Derivational Suffixes Research Articles

Morphological Description of Noun Formation Process: Case of Suffixation and Prefixation in Iguta Language

<p>This paper dwells on a concise morphological description of Noun formation process involved in Iguta language (a minority endangered language in the north central, Nigeria). To this end, the paper explores the suffixation and prefixation processes involved in the formation of nouns of Iguta language. Ado’s (2017) 455 Iguta wordlists was employed as secondary data and was qualitatively used as instrument for the analyses in this paper. Ado’s 455 Iguta wordlists is primarily based on the standard dialect (i.e., Andirgiza) spoken by its native speakers in five selected towns in Jos North local government of the Plateau state, Nigeria. Hand analysis strategy and a thematic analytical process were used in developing insights on the language data during the analysis. The findings revealed <em>‘-char, -di and –e’ </em>morphs as suffixes<em> </em>to inflect while <em>‘t-, ti-, ha-, a-, an-, m-, i-, ma-, si-, ndu-, s-, tu-, tun-, tumu- </em>morphs as prefixes to either inflect or derive nouns. It is also observed that most singular nouns in Iguta are inflected to produce the plural forms using <strong><em>ti- </em></strong>or<strong><em> tu-</em></strong> prefixes especially when the pattern of the singular words begin with a vowel morpheme or phoneme. In accordance with the findings, it is suggested that prefixes and suffixes are part of the affixation process used in noun formation of Iguta language. In conclusion, the study has contributed in descriptive linguistics in terms inflectional or derivational suffixation and prefixation process used to build nouns in Iguta language. This paper may assist professional teachers and linguists in understanding the suffixations and prefixations existing in Iguta language.</p>

АСОЦИЈАТИВНИ ПРИСТУП ЛЕКСИКАЛИЗОВАНИМ ИМЕНИЧКИМ ДЕМИНУТИВИМА СА СУФИКСОМ -ИЦА КОД СТУДЕНАТА СРБИСТИКЕ

The subject of this paper are the lexicalized noun diminutives with the Serbian derivational suffix -ica from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, regarding associations Serbian native speakers (students of the Serbian language and literature) had to them. Our aim is to determine which of the lexemes given in the questionnaire as stimuli and first associations provided by the participants are mainly connected with a lexicalized meaning (e.g. babica, školice), and not with the diminutive one (e.g. bubica, pahuljice). The results of the analysis of the noun diminutives with at least one lexicalized meaning are analyzed regarding their form (singular/plural), usage, and the degree of the lexicalization (complete or partial lexicalization). The conlusions are useful for the clearer perception of the lexicalized diminutives, the lexicographical point of view, and for the distribution of meaning as well.

Une loi phonétique méconnue en latin : la lex hircus

EnglishIn the present paper, I assume a derivational suffix to account for the sporadic Latin deverbal adjectives in -cundus, which are by no means compositional. The starting-point is a complex combination such as Com. It. *φātuṷo-dn-o- ‘eloquent’ built upon a secondary derivative *φātuṷodṓn f. ‘eloquence’ being itself derived from a thematic adjective *φātuṷ-o- ‘endowed with the capacity to speak (with ease)’, which points to a former action noun *φā-tu- m. ‘capacity to speak’ ( *fātṷond-o- (syncope) > *fākṷond-o- (assimilation *-t-ṷ- > *-k-ṷ-) > OLat. *fāqṷond-o-, Lat. fācundus ‘eloquent’. With this new sound law {*-t-ṷ- > *-k-ṷ-}, several Latin words of obscure origin may be accounted for, such as Lat. hircus, -ī m. ‘he-goat’ ( francaisL’etude de la micro-classe des para-participes en -cundus du latin invite a poser une derivation suffixale et non-compositionnelle pour ce morpheme. Dans cette contribution, je propose une combinaison complexe : it. com. *φātuṷo-dn-o- « doue de faconde » sur un derive secondaire *φātuṷo-dṓn f. « faconde » tire de *φātuṷ-o- « dote de capacite a parler », lui-meme forme sur *φā-tu- m. « capacite a parler » ( *fātṷond-o- (syncope) > *fākṷond-o- (assimilation *-t-ṷ- > *-k-ṷ-) > v.-lat. *fāqṷond-o-, d’ou procede le lat. fācundus « facond ». Cette loi phonetique {*-t-ṷ- > *-k-ṷ-} permet de rendre compte de plusieurs formes obscures, dont le substantif hircus, -ī m. « bouc » (

