Dermis Layer Of Skin Research Articles

A Study of the Baiga Women's Tradition of Tattoos, Modernization of this Art and Situation of Tattoo Industry in India

The Polynesian term "Ta," which signifies hitting something, or the Tahitian word "tatau," according to some anthropologists, may be the source of the word "tattoo." It is "to mark something." Since before the start of the Christian era (CE), tattooing—a kind of bodily modification—has been ingrained in the cultures of many indigenous tribes worldwide. It is also demonstrated by anthropological evidence of various tattoo designs from various cultures that tattooing originated independently in many parts of the world. For various tribes across the nation, getting tattoos has always been an essential aspect of daily life. Tattoos are considered an essential component of the culture and history of the Baiga tribe's women. With the tribal people of Central India, tattooing, sometimes referred to locally as "Godna," is a common form of body art that has deep cultural significance. In this work, the importance of tattoo culture among the women of the Baiga tribe in central India is discussed and examined. This study aims to provide an overview of the Baiga tribe the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of Central India. It also explains the tattooing process, from the development of the indelible ink to the tattoo artist's application of the ink into the skin's dermis layer. At present, this art has been modernized to a great extent and the tattoo industry has become a major identity all over the world. At the same time, it has spread to many states in India as well. There are immense possibilities of development in this field in the future.

Moritella viscosa early infection and transcriptional responses of intraperitoneal vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon

Skin is the first line of defence against waterborne pathogens, such as Moritella viscosa, which is the causative agent of winter ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The present study revealed that vaccination protects against both M. viscosa-induced mortality and skin ulceration, but protection varied according to the strain used in the vaccine formulation. Examination of skin tissue 4 days post M. viscosa challenge indicated that M. viscosa initiated infection by colonising the scale surface. Sequencing the transcripts of the variable region of the IgM heavy chain did not detect effect of vaccination or M. viscosa challenge on antibody repertoire and B cell trafficking from the lymphatic organs to skin. Skin layer-specific responses were examined with 44 K oligonucleotide microarray. Skin responded to vaccination and M. viscosa challenge by increasing transcription of structural genes, stimulating metabolism, and regulation of developmental processes. Immune responses to dead (vaccine) and live M. viscosa were very similar and no pathogen-specific changes were found. Combined use of skin transcriptional profiles and image analysis revealed differences in the infected skin layers between the study groups. M. viscosa was likely retained in the epidermis of vaccinated salmon, whereas the dermis was colonised in unvaccinated fish. Furthermore, decreased expression of lymphocyte-specific and antiviral genes in the dermis indicated possible evasion of immune-related cells from skin in salmon challenged with M. viscosa. Our data also indicated that intraperitoneal vaccination may prime the humoral innate response, which enables a rapid response in the dermis layer of skin during M. viscosa invasion.

A delivery system into the dermis layer of skin using small unilamellar liposomes and targeted collagen regeneration stimulated by electric field

Collagen is one of the prominent scaffolding components of the extracellular matrix that can turn into collagen fibers through self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding that various factors can influence collagen assembly, we studied the effect of electric field exposure and visualized collagen fibrils' fibrillogenesis process under the confocal microscope. Collagen monomers started to aggregate within 10 seconds after applying an AC of 10 Hz-1V, and collagen fibrils with a 28- to 70-nm diameter appeared within 9 minutes. Further, we designed an experiment to form collagen fibers at a targeted region by encapsulating collagen molecules in nano-sized liposomes (Lip-Col) and have confirmed that the fibrils were successfully formed. We infer that the electric field could trigger the electrical interaction between hydronium ion and the hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline in the collagen peptide chains, resulting in the change of the surface charge of the collagen and pH solution. In vitro, Lip-Cols can interact with the cellular membrane of human dermal fibroblast and form collagen networks in extracellular matrix space. Our findings can potentially be utilized as a drug delivery system for anti-aging or wound healing agents.

Collagen Thickness and Density in BALB/c Mice Exposed to UVB Light after using Siam Weeds Cream (Chromolaena odorata L.)

Introduction: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can cause damage to the skin's dermis layer, which can lead to collagen fragmentation. Damage to collagen generates wrinkles, which are a sign of aging. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine how Siam Weeds cream (Chromolaena odorata L.) altered the thickness and density of collagen in the skin of BALB/c mice after UVB exposure. Methods: There were four groups of 24 BALB/c mice altogether: normal control, negative control (Cream Base with UVB), positive control (UVB), and treatment (C. odorata cream and UVB). Just before and after the mice were exposed to UVB at 500 mJ/cm2, the Siam Weeds cream formulation was applied at a concentration of 1%. Mice were slaughtered, and a back skin excisional biopsy was conducted to analyze collagen. Results: the treatment group differed significantly both in thickness and density of collagen against the positive control group and the negative control group (p<0.05) and There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and normal control groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: A 1% dosage of C. odorata cream can improve the thickness and density of collagen in UVB-exposed mice's skin.

