Ruthenium Derivatives Research Articles

Ruthenium derivatives attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses and liver injury via suppressing NF-κB signaling and free radical production.

Ruthenium metal complex has been shown to exert several chemical and biological activities. A series of three novel ruthenium derivatives (TQ 1, 2 and 4) were synthesized to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and mice liver injury. The hydroxyl radical (OH°) scavenging activity of these derivatives has also been evaluated. The results revealed that among the tested compounds, TQ-4 effectively attenuated LPS-induced abnormal alteration in liver histoarchistructure via reducing alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). This compound exhibited significant inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), inflammatory enzyme (iNOS), the component of NF-κB signaling pathway (p65) and JNK phosphorylation in LPS-induced mice liver tissues. In vitro results showed that TQ-4 had the best inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanistic approach indicated that TQ-4 inhibited the LPS-induced JNK phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation, and hydroxyl radical (OH°) productions in RAW 264.7 cells. However, the compounds TQ-1 and 2 had no effects in this study. TQ-4 also inhibited LPS-induced OH° production. This study reveals the protective effect of TQ-4 against LPS-induced acute liver injury, inflammation, and oxidative reaction by destructing JNK/NF-κB signaling pathways. The result of this study may infer that TQ-4 might be a promising ruthenium metal derivative and/or therapeutic agent for treating liver injury.

In Search of Multi-Stage Mutation Resistant HIV Drugs: A DFT Study

Aims: Searching of highly active (activity at the pico molar level) multi-stage, mutation registrant HIV-1 drug through theoretical and computational methodologies. Background: Recent advances of computational methodology to predict the important properties of a drug, like IC50, LogP, CC50, etc., assist in model and in-silico characterization of compounds as drug for variant deadly diseases. The drug potency of thio-propionate derivatives of iron, ruthenium and osmium carbonyl clusters are reported as less toxic,water-soluble, easy metabolic and effective as cancer drugs. Objective: The study of the drug-like activity of organo-metallic clusters of group-8 metals as HIV drug using the latest computational aids is the objective of the present research. Method: Quantum computational methodologies are used to predict the IC50, and LogP, CC50 of the modeled compounds. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are used where it is required. Molecular docking methods are used for the study of the metabolic probability of the compound which has the best activity as an HIV drug. Result: It is observed that IC50 of Ru5(CO)14(µ−H)(µ−S(CH2)2COO−)Na+ is only 220 pico-mole as HIV-1 capsid -A inhibitor. Its inhibition activities in other enzymatic processes involved in the HIV life cycle in the human body are also studied and compared with the most used market available drugs. This modeled compound has supreme activity and less toxicity compared to the FDA approved drugs chosen for the comparison. Conclusion: From this study, it could be concluded that this modeled compound would be a multi-stage, mutation resistant HIV drug. Other: These findings would enrich the HIV drug search. Funding Statement: None to declare Declaration of Interests: None to declare

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing method based on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine antibody and PDDA-CNTs nanocomposites for the determination of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine double-stranded DNA

A highly sensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) method was developed for trace analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine double-stranded DNA (5-hmC-dsDNA). The poly-(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite was assembled on a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to provide high specific surface area on which the loadable capacity of 5-hmC-dsDNA and 5-hmC antibody can be greatly increased. The derivative of ruthenium (II) bibyridine, Ru (bpy)2 (dcbpy)NHS, coupled with 5-hmC antibody to activate an ECL reaction when the applied potential was biased at 1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The loading ratio of substrates were optimized to enhance the detection sensitivity of 5-hmC-dsDNA. It was found that the ECL intensity was a piecewise linear function of the concentration of 5-hmC-dsDNA over the range of 1.0 × 10−11–2.0 × 10−9 M. A linear relationship of I = 6850.3 C(nM) + 863.8 (R = 0.9954) was obtained from 0.01 to 0.2 nM, while the fitting equation of I = 3840.0 C(nM) + 1392.4 (R = 0.9974) is for the concentration range of 0.2 – 2.0 nM. The detectable low limit can reach to 2.3 × 10−12 M. Formation of the antigen-antibody immunocomplex in highly concentrated solutions should undertake most of the responsibility for a decrease in slope. Furthermore, reliability, reproducibility and practicability of the ECL method have been proved to perform well, even in real bio-tissues, suggesting promising prospect in early diagnosis of cancer.

