Derivational Morphology Research Articles

Regulation of Br on molecular aggregation, film morphology and electrochromic performance of polythiophene derivatives

In this work, five polythiophene derivatives were synthesized through electrochemical copolymerization of 3,3-bis(bromomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b] (Deng et al., 2023; Li et al., 2020) [1,4]dioxepine (ProDOT-Br) and 3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b] (Deng et al., 2023; Li et al., 2020) [1,4]dioxepine (ProDOT-Me) at different mass ratios. DFT results prove that the layer spacing of conjugated blocks was increased from 5.94 Å for PProDOT-Me to 8.89 Å for PProDOT-Br due to the introduction of Br atom into side chain. And, the diverse film morphologies, such as fibre shape, cellular shape, flat shape, etc, were obtained by changing Br content in polymer. Additionally, through optimizing Br content, PBM(1,2) achieved enhanced electrochromic properties relative to two reference polymers [PProDOT-Br and PProDOT-Me], such as high optical contrast (ΔT = 76 %), fast response time (0.5 s), high transparency, and good stability. Finally, the flexible electrochromic device (8 cm × 4 cm) based on PBM(1,2) was constructed, which achieves rapid color change from purple to transparent blue. The results indicate that introducing various contents of Br atom into side chain is an effective strategy for regulating molecular microstructure and optimizing electrochromic properties of conjugated polymers.

Derivational Suffixes Analysis Found in “Every Summer After” Novel by Carley Fortune

This study specifically concentrated on conducting an in-depth analysis of the various types of derivational suffixes. Derivational affixes were one of the most interesting topics to analyze, as they influence the formation of words from simple to complex ones. The data used in this analysis was sourced from the novel "Every Summer After" by the esteemed author Carley Fortune. Carley Fortune is a #1 Canadian national bestseller and has been honored with an award for her exceptional work as a journalist and author. This data was meticulously examined through the application of a qualitative analytical method. The research findings have been thoroughly explored using both formal and informal explanations. The analysis was based on Plag's theory (2003) and supported theory up by Carstairs-Mccarthy's theory (2002). This comprehensive approach helped in understand the findings in depth. This comprehensive linguistic analysis of the novel meticulously identified four distinct types of derivational suffixes: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial. The results revealed a notable prevalence of nominal suffixes, a total of 249 instances, and a smaller number of verbal suffixes, amounting to just 3 instances. Furthermore, this study found 96 instances of nominal suffixes, 86 instances of adverbial suffixes, and 64 instances of adjectival suffixes in the text. This thorough analysis provides a detailed examination of the intricate language intricacies found within Fortune's novel. Furthermore, it enhances the overall understanding of how derivational morphology is utilized in contemporary literature.

Derivational morphology and suffixing bias on linguistic and nonlinguistic material

Derivational morphology and suffixing bias on linguistic and nonlinguistic material

Construction of a Corpus for L2 Derivational Morphology: Based on Construction

This study followed the theoretical framework of Constructional Morphology and proposed a model for constructing an L2 derivational morphology corpus based on affix concordances. This model used morphological series members as keywords and provides examples containing these keywords, aiming to offer rich and systematic language materials for L2 instruction of derivational morphology. Excel and AntConc software were used to analyze the word lists of L2 English textbooks. By examining the distribution of derived words and related affixes, affix concordances that included abundant morphological and syntactic contexts were established. This study suggested that L2 learners should be exposed to more comprehensive and targeted learning resources, so as to deepen their understanding of English derivational morphology.

The Emergence of Verb Patterns in Arabic in Children With Developmental Language Disorder Compared to Children With Typical Development.

The Arabic verb system features a nonlinear root and pattern derivational morphology. Previous studies suggest that young Arabic and Hebrew speakers' early verb use is based on semantic complexity rather than derivational morphological structure. The present study examines the role of morphological and semantic complexity in the emergence of the verb derivational morphology in Arabic speaking children with developmental language disorder (DLD) compared to children with typical language development (TLD). Natural language data were collected from native Arabic-speaking children (40 with DLD; aged 4-6 years and 133 with TLD aged 2;6-6;0 [years;months]) using picture-based elicitation tasks, and verbs were coded morphologically for derivational features and for features of semantic complexity. The results showed that children with DLD demonstrated a more limited production of verb patterns, both in types and in tokens, than age-matched children with TLD. Also, children with DLD age 5;0-6;0 were similar in types and tokens of verb patterns to younger children with TLD at the age of 3;6-4 years. Moreover, while children with TLD at the age of 2;6-3 years used a smaller number of verb patterns than older 4;0-5;0 aged children with DLD, the two groups were not different in verb semantics. Finally, the morphological and semantic diversity demonstrated by the children with DLD was similar to the morphological and semantic diversity shown by children with TLD. Our findings support the conclusion that children with DLD and with TLD acquire the derivational verb system in the same pathway and the quantitative lexical differences between the two groups support a delay rather than a deviation from the typical developmental trajectory.