Development of an Imaging Framework for Visualization of Cutaneous Micro-Vasculature by using High Frequency Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging.

Visualization of cutaneous micro-vasculatures is a determined approach in the diagnosis of skin vascular disorders. Clinically, high frequency ultrasound (HFUS) modalities have been used for cutaneous morphological and structural imaging, but visualization of micro-vessels has always been remained a daunting task. These tiny structures might be visualized by devising a highly sensitive Doppler technique for HFUS systems. In this study, we proposed an imaging framework using HFUS (30 MHz) ultrafast Doppler imaging along with SVD clutter filtering that is proficient in detection of micro-scale circulation. The performance of the devised framework was examined on a 200-micron flow phantom made of poly-vinyl alcohol under four different flow rates (56 - 18 ul/min) and visualized the micro-structure with averaged detected diameter of 93 - 170 µm. The results indicated that the devised framework has sufficient sensitivity and resolvability to visualize the micro-vasculatures in dermis layer of skin (depth ≤ 4 mm). Clinical Relevance - This study brings an insight to visualize in-vivo cutaneous micro-vasculatures with ultrafast Doppler imaging in clinical applications for better assessment of cutaneous disorders.

Improving the anti-ageing activity of coenzyme Q10 through protransfersome-loaded emulgel

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally produced organic molecule which acts as an antioxidant agent, including in skin anti-ageing, and plays a major role in the social determinants of health. However, its level in the body will decrease during ageing. Therefore, an external supplement is required to repair damaged skin, especially the skin dermis layer. This study aims to evaluate the use of a protransfersomal emulgel to improve the skin delivery and stability of CoQ10 which demonstrates low water solubility, poor permeability and instability. CoQ10 was initially dissolved in oleic acid at a weight ratio of 1:56. Protransfersome was then loaded with CoQ10 (Protransf-CoQ10) and prepared using a composition of L-α-Phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 at a molar ratio of 85:15. The Protransf-CoQ10 was dispersed in an emulgel base consisting of Tween 80 and Span 80 to produce Protransf-CoQ10 emulgel. The in vivo studies of anti-aging activity and irritability were further evaluated by applying daily 200 mg of emulgels twice a day to a 4 cm2 section on the back of a UV-ray aging-induced male Balb/c mouse 20 min before irradiation. The results showed that Protransf-CoQ10 could transform into transfersomal vesicles with particle sizes of approximately 201.5 ± 6.1 nm and a zeta potential of − 11.26 ± 5.14 mV. The dispersion of Protransf-CoQ10 into emulgel base resulted in stable Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel during 28 days of observation at low temperatures. Moreover, the in vivo study revealed that Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel successfully increases the collagen density and number of fibroblast cells in UV radiation skin-aged induced-mice which reflects its potential for repairing the skin ageing process. In addition, the 24-h topical application of Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel showed that no erythema or skin rash was observed during the study. In conclusion, loading CoQ10 into protransfersomal Emulgel successfully enhanced the stability and anti-ageing efficacy enabling its potential use as anti-ageing cosmetics.

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Abrasive Wounds Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin to Correct Soft Tissue Defects of Face-Case Report

Introduction: Abrasive soft tissue wounds are a common occurrence in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The aetiology is commonly due to road traffic accidents, cases of slip and fall, assault or interpersonal violence. Platelet-rich fibrin contains a concentrate number of WBCs along with macrophages, which prevents infection of wound, promotes platelet aggregation and fibrin formation which assists the granulation process, while allowing to correct the volume defect caused by abrasive wounds of the epidermis and dermis layer of skin. Case Report: This paper aims to present a case of an acute abrasive soft tissue wound on the face of a 17-year-old male patient who presented to D.Y Patil Hospital casualty with an alleged history of facial trauma due to slip and fall from his two-wheeler. The patient was treated with platelet-rich fibrin to promote tissue regeneration, prevent infection and provide aesthetic soft tissue healing. Conclusion: Use of autologous platelet-rich fibrin allows for accelerated healing, and restores volume in tissue injuries with volume loss to provide aesthetic soft tissue recovery. Platelet-rich fibrin can be used to treat volume defects in acute soft tissue injuries with volume loss.