Morphological adaptation of adjectival borrowings in modern Lithuanian

This paper discusses morphological adaptation of borrowed adjectives in modern Lithuanian. Five types of adaptation are identified: zero adaptation, assignment to inflection class (IC), addition of the derivational suffix, substitution of the derivational suffix, and truncation of the derivational suffix. It is shown that the selection of ICs for borrowings is determined by the register (standard vs. non-standard) and the source language (English vs. non-English), while the choice of adaptational suffixes is determined by their derivational productivity and semantic interpretation of the use of the borrowing.

ФИКСНИ БИНОМИ У ЕНГЛЕСКОМ И СРПСКОМ: ФОРМАЛНИ И САДРЖИНСКИ АСПЕКТИ

Предмет истраживања у овом раду су формални и садржински аспекти фиксних бинома у енглеском и српском језику. Корпус коришћен у овој анализи је речнички и садржи 300 фиксних бинома из енглеског језика и 170 фиксних бинома из српског језика. У циљу провере степена сличности ове врсте фразема у два језика, у раду се испитују: (1) ритмичке и фонолошке карактеристике фискних бинома, (2) најзаступљенији структурни обрасци и природа везног елемента, (3) степен садржинске идиоматизације фиксних бинома и (4) врста семантичке везе између његових чланова. Резултати истраживања показују да постоји висок степен сличности у погледу фонолошких, структурних и семантичких аспеката ове врсте фразема у два језика.

La derivación nominal de los sufijos con valor frecuentativo en el español de américa central

En este trabajo se presentan los sufijos derivativos que expresan reiteración o frecuencia en el español de América Central. Hemos tomado el corpus de los lemas del Diccionario de americanismos (2010) y de los Atlas lingüísticos de América Central (Nicaragua, 2010; Panamá, 2010; Costa Rica, 2010; El Salvador, 2011; Honduras, 2014, y Guatemala, actualmente en prensa). Este estudio demostró que en toda la región se utiliza con mayor frecuencia el sufijo -dera. Con respecto a las funciones desempeñadas, se registraron, además:-ero/a,-da, -dor,-ón con sus variantes (-ción~zón); -al, -eo, -eta, -ncio, -nto e -icio. Con respecto de los valores desempeñados, se observa que además de la frecuencia, consecución y reiteración se manifiesta en la mayoría un claro matiz peyorativo e irónico.

DERIVATIONS IN HEADLINE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

This study aimed to see types of derivation, processes undergone, and structures of derived words. This study used content analysis selecting four headline articles from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The findings showed that three types of derivations: derivational prefix, derivational suffix, and multiple derivations were obtained. Each of derivation indicated 14 types of structures of derived words relating to derivation; 3 relating to derivational prefix, 3 types of derivational suffix, and 8 types to multiple derivations. Relating to processes of derivations, there were class of maintaining derivation and class of changing derivation. Derivational prefix brought to change in meaning (class maintaining derivation) and derivational suffix caused the change both in meaning and category (class changing derivation).

One-sound morphemic elements in the base of the derivational suffixes in Orkhon Inscriptions

Abstract In this paper, the origin of Turkic derivational suffixes is discussed. It was noted that there are various approaches to this case, one of them being the theory of grammaticalization which suggests that Turkic derivational suffixes come from content words, while the other being based on the one-sound morphemic elements that are common to some derivational suffixes. The main one-sound formants in the language of Orkhon Inscriptions that we investigate are the elements -l, -g, and -m. The element -l occurs both in denominal and deverbal words, whereas the formants -g and -m are registered mostly in deverbal nominal words.

