Derivational Affixes Research Articles

Can Japanese learners of English comprehend inflectional and derivational forms in listening? Testing the validity of the word family counting unit

AbstractIn second language (L2) research, the lexical unit is often defined as a base word plus inflectional and derivational forms through Level 6 of Bauer and Nation's framework (WF6). WF6 use has been justified by the assumption that once a form is known, recognition of other WF6 members requires little extra effort. A more lenient view holds that an incomplete understanding of derivational forms is permissible if words containing the most frequent derivational affixes are known. This study assessed the validity of these views for L2 listening. Participants (N = 120) provided translations of 27 base words and 43 related affixational forms when listening. When participants knew one form (either the base word or an affixed form) they also knew the other just 25.1% of the time. For target words containing the most frequent derivational affixes, this was just 26.5%. Logistic regression found that learners’ overall vocabulary level, several aspects of word frequency, and base word knowledge were all significant predictors of knowing affixed forms. However, when other variables were held constant, base word knowledge was a weak predictor of affixational form knowledge. These findings support neither the strict assumption nor the more lenient view of WF6 use for L2 listening among study participants.

Morphological Analysis of Derivational Affixes Used in Eka Kurniawan’s Novel Beauty is a Wound Translated by Annie Tucker

This research aims to analyze the derivational affixes which contained in Beauty is A Wound novel. The data of research containing derivational affixes in Beauty is A Wound novel, and use that novel as the sources of data in this research as real process of data information. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. The data is based on Katamba’s theory of derivational affixes. As the result of the research, the writer found 744 derivational affixes, which consists 114 derivational prefixes and 630 derivational suffixes. The most frequent data on the novel is 326 derivational suffix –ly (43.82%), then 78 prefix un- (10.49%), 77 suffix –er (10.35%), then 45 suffix –al (6.05%), next is 42 suffix –ity (5.65%), followed by 37 suffix –ness (4.98%), the next is 33 suffix –ful (4.44%), after that 28 suffix –ment (3.77%), followed by 26 suffix –less (3.50%), next is 13 prefix in- (1.75%), then 12 prefix re- (1.62%), followed by 9 prefix dis- (1.21%), and 7 suffix –ship (0.95%), then 7 suffix –ic (0.95%), and 2 suffix –hood (0,08%), and the lowest is 2 prefix en- (0,08%).

TRANSFORMATION OF HEALTH TERMINOLOGY THROUGH DERIVATIONAL AFFIXATION IN CNN ONLINE NEWS

Derivational affixation is a linguistic process that involves the creation of new words by adding prefixes, suffixes, or infixes to existing words. These affixes can modify the word's part of speech, alter its meaning, or both. The present study had the objective of identifying various types of derivational affixes and examining the morphological transformations they bring about in health-related terms within CNN's online news platform. Employing qualitative research methods informed by Katamba's theoretical framework (2005), the investigation utilized a dataset sourced from the news website https://edition.cnn.com/. The dataset encompassed 30 health-related news articles spanning topics such as COVID-19, mental health, food, beauty, sleep, and pregnancy. Based on data analysis from 30 health news, there were 13 words containing derivational prefixes and 64 words containing derivational suffixes. The words in derivational prefix did not change the part of speech but changed the meaning. In derivational suffixes, there are 7 types of changes that change word from verb to noun (23 words), adjective to noun (14 words), noun to noun (10 words), noun to adjective (7 words), adjective to adverb (5 words), verb to adjective (4 words), and the last noun to verb (1 word). From the findings, it can be concluded that the addition of affixes to words explains the function of sentence structure. Derivational suffixes are found the most because they have many interactions of forms, meanings, and functions. Keywords: derivational affix, health, prefix, suffix, news

Interfaces between Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in Romanian

. In this paper I present a few cases from Romanian where the distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology is not clear-cut or where an affix crosses from one category to the other: a derivational suffix which becomes a plural/inflectional desinence marker in section 1., the use of a plural desinence with derivational value in section 2., the use of the definite article (inflectional suffix) as a derivational affix in section 3., and the analysis of an affix as either derivational, inflectional or both in section 4. The examples provided are from standard and regional contemporary Romanian, with a few diachronic observations.