Characterization method for calculating diffusion coefficient of drug from polylactic acid (PLA) microneedles into the skin

Microneedles are designed for piercing the stratum corneum and delivering drugs into the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. Their micrometric dimension causes minor or negligible stimulations to sensory nerve fibers in the dermis layer of the skin, making drug administration through microneedles less painful compared to conventional hypodermic needle injection. With the advancement of microneedle related research, an increasing number of drugs are using microneedle-mediated drug delivery in the topical area of the skin, including localized delivery of some highly toxic drugs. It is essential to understand drug diffusion from microneedles to skin to avoid unwanted spread of toxic drugs in non-infected areas.This work aims to 1) deliver into the skin tissue fluorescent rhodamine B as a model drug from coated polylactic acid (PLA) microneedles and dissolvable microneedles; 2) detect and depict the concentration distribution of the model drug from two types of microneedles into the skin tissue respectively; 3) determine a reliable diffusion coefficient of the model drug based on a constant source diffusion model and a limited source diffusion model for dissolvable microneedles and coated PLA microneedles, respectively. Dissolvable microneedles and coated PLA microneedles were designed and fabricated by a novel methodology combining 3D printing, chemical etching, micro-molding and drop coating. Rhodamine B was chosen as the model drug to enable fluorescent detection. Two types of microneedles were mounted to a single patch and inserted into porcine skin to deliver the model drug. After microneedle removal, confocal microscopy was used to monitor the fluorescence intensity of rhodamine B in the skin tissue. Based on an intensity-concentration calibration and two diffusion models, the diffusion coefficients of rhodamine B from the constant source (dissolvable microneedles) and limited source (coated PLA microneedles) to the dermis layer of porcine skin were inferred to be from 3.1×10−8 to 3.6×10−8 cm2/s. This characterization method is expected to offer medical personnel a quantitative understanding of the diffusion process related to microneedle-mediated transdermal drug delivery.

Raman Spectral Imaging Based Histopathology of Human Skin Tissue

Confocal Raman microspectral imaging (CRMI) provides a versatile tool to extract biochemical information on histologically defined regions with improved spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here, we investigate spectral features and perform both uni- and multivariate analyses to obtain precise correlation between the biochemical profile and histological architecture of ex vivo human skin tissue. The skin dermis layer is visualized by integrated images of collagen peaks at 855, 940, and 1248 cm−1, while the stratum corneum layer is described by chemical images of ceramides. M elanin accumulation patterns in epidermis are obtained by integration of 1375 and 1580 cm−1 Raman peaks. In addition, distinct spectral features of the melanin precursor are revealed by certain Raman vibrations, which structurally characterize the molecular composition and organization of hair follicles. These results offer a unique insight into the skin histology, biochemistry, and biophysics, which provide the possibility of interpreting the underlying mechanisms of skin malignant processes.

Analyzing orientation patterns of human skin fibroblasts using image gradient information.

Fibroblasts are the cells within the dermis layer of skin which are responsible for generating connective tissue, where collagen is the main component. However, the effects of collagen on the motion behavior of human skin fibroblasts were not studied well. We therefore propose an image analysis method to quantify the effects of collagen on the motion characteristics of fibroblasts. Images are divided into disjoint blocks and three gradient based descriptors, namely histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), the modified HOG (modiHOG), and the gradient direction histogram (GDH) are then applied to each block. These features can extract the orientation and shape or orientation only information of the skin fibroblasts from images. An orientation similarity function and a quantitative index, called first minimum similarity distance, are defined to quantify the orientation behavior of fibroblasts. An experiment with two sets of fibroblasts images, obtained from cell culture with and without collagen coating, demonstrates that the skin fibroblasts produce smaller orientation patterns, when they are cultured in the presence of collagen proteins. A statistical t-test is then performed, which validates the significant differences in the orientation behavior of the skin fibroblasts in the two cases mentioned.

On the Use of Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter for Surface Dose Measurement during Radiotherapy.

This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of using the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) in measuring surface dose during radiotherapy. The water equivalent depth (WED) of the OSLD was first determined by comparing the surface dose measured using the OSLD with the percentage depth dose at the buildup region measured using a Markus ionization chamber. Surface doses were measured on a solid water phantom using the OSLD and compared against the Markus ionization chamber and Gafchromic EBT3 film measurements. The effect of incident beam angles on surface dose was also studied. The OSLD was subsequently used to measure surface dose during tangential breast radiotherapy treatments in a phantom study and in the clinical measurement of 10 patients. Surface dose to the treated breast or chest wall, and on the contralateral breast were measured. The WED of the OSLD was found to be at 0.4 mm. For surface dose measurement on a solid water phantom, the Markus ionization chamber measured 15.95% for 6 MV photon beam and 12.64% for 10 MV photon beam followed by EBT3 film (23.79% and 17.14%) and OSLD (37.77% and 25.38%). Surface dose increased with the increase of the incident beam angle. For phantom and patient breast surface dose measurement, the response of the OSLD was higher than EBT3 film. The in-vivo measurements were also compared with the treatment planning system predicted dose. The OSLD measured higher dose values compared to dose at the surface (Hp(0.0)) by a factor of 2.37 for 6 MV and 2.01 for 10 MV photon beams, respectively. The measurement of absorbed dose at the skin depth of 0.4 mm by the OSLD can still be a useful tool to assess radiation effects on the skin dermis layer. This knowledge can be used to prevent and manage potential acute skin reaction and late skin toxicity from radiotherapy treatments.

