aspects: the thermodynamic and comparative kinetic properties of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases, and the novel concept of hydrate pelletization enhanced by an induced pellet melting procedure. The thermodynamic viability of HFC gases such as HFC-125a, HFC-134a, and HFC-152a for hydrate formation in both saline and non-saline conditions is underscored. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the gas uptake kinetics for these three gases is presented under 0, 3.5, and 8.0 wt% NaCl conditions. Results indicate that HFC-134a and HFC-152a exhibit rapid gas uptake kinetics, while HFC-125a shows sluggish kinetics, attributed to the effective pressure driving force and subcooling temperature. Regardless of the guest gas, the chosen experimental conditions achieved salt removal efficiency of ~70 % in 3.5 wt% NaCl and ~ 75 % in 8.0 wt% NaCl. The novel induced hydrate pellet melting approach significantly improved salt removal efficiency, exhibiting a nonlinear behavior where the rate of salt removal efficiency increases asymptotically as more hydrate melts. New insights into salt distribution within the hydrate pellet reveal that the core contains higher salinity, than the outer layer.

High-performance solar water purification enabled by controlled water convection in integrated porous aerogel multistage distiller

The employment of solar multistage distillers possessing thermal localization and energy cycle properties for saltwater desalination exhibits significant potential in fulfilling the increasing worldwide need for freshwater. In order to prevent salt crystallization on evaporators, most evaporators, however, excessively boost brine exchanging in distiller while ignoring heat loss during water convection. Here, we introduce an interesting porous aerogel-based multistage distiller (PAMS) that effectively suppresses heat loss during saltwater exchanging by controlling the water absorption rate through pore structure devising. This allows us to optimize the balance between evaporation, water transport, and salt-crystallization resistance. Finally, PAMS can reach a remarkable evaporation rate of 5.93 kg m−2h−1 and a high water-collection rate of 4.03 kg m−2h−1 under one solar irradiation thanks to the adjustable balance. Besides, PAMS exhibits impressive long-term stable antibacterial properties, which enhances the anti-biofouling and increases its reliability as a source of freshwater for ocean farm.

Brine waste from seawater desalination in Malaysia: Assessment on public awareness and understanding

Abstract Water scarcity is a growing concern, and saltwater desalination is being explored as a potential solution, including in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important to assess public awareness of the outcome of desalination and the harmful effects of improper disposal of brine in the ecosystem. Hence, a survey was conducted and analyzed using the relative importance index method to gather information on public awareness of brine waste management practices and the negative impacts of brine waste. One hundred respondents from the public in Malaysia were randomly selected for this sample study. The results indicated that the public has an average level of awareness about desalination. Despite that, their perception of brine waste and its impact on the ecosystem ranges from average to high. Nevertheless, the study also reveals significant findings related to the low understanding among Malaysians regarding the detrimental effects of untreated brine wastewater disposal. Thus, the experts emphasize the importance of education and awareness to the public and encourage the government to implement stricter regulations on brine disposal with more effective policies. Moreover, the output of this paper gauged the public awareness level in Malaysia regarding the increasing use of desalination technology and the potential negative consequences of brine waste. It later equips the policymakers with the necessary information to make well-informed decisions by actively engaging the understanding of local communities' needs, perspectives, and aspirations on matters that directly affect them.

Experimental and analytical examinations of a single-glazed solar still desalination with a spray-feeding water system with an artificial neural network