Development of derivational morphology in Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking children

The objective of this study was to examine the development of derivational morphological structures in the productive language of Kuwaiti Arabic (KA)-speaking children. Participants were 512 typically developing Kuwaiti children aged 3;0 years to 7;11 years (243 boys and 269 girls). Five age groups at 1-year intervals were tested; each group was divided into four sub-groups at 3-month intervals. The children were examined using a tool designed to assess structures specific to the KA dialect, and they were assessed by trained research assistants at their nurseries and public schools. There were clear developmental trajectories in the derivational morphological structures studied in KA-speaking children across the five age groups. Results showed that KA-speaking children have not reached mastery level in most of the structures examined in this study. Among the two types of derivations examined, nominal derivations emerged later than verb derivations. Error analysis showed that most errors were morphological, affecting mainly the root. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of early language development in Arabic by showing that nominal derivations develop later than verb derivations. The results are discussed in light of previous cross-linguistic studies, which also found a similar trajectory in terms of morphological development. Further, Arabic morphological theory, as well as implications for practice and the need for further research, is discussed.

Preschool Morphological Awareness and Developmental Change in Early Reading Ability

ABSTRACT Purpose This longitudinal study examined the contribution of preschool morphological awareness to word reading skills and reading comprehension, as well as to the developmental change of reading ability beyond other well-established oral language and cognitive predictors. A distinction was made between the domains of inflectional and derivational morphology. Method Two hundred and fifty-nine Norwegian-speaking children (46% female) with a mean age of 5.5 years were assessed in preschool on language measures and again in Grades 1 and 3 on measures of word reading accuracy and fluency and in Grades 3 and 4 on reading comprehension. We fit latent change score models with preschool predictors using parceling to control for measurement error. Results We found a unique contribution of preschool morphological awareness to reading comprehension in Grade 3, but no unique contribution to Grade 1 decoding. Neither awareness of inflections nor awareness of derivations predicted developmental change in word reading fluency between Grades 1 and 3 or change in reading comprehension between Grades 3 and 4 beyond the effect of control variables. Conclusion Our findings confirm the relevance of morphological awareness only for early attainment in reading comprehension and highlight the importance of accounting for measurement error in studying associations among variables aiming to discover specific contributions.

Lexical Morphology as a Source of Risk and Resilience for Learning to Read With Dyslexia: An fNIRS Investigation.

We examined the neurocognitive bases of lexical morphology in children of varied reading abilities to understand the role of meaning-based skills in learning to read with dyslexia. Children completed auditory morphological and phonological awareness tasks during functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. We first examined the relation between lexical morphology and phonological processes in typically developing readers (Study 1, N = 66, Mage = 8.39), followed by a more focal inquiry into lexical morphology processes in dyslexia (Study 2, N = 50, Mage = 8.62). Typical readers exhibited stronger engagement of language neurocircuitry during the morphology task relative to the phonology task, suggesting that morphological analyses involve synthesizing multiple components of sublexical processing. This effect was stronger for more analytically complex derivational affixes (like + ly) than more semantically transparent free base morphemes (snow + man). In contrast, children with dyslexia exhibited stronger activation during the free base condition relative to derivational affix condition. Taken together, the findings suggest that although children with dyslexia may struggle with derivational morphology, they may also use free base morphemes' semantic information to boost word recognition. This study informs literacy theories by identifying an interaction between reading ability, word structure, and how the developing brain learns to recognize words in speech and print. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25944949.