Self-organization in the spelling of English suffixes: The emergence of culture out of anarchy

English spelling is unphonetic: the same sounds can be spelled in various and often idiosyncratic ways. It is also ungoverned: there is no authority guiding its development. However, it is not as arbitrary as one might conclude. Investigating the spelling of four derivational suffixes, we show that the spelling of English suffixes is quite consistent. Homophonous endings of morphologically simple words are spelled differently, keeping the suffix spelling distinct (cf. e.g. <nervous vs. <service/*<servous). English spelling thus provides morphological cues for the reader. Diachronically, we show that this system emerged without explicit regulation, but as a result of self-organization. We use the Helsinki corpus to show how variation was gradually reduced for each of the suffixes. The regular spellings of today emerged gradually, through a sorting-out process of competition between alternate spellings.*

Synkretyzm w antroponimii żydowskich i chrześcijańskich mieszkańców Podlasia

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the onymic cultural tradition of the believers of Judaism and Christianity in Podlasie. The author also discusses how the coexistence and integration of various cultural elements is reflected in the anthroponymy of both communities in the region. Stemming from Judaism, Christianity incorporated many elements of Jewish culture, which can be observed in various spheres. From the onymic perspective, it regards mostly biblical names from the Old Testament, which are included in the repertoires of names of both Jewish and Christian inhabitants (Abraham — Abraham, Beniamin — Benjamin, Jakub — Jacob, Jozef — Joseph, Szymon — Simon; Anna — Anna, Elzbieta — Elisabeth, Maria — Mary etc.). In Podlasie, from the 15th c. up to the 20th c., the coexistence and mutual influences of both cultures contributed to diminishing differences in the onymic sphere, which is reflected in the presence of identical basic forms of biblical names, and the short forms derived from these names. The syncretism is even more apparent in the surnames of Podlasie inhabitants derived from the same anthroponymic, toponymic, or appellative bases by means of identical derivational suffixes.

Morphological Processing in Spelling

Event Abstract Back to Event Morphological Processing in Spelling Victoria P. Shuster1, Simon Fischer-Baum2 and Michele Miozzo1* 1 The New School, Psychology, United States 2 Rice University, Psychology, United States Morphological information must be reliably encoded in both speaking and writing. However, relatively little is known about morphological processes in spelling. We report on a series of individuals with aphasia, with the goal of better understanding morphological processing in spelling. These individuals displayed a variety of spelling deficits affecting either orthographic information, sound-to-print conversion mechanisms, or the graphemic buffer. With each set of results, we aimed to reveal a specific aspect concerning the processing of morphology in spelling. A first set of results revealed a modality-specific double dissociation of inflectional and derivational processing, replicating the findings of Rapp, Fischer-Baum, and Miozzo (2015), in addition to extending their original work to the realm of derivation. These findings demonstrated that morphology is specifically represented within the orthographic system and need not rely on mechanisms for speaking. The distinction between inflection and derivation is a fundamental one in morphology. There is also evidence that distinct neural mechanisms support inflection and derivation in speaking. On the basis of this, our second question investigated if this same distinction exists in spelling. Results revealed that there may, in fact, be distinct representations of derived and inflected words within the orthographic system. These results were determined by the finding of a selective deficit for writing derivational suffixes, in contrast to intact inflectional suffix production. A further dissociation at the level of sub-lexical mechanisms was found, for which the mechanisms seem, at least to some degree, to support the processing of inflected words, but no evidence was found for support of derived words. The latter finding suggests that we must reconsider the traditional role of phoneme-to-grapheme mechanisms since it shows that these sub-lexical mechanisms have some rudimentary morphological capacity. A final set of results shed light on the representations of morphologically complex words. The results not only confirm previous findings that there is a decomposed representation of morphologically transparent words (e.g., camper: camp+er) in spelling, but also that this parsed representation extends to morphologically opaque words, (e.g., corner: corn+er). Evidence of this kind of representation has also been found in reading. The replication of this finding in spelling suggests that a shared orthographic representation exists for reading and spelling. Taken together, these three sets of findings provide an outlook on various aspects of how morphology is processed in spelling. References Rapp, B., Fisher-Baum, S., & Miozzo, M. (2015). Modality and morphology: What we write may not be what we say. Psychological Science, 26, 892-902. Keywords: morphology, spelling, Writing, Aphasia, dysgraphia Conference: Academy of Aphasia 55th Annual Meeting , Baltimore, United States, 5 Nov - 7 Nov, 2017. Presentation Type: oral presentation Topic: Consider for student award Citation: Shuster VP, Fischer-Baum S and Miozzo M (2019). Morphological Processing in Spelling. Conference Abstract: Academy of Aphasia 55th Annual Meeting . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2017.223.00051 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 21 Apr 2017; Published Online: 25 Jan 2019. * Correspondence: Dr. Michele Miozzo, The New School, Psychology, New York, New York, 10011, United States, mm1150@columbia.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Victoria P Shuster Simon Fischer-Baum Michele Miozzo Google Victoria P Shuster Simon Fischer-Baum Michele Miozzo Google Scholar Victoria P Shuster Simon Fischer-Baum Michele Miozzo PubMed Victoria P Shuster Simon Fischer-Baum Michele Miozzo Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Derivational suffixes as cues to stress position in reading Greek