Using solar stills to desalinate salt water effectively provides clean water in remote areas at affordable prices. It is well-established that a crucial factor in enhancing the efficiency of solar desalination systems is increasing brackish water's surface evaporation rate by minimizing surface tension and boosting thermal energy. However, recent studies and proposed ideas indicate a limited and insufficient focus on this aspect. As a response, this research introduces a novel approach to raising the temperature of saline water. This is achieved through a system that involves simultaneous saline water spraying and circulation, affecting all factors and effectively reducing the surface evaporation rate. This approach impacts factors influencing surface evaporation rates and offers advantages such as low thermal inertia, reduced surface tension, and enhanced thermal energy within the desalination system. Therefore, the main goal of this study will be to improve the performance of the solar desalination system through circulating preheated salt water spray and using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms to obtain the function of predicting the amount of fresh water produced. The results of this study show that the evaporative heat transfer coefficient of the introduced system is significantly larger than that of the conventional solar still unit, with an average difference of about 43.98%. Also, the results of daily water output in both systems show a significant increase and superiority of 28.75% in freshwater production for the modified system. Also, the efficiency of the improved system is 65.18% higher than that of the passive solar distillation system, and the cost per liter was 0.059 ($/L/m2). The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of the saltwater spraying technique in enhancing the performance of solar desalination systems, making it a valuable prospect for future industrial applications in desalination systems and into energy systems for smart cities as a sagacious strategy towards clean and sustainable process.

Design and thermo-enviro-economic analyses of a novel thermal design process for a CCHP-desalination application using LNG regasification integrated with a gas turbine power plant

Designing and studying processes with reduced thermodynamic irreversibility and environmental impact is imperative to improve the global applicability of the stand-alone gas turbine cycles. Hence, the present study introduces a novel cascade heat integration tool for a gas turbine cycle combined with a liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization and regasification process. A saltwater desalination subsystem, an absorption chiller, and an organic Rankine cycle are also included in the integrated system. Therefore, the developed system demonstrates an environmentally friendly combined cooling, heating, power, and freshwater production framework, improving the performance of the system in comparison to previous research. This configuration is simulated within the Aspen HYSYS software for comprehensive energy, exergy, environmental, and economic assessments. The findings demonstrate that the whole configuration yields energy and exergy efficiencies of 92.92% and 63.5%, respectively. In comparison, these efficiencies in the single-generation mode are found to be 45.92% and 43.72%, correspondingly. The environmental analysis reveals that the carbon dioxide footprint equals 0.1792 kg/kWh when operating in the multigeneration mode and 0.4591 kg/kWh in the single-generation mode. Furthermore, the economic evaluation exhibits that the cost of energy equals 67.2 $/MWh and 135.92 $/MWh for the multigeneration and single-generation operational modes, respectively.

A gravity-induced desalination technology effectively improving the freshwater production efficiency of freeze desalination

Low desalination efficiency and water production efficiency limit the commercial application of freeze desalination (FD) technology. In this study, three freezing temperatures were set to carry out single-stage progressive freezing desalination of brackish water in southern Xinjiang, China. The ice were melted using conventional methods and gravity-induced desalination (GD), and the salt migration law during the icing and melting process was studied. The effect of GD technology on the improvement of the output of frozen desalinated produced water was quantitatively analyzed using scenario simulation. Experimental results showed that salts accumulated towards concentrated water during FD process. The ice total dissolved solids (TDS) increased with decreasing freezing temperature, which was linearly and positively correlated with the raw water TDS. GD efficiency was significantly affected by the salt concentration of ice crystals. In the first stage (the first 450 mL), ice-melt water was salt explosive dissolution, with salt drained mass accounted for more than 85% of the total salt mass. During GD process, exponential decay of ice-melt water TDS (TDSI) was observed with increasing ice-melt water amount. Through the simulation of the two exponential equation scenarios, it was found that Scenario II (mixed water TDSI as the target value) had significantly higher water yield and production rate than Scenario I (TDSI as the target value), with an increase of more than 23%. The algebraic relationship between TDSI of mixed water and the amount of ice-melt water was derived. GD technology can effectively improve the freshwater output efficiency of the FD process, which is manifested by the fact that the ice crystals of the FD process cannot produce freshwater using conventional melting. Scenario II can produce freshwater as high as 69.83% of the total amount of the GD ice-melt water. The GD technology performed increased multiplicatively in WPdv (decrease in water production) and WPRdv (decrease in water production rate) when the TDSI of the mixed water demanded by the user was low. When FD and GD are combined to desalinate salt water, lowering the freezing temperature can significantly increase the freshwater yield, breaking the limitation of freezing temperature for FD. Therefore, an automated, energy-saving freeze desalination-gravity desalination device capable of realizing the collection of the product water according to the users' needs was conceptualized. This study provides new ideas and algorithms for accurately assessing the efficiency of water production in the combined desalination of saltwater by FD and GD.