Incorporation as a Grammaticalization Pathway

Abstract In addition to canonical noun incorporation, Chukchi exhibits other kinds of incorporating morphology that are consistent with polysynthesis but have seldom been considered as part of a unified morphological phenomenon. This paper examines different patterns of incorporation in Chukchi across time and asks: what are the useful loci of variation for typological comparison, how do these distinct patterns emerge diachronically, and how do these features spread in contact? I consider the existing documentation of Chukchi from the early 20th century through the present, including modern data which exhibits some novel patterns. Consistent with previous investigations of Chukchi in contact (Bogoras, 1922; de Reuse, 1994; Pupynina and Aralova, 2021), I demonstrate that the effects Chukchi has had on other languages is greater than the reverse: many morphological phenomena in Chukchi are internally-motivated and emerge from speakers’ reliance on incorporation as a discourse strategy. Specifically, I provide a unified analysis of incorporation across the nominal and verbal domains, valency-changing derivational morphology, and inflectional morphology built on the morpheme -in(e), which I argue functions as a generic underspecified noun in the language. In the realm of language contact, I propose a cline to model patterns in the borrowing of derivational phenomena like incorporation, and present shared patterns in Chukchi, Central Siberian Yupik, and Even which support this cline. Finally, I examine data from Chukchi as it is spoken today and argue that the historical linguistic ecology of northeastern Siberia has made it possible for incorporation to remain highly productive even with significant shift to Russian.

The Xenology of the Powder Keg of Europe: the Reflection of the Peculiarities of the Friend Oo Foe Dichotomy intThe Balkan Model of the World in the Xenopejorative Vocabulary of the Languages of The Balkan Sprachbund. Articulation of Issue

This article discusses the reflection of the features of the “friend or foe” dichotomy in the Balkan model of the world in the xenologic pejorative vocabulary of the Balkan sprachbund languages: Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Modern Greek, Macedonian, Romanian and Serbo-Croatian. The author gives a brief review of the historical, cultural and geopolitical specifics of the Balkan-Carpathian region, which influenced the local peoples’ ideas about strangers; some traditional mythological beliefs of the Balkan peoples related to the conceptual field of otherness are also presented. Based on the analysis of the internal history of the word, an attempt is made to define the main models for constructing derogatory names for strangers in order to compare the data for various Balkan languages and, to the extent possible, build an integral image of the concept of alien in the Balkan conceptual worldview. According to the results of the study, the xenopejorative vocabulary of languages of the Balkan sprachbund shows significant similarities both in terms of form and content. Pejoratives with undifferentiated evaluativity predominate, which could account for the richness of the Balkan derivational morphology and a large number of lexical borrowings in each of the languages; pejoratives with an indication of appearance, features of language and peculiarities of behaviour are also widely represented; however, the first are referentially limited, while the second and the third are universal, from which it is concluded that the prototypical Balkan alien is someone who speaks differently and behaves different-y. At the same time, the most common target for pejorative vocabulary in the Balkan languages among all strangers is the Romani people, which is due both to a number of stereotypical ideas about the physical and behavioural features of this ethnic group, and to the historical isolation caused by the nomadic way of life and the closedness of the Romani community from outsiders.

A Word-Based Approach to the So-Called Category-Changing Usage of the English Derivational Prefix Out-

One of the traditional observations about English derivational morphology is that prefixes behave differently from suffixes and are rather close to lexemes. A word-based analysis of prefixes based on this observation has been proposed, but it faces a challenge raised by the seemingly category-changing property of the comparative verb-forming prefix out-. This study aims to solve this problem in a framework that enriches the traditional generative word-based morphology with the concept of the Abstract Lexical Unit. In analyzing data, I pay attention to the degree semantics of comparative out-prefixed verbs and show that the so-called “denominal or deadjectival” out-verbs are produced as hyponyms of already existing out-verbs with sparse semantics. A pseudonym experiment demonstrates that this type of out-verb has a number/rank/action comparative interpretation, and the nouns or adjectives that occupy the head position further specify the object that is counted. The problematic type is related to its base word via head replacement rather than concatenative affixation. Drawing on these new perspective and observations, this paper shows that the traditional finding about the status of English prefixes can be maintained in a word-based approach.

BdTTLL3B-mediated polyglycylation is involved in the spermatogenesis in Bactrocera dorsalis

Polyglycylation is a post-translational modification that generates glycine side chains in the C-terminal domains of both α- and β-tubulins. To date, the patterns and significance of polyglycylation across insect species remain largely unknown. The TTLL3B was thought to be a polyglycylase and be essential for polyglycylation in dipteran insects. In this study, the TTLL3B of Bactrocera dorsalis (BdTTLL3B) was identified and characterized. The BdTTLL3B expressed remarkably higher in adult males, especially in testes. The spatio-temporal patterns of polyglycylation were consistent with that of BdTTLL3B. Along with spermatogenesis, the intensity of polyglycylation was enhanced steadily and concentrated in elongated flagella. The expression of recombinant BdTTLL3B in Hela cells, which are genetically deficient in polyglycylation, catalyzed intracellular polyglycylation, validating the identity of BdTTLL3B as a polyglycylase. Knockout of BdTTLL3B significantly suppressed polyglycylation in testes and impaired male fertility, probably due to abnormal morphology of mitochondrial derivatives and over-accumulation of paracrystalline. Taken together, these findings indicated that the BdTTLL3B-mediated polyglycylation is involved in the spermatogenesis and play an important role in fertility of adult B. dorsalis. Therefore, the BdTTLL3B can be considered as a candidate target gene for the management of B. dorsalis, such as developing gene silencing/knockout-based sterile insect technology (SIT).