BackgroundIn languages with lexical stress, reading aloud must include stress assignment. Stress information sources across languages include word‐final letter sequences. Here, we examine whether such sequences account for stress assignment in Greek and whether this is attributable to absolute rules involving accenting morphemes or to probabilistic lexical information.MethodsPseudowords were constructed to not resemble particular words and were suffixed with derivational morphemes associated with specific stress patterns, to be read aloud, presented either without a stress diacritic or with a diacritic congruent or incongruent with the suffix. Morphemes differed in whether or not there were stress competitors ending in the same letter sequences.ResultsStress was assigned consistent with the suffix in the absence of the diacritic, more so when there were no stress competitors in the lexicon.ConclusionsResults suggest a lexically based probabilistic mechanism taking into account pattern distributions rather than absolute rules based on the morphological accenting.

Productivity of the Arabic Suffix -Iyya Implications for Translation and Modernization of Vocabulary

In creating new lexical items to accommodate new concepts, modern Arabic uses methods of word-formation (e.g., root-based derivation, compounding and borrowing). Another emerging type of word-formation is suffixational derivation, i.e. the productive use of suffixes such as -iyya and -yaat in forming new words from existing forms. This type of derivation has resulted in the creation of hundreds of words. This paper investigates the morpho-semantic nature of the ending -iyya, types of lexical items it creates and their role in translating foreign words and modernizing vocabulary. The study is based on a lexico-semantic survey of the lexical items listed in three modern Arabic dictionaries. The study findings indicate that -iyya has developed into a derivational suffix and has been increasingly productive in forming at least sixteen types of concrete and abstract nouns. The study also shows that -iyya is used in translating and adapting foreign words to accommodate new concepts.

Les mécanismes de construction de mots en godié, langue kru de Côte D'Ivoire

This article analyzes the mechanisms of word building in Godié, a Kru language spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Two processes underly these mechanisms: morphological and syntactic methods. Morphological processes refer to constructed words and syntactic processes refer to lexicalized syntactic sequences. At the morphological level, are generated by the constructed word by suffix and words constructed by juxtaposing two or three tokens. The language has three verbal derivative suffixes. These are -lɩ, -nö and -mà. There is no process in the language whereby a verb is derived from a noun. For words constructed by juxtaposition of tokens, there are generally three types obtained by. In other words, two or three nouns can combine to create new words; as a noun and an adjective can combine to create new words. As for new words, created by combining two or three names, it has been shown that the Internal underlying structure of bipartite type derived from a tripartite structure surface. However, the existence of the tripartite structure is allowed; but it emerges, within the language, from idiosyncratic phenomena. Even in lexicalized syntactic sequences, it was also observed that internal bipartite structure underneath. Moreover, between words constructed by combining three formants and lexicalized syntactic sequences, the limit is blurred. In the language, words constructed as syntactic lexicalized sequence may be a dictionary entry. Our study shows that the concept of a morphological right head is untenable. In the language, in fact, words may be constructed with both left and with right morphological heads. In addition, some words are constructed with morphological head whatsoever, as in many languages around the world.