Exploring the Role of Derivational Affixes through Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Playlist on YouTube

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the affix derivational process and understanding the position of word meaning in a spectacle through Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Playlist on Youtube. Descriptive qualitative is used as the research method with morphology as the approach. Data collection is done by sorting the data based on the affix derivational process. Through this research, 71 data points were obtained in the form of 5 prefixes and 66 suffixes with 11 types of word class changes. The suffixes -ing and -ed are the most common in the video playlist, with adjective to adjective as the most common word class found. The use of these derivational affixes contributes to word renewal as well as expanding word class changes.

Zero affixes in derivational morphology: Introduction

AbstractIn this paper we offer an overview of the linguistic phenomena that have traditionally been handled by means of zero affixes and of the theoretical debate around the advantages and disadvantages of employing such null morphemes in theoretical modeling. While the advantage of positing zero affixes is straightforward from an empirical perspective (see inflectional syncretism and affixless category change, among others), their theoretical legitimacy has been controversially debated for several decades. In this overview, we present the main problems that have been brought forward against zero affixation and some of the mechanisms that have been proposed as an alternative. Finally, we show how the different articles in our edited collection contribute to this debate by addressing the following three research questions: (1) How do current theories of derivational morphology deal with linguistic phenomena that seem to involve zero affixes? (2) How do zero derivational affixes compare with their “overt analogues” (i. e. overt derivational affixes)? (3) What insights can we obtain from language-specific properties, typological generalizations and/or larger data-oriented studies on the question whether zero affixation is necessary in derivational morphology?

Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices: the case of Lánnang-uè and its derivational morphology

ABSTRACT This study examines nominal derivational affixes in a multilingual practice in the Philippines involving Hokkien, Tagalog, and English called Lánnang-uè. A feature of this practice is the systematic combination of affixes and roots (henceforth, ‘system’). Certain morphological combinations (e.g. Tagalog prefixes + English root) are used frequently and are regarded by Lánnang-uè users as well-formed, while others are not. This paper seeks to examine the spread, stability, and possible patterns of sociolinguistically-conditioned variation involving this system in the Lánnang-uè-speaking community. I conducted an acceptability judgment experiment involving 65 users in Manila and found high rates of spread and stability within my sample. Factors such as age, sex, and attitudes towards mixing selectively conditioned how some speakers adhered to system. For example, older users tended not to follow the affix source language, length, and position condition of the system whereas male users only tended not to follow the first condition. Based on the findings, I argue that the derivational affixation system exhibits conventionalisation, and that it emerged due to identity negotiation practices led by younger and female users. I also argue that conscious positive attitudes towards mixing help shape the stable development of multilingual practices.

Developing the skills of a word-formation analysis in Chinese students

This article is devoted to the problem of international students’ step-by-step study of Russian word formation basics. The article puts forward the suggestion that the study of the Russian word-formation features should initially be based on the linguistic structure of the student’s native language, in particular, Chinese. Taking into account the L1 characteristic features will allow the teacher to create a certain logic for presenting the linguistic material, to detect similarities and differences between the mother tongue and the target language. Thus, the understanding of the typological differences between the Russian and Chinese languages highlights the need to develop the skills for isolating morphemes in a word, especially the root morpheme, and only then to introduce tasks, focused on the assimilation of certain, primarily productive word-formation models, into the educational process. We propose to use stylistic comments when working with derivative words of productive word-formation types and to use graphs that allow the students to understand the mechanisms of word production in the Russian language. By gradually expanding the range of analyzed lexemes, we develop the skill of isolating derivational affixes, primarily regular ones, teach international students to determine the word–formation meaning depending on the nature of the generating basis, to see and explain semantic shifts in derived formations, contributing to a better understanding of the pair “derivational base” – “derivative”. Moreover, it will be a serious reason for expanding the students’ vocabulary. The presented analytical work on the word-formation material is supposed to be carried out taking into account the principles of clarity, consistency and structuring.