Preparation of solid-solid phase change composites and their solar-interfacial water evaporation performance

Solar powered interfacial evaporation materials are widely used in seawater desalination. But solar energy is intermittent. To solve this problem, researchers combined phase change materials (PCMs) with interfacial evaporation materials. Many PCMs are loaded into the interface evaporation matrix material through physical blending, which may cause leakage problems during long-term use, leading to secondary water pollution. We have developed a novel interfacial evaporation material that continuously and efficiently vaporizes clean water under intermittent sunlight to address these issues. The solid-solid PCMs (BC/PVA/GO-g-LA-SSPCMs) were obtained by chemical grafting of PCMs lauric acid (LA) and graphene oxide (GO), and the substrate material bacterial fibrin (BC) was modified by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The material achieved light absorption of 88.8% in the full spectrum range. Under 1 kW m−2 light, the evaporation rate reaches 3.4 kg m−2h−1, and the solar-thermal conversion efficiency is 94.2%. In the dark, the evaporation rate is 1.05 kg m−2h−1, and the solar-thermal conversion efficiency is 49.5%. 15 light-dark cycle experiments and harsh environments (high concentration brine, acidic solution, alkaline solution, dye wastewater) showed high efficiency and stable evaporation performance. The material cost of the evaporator is about 0.98 USD·m−2, and the solar-thermal quality factor is 4.64, which is higher than that of most reported materials. In short, BC/PVA/GO-g-LA-SSPCMs provides a new idea for the future design and development of solar-thermal conversion materials to achieve efficient and continuous saltwater desalination and wastewater purification under intermittent solar-irradiation.

Preparation of Phase‐Change Composite Aerogel Materials and Its Application in Solar Saline‐Alkali Water Desalination

AbstractSolar energy is an inexhaustible clean energy, and solar evaporation salt water desalination is a promising technology. However, the low evaporation efficiency caused by intermittent solar irradiation is still the main obstacle in the practical application of interface evaporation. A new type of interfacial evaporation material is developed by using the porous adsorption method to fill the phase change material (PCM) paraffin (IPW) into the halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), using polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material and encapsulation agent and bacterial cellulose (BC) as the carrier. The low‐temperature crosslinking method prepares the IPW@HNTs@ PDA‐BC phase change composite aerogel. The novel interfacial evaporation material preparation process is simple, and the aerogels can be prepared quickly under normal pressure, which overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional porous adsorption method and long‐time freeze‐drying of aerogels. Under 1 kW m−2 light, the evaporation rate of the PCM is 3.43 kg m−2 h−1, and the photothermal conversion efficiency is 95%. In the dark environment (10 min), the evaporation rate is 2.80 kg m−2 h−1, and the photothermal conversion efficiency is 52.8%. The material exhibits excellent evaporation in acidic, alkaline water, and industrial wastewater. Shortly, it can be used as a promising material for evaporating clean water.

The Development of an Enhanced Smart Saltwater Desalination System

Water is an essential resource for life. We also know that water scarcity is a huge problem that happens around the world and especially in countries that have low economies and large populations. This thesis proposes desalination system based on solar panels for enhancing the desalination process. This project aims to produce clean water from the salt water using the concept of evaporation and the result that comes from this project is to produce a desalination system that can treat salt water to clean water not just during the day but also at night. In this project, the desalination system works by solar heating which sunlight will heat the salt water in the basin to produced evaporated water and the bulb will replace sunlight during night since its capability works same as sunlight.

