Deregulated Environment Research Articles

Basel and Securitization: Conflicting Incentives and Rationales

La crisis financiera presentada en el 2007 reviste una serie de factores similares a lo que generó la crisis de 1929, precedidas por un ambiente de desregulación económica. Existen entonces dentro de los sistemas bancarios una serie de incentivos y racionalidades que, dependiendo de la posición que se ocupe dentro del mercado financiero, están constantemente en conflicto con la regulación y en especial con los principios establecidos en Basilea para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema.
 En consecuencia al presentarse nuevos mecanismos de negocios, como la titulación o el mercado de futuros, estos incentivos van a influenciar enormemente en los agentes del mercado financiero, para que incumplan sus obligaciones (Basilea I, II, y III). Así logran una mayor ganancia tanto para ellos como para las instituciones a las que pertenecen.
 Por lo anterior las medidas contenidas en Basilea III, que se basan principalmente en aumentar el capital de riesgo y disminuir el apalancamiento, si no se acompañan con una política de control efectiva, teniendo en cuenta los incentivos y al agente racional dentro del mercado, no van a ser eficientes en el largo plazo, siendo posible que se produzca una nueva crisis económica, si se encuentra un nuevo instrumento financiero apto para ello.

Private Investor-based Transmission Expansion Planning in Deregulated Environments

—Deregulation in power systems creates new uncertainties and escalates the previous ones. The presence of these uncertainties causes the transmission network to remain a monopoly and the private investors not to be interested in investing in new transmission lines. This article presents a new merchant-based transmission network expansion planning algorithm from the viewpoint of private investors. The point estimation method is used to handle the uncertainties, and the genetic algorithm is used as the optimization tool. The proposed method provides insights for private investors to deal with the uncertainties and to find appropriate transmission projects in which to invest.

Single-objective Optimization of Profit and Emission Under Deregulated Environment

Abstract The objective of the paper is based on unit commitment problem with respect to environment perspective. Global warming has received substantial attentions because of possible disastrous consequences. The majority of greenhouse gases emissions are contributed by the combustion of fossil fuels at the thermal power plants. Therefore, power industry is expected to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions in the future operation. The cost curve of the generator and the emission curve of the generator are combined together to form a single-objective which is solved using various hybrid optimization techniques Gradient search, Logistic Regression, and Artificial neural network.

Decentralized ADRC for LFC in Deregulated Environments

Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method is investigated in this paper to design decentralized load frequency controllers (LFC) for deregulated multi‐area power systems. ADRC can treat the connections among control areas and the effects of possible contracts as new disturbance signals, and uses an extended state observer (ESO) to estimate and compensate them quickly. Thus, it can achieve good disturbance rejection performance and is a good candidate for LFC design. Simulation results for a three‐area power system show that the proposed method is simple to apply in practice and good performance can be achieved.

Frequency Stabilization for Multi-area Thermal–Hydro Power System Using Genetic Algorithm-optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller in Deregulated Environment

—This article develops a model of load frequency control for an interconnected two-area thermal–hydro power system under a deregulated environment. In this article, a fuzzy logic controller is optimized by a genetic algorithm in two steps. The first step of fuzzy logic controller optimization is for variable range optimization, and the second step is for the optimization of scaling and gain parameters. Further, the genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy logic controller is compared against a conventional proportional-integral-derivative controller and a simple fuzzy logic controller. The proposed genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy logic controller shows better dynamic response following a step-load change with combination of poolco and bilateral contracts in a deregulated environment. In this article, the effect of the governor dead band is also considered. In addition, performance of genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy logic controller also has been examined for various step-load changes in different distribution unit demands and compared with the proportional-integral-derivative controller and simple fuzzy logic controller.

Fuzzy Logic Based Load Frequency Control of Two Area Power System in Deregulated Environment

In this paper fuzzy logic based load frequency control (LFC) of two area power system in deregulated environment was studied. A two area system is considered in which all areas are interconnected by normal AC tie-lines. In the proposed system the effects of bilateral contracts between DISCOs and GENCOs are also considered. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is tested on a deregulated two area load frequency control system for different operating conditions using MATLAB Simulink tool.

The Operation Dispatch of Cogeneration Systems in the Deregulation Environment

In this paper, an optimal strategy was presented to solve the operation dispatch of cogeneration systems in a deregulated market. With the load demand including steam and electricity, the operational model of cogeneration system was derived by considering the bi-lateral contracts and operation constraints. The objective function is formulated the profit-maximizing problem in the searching process. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) was used to solve this problem. Test results verify that SQP can offer an efficient way for cogeneration plants to meet the load growth and promoted the competed ability of cogeneration plants.