What is Morphological Awareness and How Can You Develop it?

Building on Jack Richard’s interest in vocabulary, this paper looks at the importance of morphology (how words are formed) in language learning and teaching. It describes why knowledge of morphology is important, and how it affects vocabulary learning. It provides clear guidelines on what word parts to focus on, how much time to spend on word parts and what a teacher (and learners) should do about word parts. Morphological knowledge involving derivational affixes becomes particularly important when learners know the first 2000-3000 words of English. One of the major activities for developing morphological awareness is cutting words into parts and relating the meanings of the parts to the meaning of the whole word. Teachers should help learners develop morphological awareness, train learners in word part strategies, and help learners to learn frequent word parts. The paper includes activities to achieve these goals in the classroom, as well as links that provide material for classroom use.

On affixation in Shupamem

This paper describes the morphological process of affixation in Shupamem, an SVO and noun class systemic Grassfield Bantu language spoken in the West Region of Cameroon. Basically, affixation is a morphological process whereby affixes (prefix, infix or suffix) are attached to a word’s stem to form a new word or encode some grammatical properties. Based on a sample of corpus collected from native speakers of this language, the study identified two basic types of affixes which correspond to the two main types of bound morphemes: inflectional and derivational affixes. The formers occur most often with verbs to encode the infinitive mood (|jìn-|), tenses (|pé-|, |pí-|, |kàpí-|, etc.), and the iterative verbal aspect (|-kět|, |-ʃə̌|, and |-tə|). Concretely, jìndǎp “hit” is made up of the verbal stem |-lǎp-| to which the infinitive prefix |jìn-| is attached. Similarly, jìndǎpʃə̌ “hit repeatedly” is made up of the verbal stem |-lǎp-| to which the prefix |jìn-| (infinitive) and the suffix |-ʃə̌| (iterative aspect) are attached. On the other hand, Shupamem displays some derivational affixes used to create new words in the language. In effect, some nouns can be derived from other nouns, some qualifying adjectives from nouns, as well as some manner adverbs from qualifying adjectives using derivational affixes. This can be illustrated with the noun pín “dance” from which ŋgà:pín “dancer” is derived, and the adjective pý:két “bad” from which the adverb pýkérí “badly” is derived. In conclusion, this language provides some insightful data that contribute to the appraisal of affixation in Bantu language.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN THE SERBIAN EFL LEARNING CONTEXT: INSIGHTS FROM THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOLS

Word-building or morphological analysis features prominently in the EFL/ESL teaching lit- erature as an effective vocabulary learning strategy (cf. Gairns & Redman 1986; Nation 2001; Nunan 1995; Oz 2014) which enables learners to decipher the meaning of new lexical items by breaking them down into constituent morphemes. While L1 speakers can rely on this strategy upon encountering unfamiliar words from an early age (Anglin 1993; Clark 2001), the use of word-building in the field of EFL acquisition appears to be an under-researched topic (cf. Ward & Chuenjundaeng 2009; Diaz Contreras 2018). Therefore, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing body of literature on the development of morphological awareness in non-native contexts by investigating the way Serbian B2-level learners (CEFR) attempt to figure out the meaning of morphologically complex words, namely derivatives comprising one, two or three derivational affixes. Think-aloud protocols revealed that the upper-intermediate Serbian L1 English L2 learners mostly employed morphological analysis with multimorphemic words (i.e. those containing two or three derivational affixes) while bimorphemic words were often regarded as unanalyzable lexical units. Also, the data collected indicated that the learners rarely drew analogies between unknown words and words of similar morphological structure. The ensuing pedagogical implications and possible teaching interventions will be discussed.