An efficient data-driven desalination approach for the element-scale forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid systems

Freshwater shortages are a consequence of the rapid increase in population, and desalination of saltwater has gained popularity as an alternative water treatment method in recent years. To date, the forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) hybrid technology has been proposed as a low-energy and environmentally friendly next-generation seawater desalination process. Scaling up the FO-RO hybrid system significantly affects the success of a commercial-scale process. However, neither the ideal structure nor the membrane components for plate-and-frame FO (PFFO) and spiral-wound FO (SWFO) are known. This study aims to explore and optimize the performance of SWFO-RO and PFFO-RO hybrid element-scale systems in the desalination of seawater. The results showed that both hybrid systems could yield high water recovery under optimal operating conditions. The prediction of the system performance (water flux and reverse salt flux) by artificial intelligence was considerably better (R > 0.99, root mean square error <5%) than that of conventional mass balance models. A Markov-based decision tree successfully classified the water flux level in hybrid systems. An optimal set of operational conditions for each membrane system was proposed. For example, in RO, a combination of the feed solution (FS) flow rate (≥17.5 L/min), FS concentration (<17,500 ppm), and operation pressure (<35 bar) would result in high water permeability (>40 LMH). In addition, five SWFO elements and four PFFO elements should be the optimal numbers of FO membranes in the hybrid FO-RO system for effective seawater desalination, especially for long-term operation.

A low-cost plant transpiration inspired 3D popsicle design for highly efficient solar desalination

Solar-powered desalination is an attractive solution to the problem of water scarcity, but the practical applications of three-dimensional (3D) interfacial solar steam generators have been limited by their complex production methods, low water generation rates, and durability issues. This study proposes a low-cost, easy-to-produce 3D solar steam generator with a popsicle design that employs diesel soot coated on polyvinyl alcohol sponges and plant transpiration-inspired chopsticks wrapped in airlaid paper for efficient water transport. The effects of various design factors are investigated, and it is found that the DSp-PVA-3D-6 configuration achieved an impressive evaporation rate of 3.81 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun illumination. The generator also demonstrated anti-salt fouling ability and sustained high evaporation performance over an extended period. Indoor seawater desalination studies yielded positive outcomes, while outdoor experiments showed that the DSp-PVA-3D array efficiently produced fresh water (2 L m−2 h−1) meeting daily human fresh water requirements. This proposed design is a significant step towards creating practical, inexpensive steam generators for real-world solar-powered saltwater desalination, offering a promising solution to global water scarcity.

Enhancing saline water evaporation rates via floatable, conductive nanoparticles embedded in superhydrophobic cotton gauze at air-water interface

A significant portion of the earth's surface is composed of water, and all breathing organisms require freshwater to survive. Unfortunately, most of the water on earth's surface is saltwater, not freshwater, and very soon, freshwater will become short in supply in many locations. The principles of water evaporation for saltwater desalination play a crucial role in solving this crisis using renewable resources. Even though the implementation of this solution is hindered by several challenges, such as the delicate nature of solar thermal devices, intricate fabrication methods, and the high cost associated with these devices. This study demonstrates a model for enhancing saline water evaporation rates with an affordable and energy-efficient approach using floatable superhydrophobic cotton gauze with conductive nanoparticle inclusions. The fabrication process of the floatable superhydrophobic cotton gauze involves a multi-step process that begins with the application of spray coating a double layer of base coat homogenized with conductive nanoparticles—carbon black, pristine graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a subsequent layer with hydrophobic silica nanoparticles on cotton gauze, making the conductive nanoparticle-embedded superhydrophobic cotton gauze. This results in the cotton gauze floating on the air-water interface. The next step involves exposing the air-water interface to simulated solar infrared (IR) light, which has a power of 125 W and a light density of approximately 440 W/m2. In this study, the base coat layer adhesives were homogenized with 0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.5 % of conductive nanoparticles. As a result of this process, the whole incident light is converted into heat at the air-water interface of different types of base fluid, including saltwater, tap water, and deionized (DI) water. The water evaporation tests were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the air-water interface heating and evaluate its ability to transform light into heat under ambient pressure. Test results indicated that 0.1 % of carbon black, graphene, and CNT nanoparticle-embedded superhydrophobic cotton gauze offered superior water evaporation results than 0.05 % and 0.5 % of the same nanoparticles. The evaporation rate of saltwater is significantly improved by over 7.73 % when using 0.1 % of carbon black nanoparticles embedded in superhydrophobic cotton gauze. The temperature of the superhydrophobic cotton gauze, which contains 0.1 % of carbon black nanoparticles, increased from 18.5 °C to 72.8 °C during the evaporation process. This results in an evaporation rate of 4.4 mg/h.cm2, demonstrating the effectiveness of 0.1 % of carbon black nanoparticle-embedded superhydrophobic cotton gauze in enhancing the water evaporation rate. The higher temperature at the air-water interface, instead of heating the bulk quantity of the saltwater was exhibited in the floatable conductive nanoparticle-embedded superhydrophobic cotton gauze, providing a possible explanation for the enhanced evaporation and freshwater productions.