What is a Chinese word? Lexical constructionalization in Chinese

Abstract The Chinese language is defined on the basis of Chinese characters, which stabilize monosyllabic root morphemes across the countless varieties. As subsyllabic linguistic forms such as derivational morphology can hardly be represented by Chinese characters, compounding is preferred over derivation in Chinese. Compounds do not have fixed word boundaries. The wordhood of compounds pertains to the level of conventionality in language use, which is a continuum instantiated by synchronic gradience and diachronic gradualness. A perennial archaizing aesthetics further complicates the determination of Chinese words by preserving classical linguistic forms in formal and literary writing, thus making every synchronic stratum heterogeneous by blurring the distinction between historical strata. Therefore, the boundaries of words have always been fluid in native speakers’ mental lexicon.

Sentiment analysis of Arabic social media texts: A machine learning approach to deciphering customer perceptions

Sentiment analysis (SA) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that entails natural language processing. This has become increasingly significant because it discerns the emotional tone of reviews, categorising them as positive, neutral, or negative. In the highly competitive coffee industry, understanding customer sentiment and perception is paramount for businesses seeking to optimise their product offerings. Traditional methods of market analysis often fall short of capturing the nuanced views of consumers, necessitating a more sophisticated approach to sentiment analysis. This research is motivated by the need for a nuanced understanding of customer sentiments across various coffee products, enabling companies to make informed decisions regarding product promotion, improvement, and discontinuation. However, sentiment analysis faces a challenge when it comes to analysing Arabic text due to the language's extraordinarily complex inflectional and derivational morphology. Consequently, to address this challenge, we have developed a new method designed to improve the precision and effectiveness of Arabic sentiment analysis, specifically focusing on understanding customer opinions about various coffee products on social media platforms like Twitter. We gathered 10,646 various coffee products' Twitter reviews and applied feature extraction techniques using the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and minimum redundancy maximum relevance (MRMR). Subsequently, we performed sentiment analysis using four supervised learning algorithms: k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, decision tree, and random forest. All the classification statements derived in the analysis were aggregated via ensemble learning to convey the final results. Our results demonstrated an increase in prediction accuracy, with our method achieving over 95.95% accuracy in the Hard voting and soft voting at 94.51 %.

The History of -eer in English: Suffix Competition or Symbiosis?

Ecological models of competition have provided great explanatory power regarding synonymy in derivational morphology. Competition models of this type have certainly shown their utility, as they have demonstrated, among other things, the relevance of frequency measures, productivity, compositionality and analyzability when comparing the development of morphological constructions. There has been less consideration of alternative models that could be used to describe the historical co-development of suffixes that produce words with sometimes similar forms or meanings but are not inevitably or solely in competition. The symbiotic model proposed in this article may help answer larger questions in linguistics, such as how best to analyze certain multilingual morphological phenomena, including the emergence of semantically similar forms within the same language. The present study demonstrates the importance of a diachronic approach in situations of near-synonymy, as an understanding of semantic similarity necessitates a review of the available historical record. In particular, our study focuses on the case of the suffix -eer (e.g., marketeer) in English, analyzing its origins, semantics, compositionality, and historical development, including its symbiotic relationship to the similar suffix -er (e.g., marketer).

How well do schoolchildren and adolescents know the form and meaning of different derivational suffixes? Evidence from a cross-sectional study

AbstractAs children advance through school, derived words become increasingly common in their reading materials. Previous studies have shown that children’s knowledge of derivational morphology develops relatively slowly, but there is more to learn about this development. This study examined differences in knowledge of the form and meaning of suffixes across grade levels (Grades 3, 5, and 8) and different types of derivational suffixes (adjectives and nominals). We assessed 309 English-speaking children on word reading and receptive vocabulary tests and two tasks designed to assess the form (orthographic knowledge) and meaning (semantic knowledge) of 28 derivational suffixes (14 adjectives and 14 nominals). Overall, our findings showed a significant improvement in identifying and understanding derivational suffixes from Grade 3 to Grade 5 and a smaller, but still significant, improvement from Grade 5 to Grade 8. Our findings regarding suffix types were mixed. While written forms of adjectives were identified more accurately than nominals across all grades, this advantage did not extend to the students’ understanding of the meaning of the suffixes. These results highlight the distinction between the identification of suffixes and the understanding of their meaning. We discuss our results in relation to suffix frequency in children’s reading materials.