An inquiry into the semantic transparency and productivity of German particle verbs and derivational affixation

Abstract This study addresses the relation between morphological productivity and semantic transparency. Using distributional semantics, we compare German word formation using particles with derivational word formation. We observed that derivational suffixes, but not particles, tend to make strong independent semantic contributions to their carrier words. In two-dimensional t-SNE maps, complex words show clustering by affix, but not by particle. Furthermore, the semantic vectors of suffixed words are predictable from their base words with higher accuracy than is possible for particle verbs. For particle verbs, but not affixed verbs, semantic similarity within the set of complex words correlated negatively with the number of types. Furthermore, only for particle verbs, a greater number of observed types predicted a reduced probability of observing unseen types. We propose that particle verbs primarily serve the onomasiological function of labeling, resulting in relatively idiosyncratic semantic vectors. By contrast, words sharing derivational affixes form distinct clusters in semantic space while maintaining strong and consistent semantic relations with their base words. This enables these words to serve not only as labels, but also allows them to be used with an anaphoric function in discourse.

О гибридном словосложении в русском языке в эпоху глобализации

The article describes in detail some derivational elements involved in the process of agglutination occurring in word-formation system of modern Russian, analyzing semantic and functional characteristics of these word-building elements. The comprehensive analysis of the collected hybrid derivatives shows that globalization and the Anglo-American ‘linguistic hegemony’ increased the productivity of international morphemes, penetrating into the Russian word-formation system through the mass media. Modern Russian language has been undergoing noticeable changes in word-formation models and in the inventory of actively productive derivational affixes. The following processes are noticeable: 1) resemantization and activation of international affixes; 2) development of new hybrid derivative models; 3) creation with the help of morphemes abstracted from composites new formally and semantically condensed nouns, which allows to notice an agglutination’s tendency.

Historical Memory of Derivational and Form-building Affixes of Dagestanian Languages

The article deals with the role of scientific etymology in restoring the origin of the word. The historical patterns, nature, and nature of the changes, development, and improvement of the language are analyzed. Attention is paid to the process of restoring historical memory as a powerful tool of knowledge. The article deals with the etymological semantics of the formants of the case system, the genesis of the ergative system, the historical memory of the class indicators of Avar language in correlation with the materials of other Dagestan languages. The paper examines the inner essence of language development in a comparative aspect. The importance of the concept of language development and the reconstruction of the forms of language units in both diachronic and synchronic terms is noted.

To What Extent Do Learner‐ and Word‐Related Variables Affect Production of Derivatives?

AbstractThis study explores the effects of receptive derivational affix knowledge, derivative frequency, part of speech, and vocabulary breadth on production of derivatives. Twenty‐one speakers of English as a first language and 107 learners of English as a second language were asked to produce derivatives for 90 prompt words on a decontextualized derivative form‐recall test. Results indicated that (a) increased receptive derivational affix knowledge and derivative frequency were linked to greater accuracy in production of derivatives, (b) adverb derivatives were more frequently produced compared to other parts of speech, and (c) learners’ vocabulary breadth was associated with greater accuracy in producing derivatives. Results also indicated a larger facilitative effect of derivative frequency for second language learners in comparison to first language speakers, but this effect diminished as vocabulary breadth increased. These findings suggest that learners may initially acquire derivatives on a case‐by‐case basis but, as their knowledge of derivational affixes and vocabulary breadth increases, they may acquire derivatives more systematically.

Derivational zero affixes worldwide

While a reasonable case for inflectional zero affixes can be made, derivational zero affixes have been underexplored partly due to the difficulty of proving their existence empirically. Using a semantic definition of derivational affixes, I show that derivational zero affixes occupy a niche in the affix inventory of languages spoken worldwide. In a sample of 120 representative languages, derivational zero affixes are attested in only six languages (5%). All of these zero affixes modify categorial or subcategorial information of their host. The identification of zero affixes is complicated by a proliferation of pseudo-zeroes which I also account for in this paper such as (sub)categorial conversion rules, ‘disfixes’, and ‘defective zero affixes’ that stand in complementary or identical distribution with overt affixes.