A Review of the Configurations, Capabilities, and Cutting-Edge Options for Multistage Solar Stills in Water Desalination

The desalination of saltwater is a viable option to produce freshwater. All the desalination processes are energy-intensive and can be carried out on a large scale. Therefore, producing freshwater using renewable energy sources is the most desirable option considering the current energy crisis and the effect that fossil-fuel-based energy has on our carbon footprint. In this respect, the tray-type still, one of several solar power desalination still varieties, is popular owing to its straightforward design, economic materials of construction, and minimal maintenance requirements, especially in isolated island regions with restricted energy and natural water supplies. The traditional tray-type solar power has a few drawbacks, such as the inability to recover latent heat from condensation, reduced thermal convection, a large heat capacity, and comparatively minimal driving power through evaporation. Therefore, the improvement of heat and mass transfer capabilities in tray-type stills has been the subject of many studies. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review in the open literature that covers the design and operational details of multistage solar stills. The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough overview of the past research on multistage solar stills, in terms of configurations, capabilities, and cutting-edge options. In comparison to a unit without a salt-blocking formation, the review indicates that a multistage distillation unit may run continuously at high radiation and generate pure water that is around 1.7 times higher than a unit without a salt-blocking formation. The most effective deign is found to be “V”-shaped solar still trays that attach to four-stage stills, since they are less expensive and more economical than the “floor” (Λ-shape) design, which requires two collectors. Additionally, it can be stated that the unit thermal efficiency, solar percentage, and collected solar energy (over the course of a year) increase by 23%, 18%, and 24%, respectively, when the solar collectors are increased by 26% (at the constant inflow velocity of the water).

Pseudocapacitive Deionization of Saltwater by Mn3O4@C/Activated Carbon.

Capacitive deionization (CDI), a m ethod with notable advantages of relatively low energy consumption and environmental friendliness, has been widely used in desalination of saltwater. However, due to the weak electrical double-layer electrosorption of ions from water, CDI has suffered from low throughput capacity that may limit its commercial applications. Thus, it is of importance to develop a high-efficiency and engineering-feasible CDI process. Manganese and cobalt and their oxides, being faradic materials, have a relatively high pseudocapacitance, which can cause an increase of positive and negative charges on opposing electrodes. However, their low conductivity properties limit their electrochemical applications. Pseudocapacitive Mn3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated within a conducting carbon shell (Mn3O4@C) were prepared to enhance charge transfer and capacitance for CDI. Desalination performances of the Mn3O4@C (5-15 wt %) core-shell nanoparticles on activated carbon (AC) (Mn3O4@C/AC) serving as CDI electrodes have thus been investigated. The pseudocapacitive Mn3O4@C/AC electrodes with relatively low diffusion resistances have much greater capacitance (240-1300 F/g) than the pristine AC electrode (120 F/g). In situ synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra of the Mn3O4@C/AC electrodes during CDI (under 1.2 and -1.2 V for electrosorption and regeneration, respectively) demonstrate that reversible faradic redox reactions cause more negative charges on the negative electrode and more positive charges on the positive electrode. Consequently, the pseudocapacitive electrodes for CDI of saltwater ([NaCl] = 1000 ppm) show much better desalination performances with a high optimized salt removal (600 mg/g·day), electrosorption efficiency (48%), and electrosorption capacity (EC) (25 mg/g) than the AC electrodes (288 mg/g·day, 23%, and 12 mg/g, respectively). The Mn3O4@C/AC electrode has a maximum EC of 29 mg/g for CDI under +1.2 V. Also, the Mn3O4@C/AC electrodes have much higher pseudocapacitive electrosorption rate constants (0.0049-0.0087 h-1) than the AC electrode (0.0016 h-1). This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-efficiency CDI of saltwater for water recycling and reuse using the low-cost and easily fabricated pseudocapacitive Mn3O4@C/AC electrodes.