Thermochemistry of Nickel Trifluoride

The literature data on thermal behavior of crystalline nickel fluorides NiF3 and Ni2F5 in the higher oxidation states are analyzed. Their enthalpies of formation are calculated: ΔfHo(Ni[NiF6](cr), 0 K) = -1399.6 ± 6 and ΔfHo(Ni2F5(cr), 0 K) = −1370.5 ± 8 kJ/mol. The partial saturated vapor pressures in the NiF3–Ni2F5 and Ni2F5–NiF2 systems over a broad temperature range are determined. The technical impossibility to achieve a measurable pressure of NiF3 is shown. The findings are compared to the data for similar derivatives of 3d-block elements and ruthenium and platinum trifluorides. Ni2F5(cr) is suggested to be used as a fluorine accumulator.

CO substitution vs C[sbnd]Si cleavage in the reactions of [(μ-H)M3(CO)9(CCSiR3)] (M = Ru, R = Me, Ph; M = Os, R = Me) with tertiary phosphines: Experimental and theoretical studies

This work describes the reactions of [(μ-H)M3(CO)9(CCSiMe3)] (M = Ru, Os) with phosphines L (L = PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2, and PPh3) which produce zwitterionic compounds [(μ-H)M3(CO)9(HCCPR3)] where cleavage of the CSi and formation of CP bonds occurs. In the case of the ruthenium derivatives, CO substitution also occurs. Spectroscopic and structural characterization of the products is described.A theoretical analysis was carried out in order to understand the transformation pathway in the formation of the zwitterionic compounds.

Palladium and Ruthenium Derivatives Stabilised by bis-Sulfone Ligand

Palladium and Ruthenium Derivatives Stabilised by bis-Sulfone Ligand

Biological evaluation of water soluble arene Ru(II) enantiomers with amino-oxime ligands

New water soluble, enantiopure arene ruthenium compound SRuSN-(1R,4S)-[(η6-p-cymene)Ru{ĸNH(Bn),ĸNOH}Cl]Cl (Bn = benzyl, 1a′) has been synthesized. The novel compound along with that previously described RRuRN-(1S,4R)-[(η6-p-cymene)Ru{ĸNH(Bn),ĸNOH}Cl]Cl (1a) was evaluated by polarimetry, ultra-violet and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The structure of novel ruthenium derivative 1a′ was determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Both enantiomers have been tested against several cancer cell lines in vitro: prostate PC-3, lung A-549, pancreas MIA PaCa-2, colorectal HCT-116, leukemia Jurkat and cervical HeLa. Both enantiomers are active and versatile cytotoxic agents, showing IC50 values from 2 to 12 times lower than those found for cisplatin in the different cell lines evaluated. The mechanism of cell death induced by the metal compounds was analyzed in A-549 and Jurkat cell lines. Derivatives 1a and 1a′ induced apoptotic cell death of A-549 cells while dose-dependent cell death mechanisms have been found in the Jurkat cell line. Compound-DNA interactions have been investigated by equilibrium dialysis, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) melting assays and viscometric titrations, revealing moderate binding affinity of 1a and 1a′ towards duplex DNA. Finally, the efficacy of 1a in a preliminary in vivo assay of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice has been evaluated, resulting in a promising inhibition of tumor growth by 45%. Analysis of tumor tissue also showed a significant decrease of levels of crucial molecules in the invasive phenotype of PC-3 cells.

Sensitive electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for diabetic nephropathy analysis based on tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) derivative with binary intramolecular self-catalyzed property

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) co-reaction and ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) are two main methods for enhancing the ECL efficiency. In this work, a novel tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) derivative (Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)2+-PEI-ABEI) with high ECL efficiency due to the binary intramolecular ECL self-catalyzed property including intramolecular co-reaction and intramolecular ECL-RET, was prepared for the construction of immunosensor. Firstly, through intramolecular co-reaction, polyethyleneimine (PEI) with large amount of amine co-reactive groups (primary, secondary and tertiary amine) not only increased the ECL intensity of Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)2+, but also improved the ECL signal of N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI). Meanwhile, ABEI, as an effective energy transfer donor, could further increase the ECL intensity of Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)2+ (as energy transfer receptor) by intramolecular ECL-RET. It is worth noting that the strategy combined intramolecular co-reaction and intramolecular ECL-RET in the same ECL process was more effective for ECL efficiency enhancement compared with the traditional intermolecular interaction or individual intramolecular interaction, which would improve the sensitivity of immunosensor obviously. Thus, the proposed signal-on ECL immunosensor using convex hexoctahedral Pd@Au core-shell nanocrystals (Pd-Au HCDs) as immobilized platform exhibited a detected range for collagen type IV (Col IV), a typical biomarker of diabetic nephropathy (DN), from 0.5pgmL−1 to 7.2ngmL−1 with an estimated detection limit of 0.17pgmL−1. The developed strategy combined intramolecular co-reaction with intramolecular ECL-RET offered an effective mean for ECL methodology in ECL efficency enhancement and also provided possible road for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of DN.