Reflexive derivations in Thulung

Thulung Rai, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Eastern Nepal, presents two derivational suffixes associated with reflexivization: -siand -s. The first, -si, is quite productive, found in complete paradigms, and derives reflexives, reciprocals, antipassives and anticausatives from transitive verbs (and occasionally from intransitive verbs). The second marker, -s, is more difficult to analyze: it has a limited distribution in verb paradigms, only appearing with 1pi and 3sg forms, and appears in a number of different contexts: it is found with the same types of derivations as -sibut also — in some cases obligatorily, in others optionally — with verbs that do not have reflexive (or related) functions. It is even found with some transitive verbs. In this presentation, I will propose an analysis of the phenomena above based on elicited and narrative data I have collected in the field. The -sin fact has multiple, albeit related, origins: it is a phonological reduction of -siin certain circumstances, while in others it appears to be an older reflexivizing suffix which has been integrated, to different degrees, into verb morphology. With transitives, it appears to be a trace reflecting the complex derivational history of verbs which are derived from intransitives.

Exploring the derivative suffix frequency effect in Spanish speaking children

This study was designed to examine the developmental course of the suffix frequency effect and its role in the development of automatic morpho-lexical access. In Spanish, a highly transparent language from an orthographic point of view, this effect has been shown to be facilitative in adults, but the evidence with children is still inconclusive. A total of 90 2nd, 4th and 6th grade children performed a go/no go lexical decision task, with words containing either high or low frequency suffixes. Results showed significant main effects for grade and for derivative suffix frequency, with no interaction between both. This finding suggests that the suffix frequency effect emerges very early in reading development and that its role is well established from the beginning of reading experience, suggesting that sensitivity to suffix frequency can be a good predictor of a child’s ability to internalize orthographic regularities at an early stage. These findings are interpreted in the light of previous evidence paying special attention to orthographic transparency and morpheme regularity in Spanish language.

Á mörkum afleiðslu og samsetningar?: Um orðlíka seinni liði í íslensku

In Icelandic, numerous wordforms exist that are in many ways similar to independent words except that they can only occur as second parts of compounds, cf. -meti, -auðgiand -fari in fiskmeti ‘fish food’, hugmyndaauðgi ‘creativity’ and geimfari ‘astronaut’. These are so-called bound wordforms (see e.g. Dalton-Puffer and Plag 2000, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson 1990, Kristín Bjarnadóttir 2005 and Þorsteinn G. Indriðason 2006). Other types of similar bound forms in Icelandic are -ynja, -kafur and -elda as in for-ynja’monster’, á-kafur’eager’ and al-elda’ablaze’, cf. Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2005:159), and many more exist. In this article, the focus is on discussing forms which have an -i in final position, where the -i can either be an inflectional ending or a derivational suffix. These compositions are sometimes called derivational compounds to distinguish them from regular compounds and other notions have been used (see e.g. Sigurður Konráðsson 1989 and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson 1990).In this article three types of these word forms are discussed. Firstly, monosyllabic forms of weak male nouns with an -i ending in nominative singular, cf. launa-auki’fringe benefit’, ein-búi’hermit’, ör-eigi’proletarian’, geim-fari’astronaut’, sjálf-sali’slot machine’ and hjarta-þegi’heart recipient’. Secondly, bisyllabic strong neuter nouns with an -i as the second syllable. These forms have an -s ending in genitive singular, cf. til-brigði’variation’, harð-fenni’frozen snow’, ár-ferði’times’, stór-grýti’large rocks’, búr-hveli’sperm whale’, hjól-hýsi’trailer’ and smá-stirni’asteroid’. In these forms, i-umlaut variations occur, as in hvalur – hveli and hús – hýsi. Thirdly, bisyllabic forms of weak female nouns, cf. mann-auðgi’human enrichment’, ein-drægni’harmony’, mein-fýsi’malice’, eigin-girni’selfishness’, sam-heldni’solidarity’, þjóð-rækni’patriotism’ and skað-semi’harmfulness’. As with the neuter forms, i-umlaut variations occur, cf. fús – fýsi and samur – semi.Tests were carried out to determine the wordhood of these wordlike forms. The main result of the tests showed that these forms behave in some ways like words but in other ways like affixes. They were also compared to affixoids but several tests showed that they do not fit into that category. The study shows that these wordlike forms should be placed between compounding and derivation as semi-words.