MXene/MnO2 nanocomposite coated superior salt-rejecting biodegradable luffa sponge for efficient solar steam generation

Solar steam generation is widely regarded as one of the potential green approaches for freshwater regeneration by utilizing solar energy. Herein, the MXene/MnO2 nanocomposite-coated biodegradable luffa sponge (Ti3C2-MnO2@LS) is proposed as an efficient solar evaporator for solar steam generation. The thin layer of Ti3C2-MnO2 coated on the surface of the luffa sponge (LS) serves as the solar absorber and enhances the hydrophilicity of the LS, while the thermally insulating LS layer with microporous structure endows sufficient water transportation and localizes heat for interfacial water evaporation. Combining MXene with MnO2 can increase the surface area as well as the stability. The Ti3C2-MnO2@LS delivers a solar evaporation rate as high as 1.36 kg m−2 h−1, with a solar steam conversion efficiency of 85.28 % under one sun irradiation. Furthermore, this Ti3C2-MnO2@LS exhibits superior salt-rejecting properties even under highly concentrated saltwater desalination and excellent wastewater purification performance. This work demonstrates the prospects of combining novel 2D materials with biomass-based materials for practical solar steam generation.

Design and performance analysis of salinity gradient solar pond under different climatic and soil conditions.

A salinity gradient solar pond (SGSP) is capable of storing a significant quantity of heat for an extended period of time. It is a great option for providing hot water at a reduced energy cost. Additionally, SGSP is used in low-temperature industrial applications such as saltwater desalination, space heating, and power generation. Solar pond thermal performance is dependent on a variety of operational variables, including the soil conditions, the climate of the particular site, the thickness of the solar pond layers, the depth of the water table, and the salt content of the pond. As such, this study examines the thermal performance of a solar pond under a variety of operational conditions. The solar pond model is used to test the thermal performance by simulating two-dimensional heat and mass transport equations. The equations are solved using the finite difference technique utilizing MATLAB® scripts. Salt distributions and temperature profiles are computed for a variety of factors influencing SGSP's thermal performance. The main distinguishing variables influencing the thermal performance of SGSP are soil conditions, such as soil texture, types, the moisture level in soil, and water table depth. The final findings indicated that the fine sand dry soil performed better than the other soil types owing to its poor heat conductivity. The economic results indicated that the period of return (POR) of the intended system is around 2 years. The solar pond construction costs such as excavation, transportation, salt and lining, were considered based on the local prices. This modeled study extracted the greatest possible energy is 110W/m2, with the fine sand dry at 62.48°C lowest temperature. This study suggested that the climatic conditions of Lahore is better than climatic conditions of Islamabad. Additionally, deeper water tables are suggested for improved thermal performance of the pond.

Modern state of use of solar desalination

Water is the most necessary resource for mankind, animals and plants. Although 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, 97% of it is salt water, that is, water that is not suitable for consumption. Also, continuous pollution of surface and underground water is increasing the shortage of drinking water. In solving the above problems, desalination of salt water is an important way of increasing drinking water resources. However, the high energy consumption, increased greenhouse gas emissions, large amounts of wastewater and the high cost of fresh water in desalination limit the widespread adoption of desalination technology in the industry. To solve these limitations, solar energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources, is environmentally friendly, ubiquitous, convenient to use, safe and sustainable. Currently, several constructions of SD are proposed, the main part of which is a pool construction. This research paper presents the results of comparison of the constructional structures of one- and two-basin SD, their heat-technical parameters, device productivity and economic indicators.

Review of saltwater desalination techniques: UAE study case

Review of saltwater desalination techniques: UAE study case

Review of saltwater desalination techniques: UAE study case

Review of saltwater desalination techniques: UAE study case