Toward a Universal Dependencies Treebank of Old English: Representing the Morphological Relatedness of Un-Derivatives

This article deals with one of the aspects involved in the compilation of a treebank of Old English within the framework of Universal Dependencies. More specifically, this study addresses the question of how to account for the remarkable degree of Old English morphological relatedness in a type of treebank designed to stress syntactic similarities across languages. The solution proposed and assessed in this study is the addition of an extra field of annotation for morphological relatedness. The data of this analysis comprise 1106 derivatives attaching the prefix un-. Out of these, there are around 80 morphologically complex nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs whose derivation cannot be described gradually, 33 of which are unique formations or hapax legomena according to the attestations provided by the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. The main conclusion is that the specification of short-distance and long-distance morphological relatedness provides the Old English treebank with a paradigmatic dimension that can be particularly relevant for languages with relatively generalised and transparent derivational morphology.

Baseless derivation: the behavioural reality of derivational paradigms

Abstract Standard accounts of derivational morphology assume that it is incremental: some words are formed on the basis of others, and each derivational family has a base from which all of the other words are derived. The importance of the base has been questioned by paradigmatic approaches to morphology, which posit that word systems are about multidirectional relationships between words and paradigm cells, in which no word has a privileged status. This paper seeks to test which of these two views makes more accurate predictions about speakers’ cognitive representations of derivational families. We perform an acceptability judgement experiment in which speakers are asked to evaluate the acceptability of a pseudoword conditional on another pseudoword in the same derivational family. We find that speakers are aware of implicative relationships between words in the same family, and that they opportunistically exploit probabilistic relationships between surface words, regardless of whether the base form is the predictor, the target of prediction, or not at all involved in the task.

Derivational Morphology Training in French-Speaking, 9- to 14- Year-Old Children and Adolescents With Developmental Dyslexia: Does it Improve Morphological Awaraness, Reading and Spelling Outcome Measures?

Children with developmental dyslexia (DD) display partially preserved morphology skills which they rely upon for reading and spelling. Therefore, we conducted explicit and intensive training of derivational morphology in individuals with DD, ages 9 to 14 years, in order to assess its effect on: morphological awareness, reading (speed and accuracy), and spelling. Our pre-posttest design included a group trained in derivational morphology and a group of children who continued their business-as-usual rehabilitation program with their speech-language therapist. Results showed effects on morphological awareness and on the spelling of complex words, with a large between-group effect size for trained items and a large to moderate effect size for untrained items. All these gains tended to be maintained over time on the delayed posttest, 2 months later. For reading, the results were more contrasted, with large between-group effect sizes for accuracy and speed for trained items, reducing to a small effect for accuracy on the delayed posttest. For untrained items, small effects were observed on accuracy (at both posttests) but not on speed. These results are very promising and argue in favor of using derivational morphology as a medium to improve literacy skills in French-speaking children and adolescents with DD.

Tuning the morphology and pyrolysis process of rare-earth Gd-doped prussian blue derivatives for electromagnetic wave absorption and anti-corrosion performance

Prussian blue analogs (PBA) derivatives have been researched extensively as electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. However, the metallic components are typically transition-metal elements, which results in limited potential for optimization of their EMW absorbing performance. In this work, GdCo-PBA derivates with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) morphologies and phase compositions were synthesized via tuning the pyrolysis rate and the dielectric loss capability can be tuned. As a result, the R-GdN/Co@CNTs achieved the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −36.74 dB@1.7 mm and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.61 GHz @ 2.0 mm due to the combined effect of the interconnected CNTs conduction network and the GdN phase in optimizing the impedance matching and enhancing the dielectric loss. Meanwhile, the radar cross section (RCS) simulation and electrochemical corrosion tests confirmed that GdCo-PBA derivatives can significantly reduce RCS values of 28.6 dBm2 @ 15° and possessed satisfied anti-corrosion properties with a corrosion current density of 2.06 × 10−5 A/cm2 and polarization resistance of 2.57 × 104 Ω, which displayed significant potential for practical applications in extreme marine environments. This work presents a strategy for synthesizing lanthanide PBA derivates with the EMW absorbing and anti-corrosion properties.