Depth Evaluation of Soft Tissue Mimicking Phantoms Using Surface Acoustic Waves

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) shows advantages in revealing skin mechanical properties. In this paper, we evaluates the elasticity of tissue mimicking phantoms by inversion of SAWs phase velocity to Young's Modulus, the estimated SAWs evaluating depth is determined based on the assumption of that SAWs penetration approximately equals one wavelength. The tissue mimicking phantoms are made of agar with concentration of 1%, 2% and 3%. Their elasticity tested from our system is 13.3kPa, 53.4kPa and 257.9kPa respectively, with expected gradient. The evaluation depth is then estimated as 0.542mm to 3.403mm underneath the phantom surface, which indicates that this method is suitable to measure elasticity in dermis layer of skin.

Tulsi oil as a potential penetration enhancer for celecoxib transdermal gel formulations

The focus of the present study was to develop and evaluate the transdermal system of celecoxib. Transdermal gels composed of carbopol 940 in propylene glycol (PG) containing penetration enhancers. The formulations were characterized by permeation, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and histopathology. Celecoxib permeation across excised rat skins were statistically (p < 0.05) enhanced by tulsi oil compared to turpentine oil containing formulations. In comparison to orally administered formulations, the pharmacokinetic parameters of gel and control formulations were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) obtained with formulations containing 4% turpentine and 6% tulsi oil was, respectively, 1.52 and 2.41 times higher than the formulations without penetration enhancer. Similarly, area under the curve (AUC) of these formulations was 1.70 and 2.40 times higher than the formulations without penetration enhancers. Anti-inflammatory studies demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) pharmacodynamics profile for the transdermal gel formulations compared to orally administered and control celecoxib formulations. Histopathological studies revealed some disruption in the epidermis without any toxic effect on the dermis layer of skin by penetration enhancers. In summary, the transdermal gel formulations of celecoxib containing penetration enhancers sustained drug level in the blood and will reduce the dose frequency as required with its conventional oral formulation.

Microemulsion of erythromycine for transdermal drug delivery

The aim of this work was to prepare an erythromycin (EM) microemulsion (EM- microemulsion) for transdermal EM delivery using isotropic mixtures of oil and aqueous phases. The prepared EM-microemulsion is a white dispersion, with a suitable viscosity for transdermal delivery. In stability experiments, the EM-microemulsion showed no marked change in appearance for up to 3 weeks at 25°C. In accelerated stability experiments at 37 and 60°C, however, precipitated crystalline EM particles were observed in the EM-microemulsion. Diffusion of EM into the skin exhibited a first order release profile. Fluorescein (FL)-microemulsion penetrated to the dermis layer of skin. In conclusion, we confirmed that EM-microemulsion could serve as an excellent transdermal carrier of EM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Quantitative Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of the Diseased State Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Experiment and Simulation

We report the integrated use of 3D second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging microscopy and Monte Carlo simulation as a combined metric to quantifiably differentiate normal and diseased tissues based on the physical properties of the respective extracellular matrix. To achieve this, we have identified a set of parameters comprised of the SHG creation attributes and the bulk optical parameters, which are used collectively via comparative analysis. Monte Carlo simulations of the SHG axial directional and attenuation responses allow their decomposition into the underlying factors that are not readily obtainable through experimental techniques. Specifically, this approach allows for estimation of the SHG creation attributes (directionality and relative conversion efficiency) and separation of primary and secondary filter effects, collectively that form the observed SHG contrast. The quantitative metric is shown for the connective tissue disorder Osteogenesis Imperfecta (characterized by abnormal assembly of type I collagen) using a murine model that expresses the disease in the dermis layer of skin. Structural dissimilarities between the osteogenesis imperfecta mouse and wild-type tissues lead to significant differences in the SHG depth-dependent directionality and signal attenuation. The Monte Carlo simulations of these responses using measured bulk optical parameters reproduce the experimental data trends, and the extracted emission directionality and conversion efficiencies are consistent with independent determinations. The simulations also illustrate the dominance of primary filter affects on overall SHG generation and attenuation. Thus, the combined method of 3D SHG imaging and modeling forms an essential foundation for parametric description of the matrix properties that are not distinguishable by sole consideration of either bulk optical parameters or SHG alone. Moreover, due to the quasi-coherence of the SHG process in tissues, we submit that this approach contains unique information not possible by purely scattering based methods and that these methods will be applicable in the general case where the complex fibrillar structure is difficult to fully quantify via morphological analysis.