Seeking the -ational in derivational morphology

ABSTRACTBackground: Derived words have constituted an important bridge between aphasiology and psycholinguistics by addressing the extent to which morphology affects representation and processing in the mind/brain.Aims: Our goal was to assess how properties of whole words and their overlapping substrings affect the manner in which English derivationally suffixed words are recognised and produced.Methods & Procedures: We probed the processing of multimorphemic words containing strings of two derivational suffixes by healthy adult participants, employing both a progressive demasking naming task and a typing task. The progressive demasking paradigm that we employed integrates word recognition and production by requiring that a participant recognises a progressively demasked stimulus and then say it as quickly as possible. The typing task allowed us to focus on segment by segment aspects of processing during production by enabling us to construct per-letter typing times for each region of a word.Outcomes & Results: We found converging influences across the tasks that correspond to the properties of roots, stems, suffixes and suffix strings.Conclusions: We interpret these effects to accord with a perspective that emphasises the dynamic nature of the lexical processing system and massive interconnectivity within it. This has implications for unimpaired processing and for the word processing challenges experienced by people with aphasia.

On the role of grammaticalization (recategorization) in the origin of Manchu motion verbs

Manchu has a set of spatials (adverbs) containing the derivational suffix+siwhich via grammaticalization (recategorization) evolved into motion verbs, e.g. †do ‘inside’ &gt;dosi‘to the inside, into’ &gt;dosi-‘to go into, enter’. Ikegami’s suggestion concerning the origin of one of them, namelytuci-‘to come out, exit’ &lt; *tulĕ/ĭ-si-, fromtule‘outside’, involves unnecessary phonetic complications: fortition of *-ls- to *-lc- and cluster simplification of *-lc- to-c-are two atypical sound changes in the history of Manchu. An alternative solution is presented instead:tuci-goes back to Proto-Tungusic *turki- ‘to go out’ (unambiguous cognates in South Ewenki), showing regular-c-&lt; *-rk-, and has no suffix whatsoever. The same alternative solution allows us to dispense with the longstanding fallacy that in Manchu the derivational suffix+sihas a variant in+ci.

Written Type and Token Frequency Measures of Fifty Spanish Derivational Morphemes

Several databases of written language exist in Spanish that manage important information on the lexical and sublexical characteristics of words. However, there is no database with information on the productivity and frequency of use of derivational suffixes: sublexical units with an essential role in the formation of orthographic representations and lexical access. This work examines these two measures, known as type and token frequencies, for a series of 50 derivational suffixes and their corresponding orthographic endings. Derivational suffixes are differentiated from orthographic endings by eliminating pseudoaffixed words from the list of orthographic endings (cerveza [beer] is a simple word despite its ending in -eza). We provide separate data for child and adult populations, using two databases commonly accessed by psycholinguists conducting research in Spanish. We describe the filtering process used to obtain descriptive data that will provide information for future research on token and type frequencies of morphemes. This database is an important development for researchers focusing on the role of morphology in lexical acquisition and access.