Discovery of a series of ruthenium(II) derivatives with α-dicarbonylmonoxime as novel inhibitors of cancer cells invasion and metastasis

A series of novel ruthenium(II)-cymene complexes (1–9) with substituted α-dicarbonylmonoximes of general formula [Ru(η6-cymene)(L)Cl] (L = N,O-chelating bidentate α-dicarbonylmonoxime derivatives) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopies, and in three cases by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The most effective compound 9 displays remarkable anti-invasion and anti-metastasis properties without apparent cytotoxicity toward three different human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Hela and HepG2). Further protein level studies suggest that the anti-metastasis activity of the complexes may result from the increasing expression of E-cadherin and reducing expression of Vimentin.

Phosphinofulvene Enolate Ligands in Ruthenium Complexes by Ferrocene Photolysis under Solar Radiation

Ruthenium complexes containing a new type of phosphine ligand were obtained through photochemical transformations. The process involves the irradiation of (phosphinoferrocenylcarbonyl)ruthenium derivatives with visible light (tungsten halogen lamp) to yield complexes with κ2‐P,O phosphinofulvene enolate ligands after the formal loss of the “CpFe+” (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) entity. A tandem reaction that involves the irradiation of a mixture of a (hydroxymethyl)ferrocenylphosphine ligand and (arene)ruthenium precursors is also possible. The reaction proceeds through the coordination of the hydroxy phosphine ligands, evolution to hydrido ketone (or hydrido aldehyde) complexes and subsequent evolution to the fulvene derivatives. The process also occurs under solar radiation. The photolysis reaction was studied at different wavelengths of the visible spectrum by irradiation with light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Positive results were obtained when irradiation was performed in the wavelength region corresponding to the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) band that is characteristic of the acylferrocenyl moiety. The use of green light (λ = 530 nm) gave the best results, and the reaction did not proceed under higher‐wavelength light or in the dark. A non‐coordinated phosphinoferrocenylcarbaldehyde ligand also evolved under solar radiation, but a complex mixture was obtained; thus, the selectivity increases significantly if the ruthenium centre is present.

Metal NHC Complexes with Naphthalimide Ligands as DNA-Interacting Antiproliferative Agents.

Naphthalimide-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of the type [(1,5-cyclooctadiene)(NHC)RhCl)] (4 a-c), [(p-cymene)(NHC)RuCl2 )] (5 a-c), and [(NHC)CuBr] (6 a-c) were synthesized and investigated as antiproliferative agents that target DNA. The cytotoxic effects were largely driven by the naphthalimide structure, which is a DNA-intercalating moiety. Regarding the metal center, the highest activities were observed with the rhodium complexes, and cytotoxic activity was significantly lower for the ruthenium derivatives. The stable coordination of the NHC ligands of selected complexes 4 b and 5 b in solution was confirmed, and their DNA binding properties were studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism. Stable intercalative binding into the DNA for all selected naphthalimide-based complexes is indicated by high DNA binding constants. Particularly efficient binding was observed in the case of the rhodium complex 4 b. More detailed biological studies on 4 b showed promising activities against multidrug-resistant Nalm-6 cells and confirmed an important role for mitochondrial pathways in 4 b-induced apoptosis.

Iron and Ruthenium Alkynyl Complexes with 2‐Fluorenyl Groups: Some Linear and Nonlinear Optical Absorption Properties

Four new mononuclear alkynyl complexes each featuring a terminal 2‐fluorenyl group, namely Fe(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2[C≡C(2‐C21H25)] (2), Ru(κ2‐dppe)2Cl[C≡C(2‐C21H25)] (3), Ru(κ2‐dppe)2[C≡C(4‐C6H4NO2)][C≡C(2‐C21H25)] (4), and [Fe(η5‐C5Me5)(κ2‐dppe){C≡C(C5H4N)‐CH2(2‐C13H9)}][PF6] (5[PF6]), have been synthesized and characterized, and their redox, absorption, and emission properties have been studied. For the two ruthenium derivatives 3 and 4, these studies are complemented by spectroelectrochemical investigations, Z‐scan measurements, and DFT calculations. Fluorimetric studies reveal that these compounds are poorly or not luminescent, and, when luminescent, that the detected weak luminescence most likely originates from a higher lying ligand‐centred (LC) excited state presumably located on fluorene. Finally, the third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of 3 and 4 are reported. It is shown that the bis‐alkynyl complex 4 is significantly more active than 3 and that both compounds exhibit two‐photon absorption (TPA) around 860–1050 nm, with TPA cross‐sections above 350 GM. In addition, it is shown that both species should give rise to a marked switching of their cubic NLO properties in this spectral range upon oxidation.

Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium Derivatives with Multiple Viologen Acceptors: Quadratic Dependence of Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Rate on the Local Concentration of the Acceptor Site.

Three Ru(bpy)3 (2+) derivatives tethered to multiple viologen acceptors, [Ru(bpy)2 (4,4'-MV2)](6+) , [Ru(bpy)2 (4,4'-MV4)](10+) , and [Ru(bpy)(4,4'-MV4)2 ](18+) [bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-MV2=4-ethoxycarbonyl-4'-(N-G1 -carbamoyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, and 4,4'-MV4=4,4'-bis(N-G1 -carbamoyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, where G1 =Asp(NHG2 )-NHG2 and G2 =-(CH2 )2 -N(+) C5 H4 -C5 H4 N(+) -CH3 ] were prepared as "photo-charge separators (PCSs)". Photoirradiation of these complexes in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (EDTA) results in storage of electrons per PCS values of 1.3, 2.7, and 4.6, respectively. Their applications in the photochemical H2 evolution from water in the presence of a colloidal Pt H2 -evolving catalyst were investigated, and are discussed along with those reported for [Ru(bpy)2 (5,5'-MV4)](10+) , [Ru(4,4'-MV4)3 ](26+) , and [Ru(5,5'-MV4)3 ](26+) (Inorg. Chem. Front. 2016, 3, 671-680). The PCSs with high dimerization constants (Kd =10(5) -10(6) m(-1) ) are superior in driving H2 evolution at pH 5.0, whereas those with lower Kd values (10(3) -10(4) m(-1) ) are superior at pH 7.0, where Kd =[(MV(+) )2 ]/[MV(+) (.) ](2) . The (MV(+) )2 site can drive H2 evolution only at pH 5.0 as a result of its 0.15 eV lower driving force for H2 evolution relative to MV(+) (.) , whereas the PCSs with lower Kd values exhibit higher performance at pH 7.0 owing to the higher population of free MV(+) (.) . Importantly, the rate of electron charging over the PCSs is linear to the apparent H2 evolution rate, and shows an intriguing quadratic dependence on the number of MV(2+) units per PCS.

Anticancer Activity and Modes of Action of (arene) ruthenium(II) Complexes Coordinated to C-, N-, and O-ligands.

An overview of anticancer active (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes coordinated to period 2 element-based ligand systems, i.e., carbon-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-coordinated ligands, is provided in this mini-review. A bridge is forged from the large group of anticancer active ruthenium compounds with monodentate and chelating nitrogen ligands via complexes of O,O-chelating ligands to organometallic ruthenium derivatives coordinated to carbon. (Arene)ruthenium(II) complexes with reduced side-effects and enhanced efficacy against cancer are highlighted. Pertinent literature is covered up to 2014.

Photoreduction of the ferredoxin/ferredoxin–NADP+-reductase complex by a linked ruthenium polypyridyl chromophore

Photosynthetic ferredoxin and its main partner ferredoxin–NADP+-reductase (FNR) are key proteins during the photoproduction of reductive power involved in photosynthetic growth. In this work, we used covalent attachment of ruthenium derivatives to different cysteine mutants of ferredoxin to trigger by laser-flash excitation both ferredoxin reduction and subsequent electron transfer from reduced ferredoxin to FNR. Rates and yields of reduction of the ferredoxin [2Fe–2S] cluster by reductively quenched Ru* could be measured for the first time for such a low redox potential protein whereas ferredoxin–FNR electron transfer was characterized in detail for one particular Ru–ferredoxin covalent adduct. For this adduct, the efficiency of FNR single reduction by reduced ferredoxin was close to 100% under both first-order and diffusion-limited second-order conditions. Interprotein intracomplex electron transfer was measured unambiguously for the first time with a fast rate of c. 6500s−1. Our measurements point out that Ru photosensitizing is a powerful approach to study the functional interactions of ferredoxin with its numerous partners besides FNR.

Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium compounds incorporating keto-amine ligands. The applications of catalytic transfer hydrogenation and cancer cell inhibition

A series of keto-amine bidentate precursors 1–5, OCCH3CHCCH3NHR (where 1, R = C6H3-2,6-iPr2; 2, R = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3; 3, R = C6H4-2-tBu; 4, R = C6H4-2-OMe; 5, R = C6H4-2-OMe-5-Me) were synthesized and combined with [Ru(ɳ6-p-cymene)Cl2]2 to generate the monomeric arene-Ru derivatives, [Ru(ɳ6-p-cymene)(OCCH3CHCCH3NR)Cl] (where 6, R = C6H3-2,6-iPr2; 7, R = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3; 8, R = C6H4-2-tBu; 9, R = C6H4-2-OMe; 10, R = C6H4-2-OMe-5-Me) in moderate yield. The ruthenium derivatives effectively catalyzed the conversion rate in transfer hydrogenation of substituted acetophenone. The molecular structures of 2, 6–10 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry in the solid state, revealing a four-coordination environment around the Ru atom. The potential anti-cancer activity of ruthenium derivatives against human hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer (HRMPC) cell lines was also studied.

Self-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Nanorods of Tris(bipyridine) Ruthenium(II) Derivative and Its Sensing Application for Detection of N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase.

A self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reagent, synthesized by covalently linking bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(4'-methyl-[2,2']bipyridinyl-4-carboxylicacid) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)(2+)) with tris(3-aminopropyl)amine (TAPA), has been chosen as precursor to prepare nanorods ([Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)(2+)-TAPA]NRs) with high luminous efficiency via a solvent-evaporation-induced self-assembly procedure. Due to the shorter electron-transfer path and less energy loss, the intramolecular reaction between the luminescent Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)(2+) and coreactive tertiary amine group in TAPA has shown improved luminous efficiency compared with the common intermolecular ECL reactions. Moreover, using the electrochemiluminescent Ru(II)-based complex as precursor to directly prepare a nanostructure with high electro-active surface area is a more effective and convenient method for enhancing the immobilized amount of Ru(II)-based complex in the construction of biosensors compared with the traditional immobilized methods. Meanwhile, the obtained nanorods could be further functionalized easily, owing to their positive electrical property and the amino group on the surface. Here, Pt nanoparticles functionalized [Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy)(2+)-TAPA]NRs are used to load the detection antibody (Ab2). In addition, the Au/Pd dendrimers (DRs) with hierarchically branched structures are synthesized to immobilize capture antibody (Ab1) with increased amount. Based on sandwiched immunoreactions, a simple and sensitive "signal-on" immunosensor is constructed for the detection of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), a biomarker of diabetic nephropathy, with excellent linearity in concentrations from 1 ng mL(-1) to 0.5 pg mL(-1) and a detection limit of 0.17 pg mL(-1).

A ruthenium derivative of quercetin with enhanced cholesterol-lowering activity

A ruthenium(ii)p-cymene derivative of quercetin was synthesized and functionally tested for cholesterol-lowering abilityviadirect 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) inhibition.

Novel C,N-Cyclometalated Benzimidazole Ruthenium(II) and Iridium(III) Complexes as Antitumor and Antiangiogenic Agents: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study.

A series of novel C,N-cyclometalated benzimidazole ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes of the types [(η(6)-p-cymene)RuCl(κ(2)-N,C-L)] and [(η(5)-C5Me5)IrCl(κ(2)-N,C-L)] (HL = methyl 1-butyl-2-arylbenzimidazolecarboxylate) with varying substituents (H, Me, F, CF3, MeO, NO2, and Ph) in the R4 position of the phenyl ring of 2-phenylbenzimidazole chelating ligand of the ruthenium (3a-g) and iridium complexes (4a-g) have been prepared. The cytotoxic activity of the new ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) compounds has been evaluated in a panel of cell lines (A2780, A2780cisR, A427, 5637, LCLC, SISO, and HT29) in order to investigate structure-activity relationships. Phenyl substitution at the R4 position shows increased potency in both Ru and Ir complexes (3g and 4g, respectively) as compared to their parent compounds (3a and 4a) in all cell lines. In general, ruthenium complexes are more active than the corresponding iridium complexes. The new ruthenium and iridium compounds increased caspase-3 activity in A2780 cells, as shown for 3a,d and 4a,d. Compound 4g is able to increase the production of ROS in A2780 cells. Furthermore, all the new compounds are able to overcome the cisplatin resistance in A2780cisR cells. In addition, some of the metal complexes effectively inhibit angiogenesis in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 at 0.5 μM, the ruthenium derivatives 3g (Ph) and 3d (CF3) being the best performers. QC calculations performed on some ruthenium model complexes showed only moderate or slight electron depletion at the phenyl ring of the C,N-cyclometalated ligand and the chlorine atom on increasing the electron withdrawing effect of the R substituent.

Oxygen Sensing Properties of Embedded Amphiphilic Ruthenium(II) Derivatives in Presence of Silver Nanoparticles

Oxygen Sensing Properties of Embedded Amphiphilic Ruthenium(II) Derivatives in Presence of Silver Nanoparticles