Derivational Affixes Used in Selected Song Lyrics of Westlife

This research discusses about affixes in selected song lyrics of Westlife. The researcher analysed twenty song’s lyrics of Westlife which is used as data source. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The purpose of this research is to identify the derivational affixes found in selected song lyrics of Westlife. The result of this research shows 78 data of derivational affixes were found in selected song lyrics of Westlife. They were categorized into prefix and suffix. Prefix category found from the data source are prefix im-and mis-. Meanwhile, suffixes found are –ly, -ize, -ship, -ish, -ion, -ness, -less, -ful, -ous, -ence, -ing, and -en. All affixes found are classified into derivational prefix are im-, and mis- and derivational suffixes are –ly, -ize, -ship, -ish, -ion, -ness, -less, -ful, -ous, -ence, -ing, and -en. Those affixes give explanation about forming new word and new meaning in Westlife selected song’s lyrics.

A study of adjective derivational affixes derived from noun on twitter account of taylor swift

This study expects an investigation of morphological analysis, specifically derivational affixes forming adjectives derived from nouns on Taylor Swift’s twitter account. This study aims to find the types and analyse the morphological process of derivational affixes forming adjectives from nouns. The observation method was used in collecting the data and applied a note-taking technique to collect the data. Meanwhile, descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze and arrange the data qualitatively in order to give description clearly that related to the theory proposed by Katamba (1993) which discusses the types, also the theory from Fromkin et al (2013) to describe the morphological process based on the data that have been found. The result found there are 61 suffixes are used to change nouns become adjectives such as -y, -ful, -less, -ous, -ic, -ial, -al, and also the process of those affixes attach to root and base in forming adjective from noun.

Derivational Affixes Found in "Before the Coffee Gets Cold by Toshikazu Kawaguchi"

The affixation is an important part of the word construction process and must be considered in the morphological aspect of word production. In general, there are two types of affixation processes: derivational and inflectional. This study focused on the types of derivational affixes found in the novel Before the Coffee Gets Cold and their functions. The information was gathered by marking/quoting the novel’s sentences according to their forms and functions. The main theory used in this research is Francis Katamba’s theory of derivational morpheme found in Morphology (1993). An Introduction to Language by Victorian Fromkin, Robert Redman, Peter Collins, and David Blair (1985) and English Word Formation by Laurie Bauer were used as supporting theories (1983). According to the findings of the analysis, the novel Before the Coffee Gets Cold contains some forms and functions of derivational affixes. Prefix en-, which can change the word class and meaning of base, and prefix un-, re-, in-/ im-, and dis-, which can modify the meaning of the base without changing the word class, are examples of derivational affixes found in data sources. Aside from the prefix, there are suffixes like -al, -ing, -en, -less, -able, -ful, -ion, -ness, -er, and -ize that can change the word class and meaning of the base, as well as suffixes like -ship, - or -ful, and -er that can change the meaning of the base without changing the word class.
 Keywords: derivational affixes, morphology, novel “Before the Coffee Gets Cold by Toshikazu Kawaguchi

Giving voice to space: the grammar of Northern Alta spatial roots

Abstract Recent cross-linguistic studies on spatial language reveal a great diversity in the way languages encode spatial information. Yet, given that there are not many spatial studies that have systematically targeted languages with a Philippine-type voice system, it is not clear how spatial expression is structured in such languages. The aim of this study is to address this knowledge gap through an in-depth investigation of Northern Alta, a language presenting such a voice system. The study combines data from stimulus-based tasks with a modern documentation corpus of the language and elicited data to examine the linguistic strategies deployed in four different spatial subdomains: location, disposition, orientation, and routes. The results show that each subdomain favors a distinct set of derivational affixes and a particular set of lexical roots. It is argued that the morphological system of the language plays a crucial role in the structuring of spatial expression. It allows roots with spatial meanings such as ‘front’, ‘side’, ‘top’, and ‘back’ to derive a variety of spatial verbs that are key in several spatial domains. The study also shows that Philippine-type languages have important information to contribute to cross-linguistic studies of spatial language.