Load Frequency Control Of Two Area Power System in Deregulated Environment Using Pi Controller

Load Frequency Control Of Two Area Power System in Deregulated Environment Using Pi Controller

Improving Regulation Service Based on Adaptive Load Frequency Control in LMP Energy Market

In a new environment of energy deregulation, the locational marginal price (LMP) basis is overwhelming congestion management issues. But it still requires proper ancillary services to serve the system. Load frequency control (LFC) is needed to maintain the system frequency in the dynamic environment. In this letter, an efficient LFC approach with the critical load level (CLL)-based adaptive participation factor is proposed for an LMP-based market. The CLL is considered when the load varies from the generation set point. The proposed approach could enhance the LFC performance in securely following up the aggressive change of energy demand. The PJM 5-bus system is used to illustrate the proposed LFC.

Experimental Verification and Matlab Simulation of UPFC for Power Quality Improvement

This paper aims in presenting the importance of presence of Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC) for enhancement of power quality of existing transmission network.UPFC is used for controlling varioustransmission parameters such as series impedance, shunt impedance, line voltage, current, active and reactive power, oscillation damping etc. Experimental controlled reading of UPFC is obtained with the help of lab model for various parameters.Controlling is done with the help of IGBT based converters through DSP kit(for controlling firing angle of converters).This paper also presents the study of UPFC using MATLAB 7.9 and lab prototype is also setup. Effect of presence of UPFC on various parameters is obtained and is compared with parameters without UPFC for real system through simulation using MATLAB 7.9. With the increase in load demand, we have to increase the generation & require proper channel to transfer electrical power from generating end to receiving end which is highly efficient in nature (i.e transmission line). But when we try to add one or more number of generator to the existing transmission network then system suffers from large number of problems such as reduction in power , voltage dip, interruption , over voltage etc which can cause ill effect to the power system quality. It is necessary to maintain or enhance the quality of the network in order to get efficient power flow. Adding large number of generating to the existing transmission makes it more and more complex. Hence designing of such system is really a hectic job or we have to redesign the whole system by selecting the proper filter rating, power system stabilizer etc. We can use the traditional controller also for controlling power flow of this lines but frequent tuning is again a problem. Hence to overcome from above mention problem, we can use the fast acting power electronics controllers called FACTS devices. In late 1980's ,Electric power research institute introduce the new technology called Flexible AC Transmission Technology and the controller used for controlling power flow is known as FACTS devices. Deregulated environment is again one of the major cause of making line network more and more bulky. The AC system cannot be preferable for long transmission of power because of high transmission losses but by using this technology we can able to transfer the AC power for long distance. Unified Power Flow Controller Gyugyi proposed the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) concept in 1991. The UPFC was devised for the real time control and dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems, providing multifunctional flexibility required to solve many of the problems facing the delivery industry. Within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is able to control, simultaneously or selectively, all the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line (i.e., voltage, impedance and phase angle), and this unique capability is signified by the adjective unified in its name. Alternatively, it can independently control both the real and reactive power flows in the line. The UPFC not only performs the functions of STATCOM, TCSC and phase angle regulator but also provides additional flexibility by combining some of the functions of these controllers. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) consists of two voltage sourced converters using power switches, which operates from a common DC circuit of a DC-storage capacitor. This arrangement functions as an ideal ac to ac power converter in which the real power can freely flow in either direction between the ac terminals of the two converters and each converter can independently generate (or absorb) reactive power at its own ac output terminal. The UPFC (Fig.1) is a combination of an STATCOM and an SSSC, sharing a common dc link. The UPFC can control both the active and reactive power flow in the line. It can also independently provide controllable shunt reactive compensation. In other words, the UPFC can provide simultaneous control of all the basic transmission line parameters.

Delivering Sustainable and Integrated Bus Network in a De-regulated Environment: A Comparative Study of a Higher Education Institute and Pharmaceutical Company

This paper provides a comparative study of two large organisations (a Higher Education Institute, the University of Hertfordshire based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire and a Pharmaceutical Company, Pfizer based in Sandwich, Kent) that proactively managed their own bus operations that led to a complete reworking of the public transport infrastructure within their respective regions with varying success. The case studies indicated that it is possible to re-craft the provision of local transport infrastructure and services on an area by an organisation (to its own benefit and/or its wider community) – but the approach has to be proactive and work in wider partnership with other organisations and wider community.

Load Forecasting For Weekend Load Using ANN Technique in Deregulated Environment

In this paper, artificial neural network technique is implemented to predict weekend load. The performance of methodology is compared with the actual data received from a power station operating in northern region of India. This technique accurately forecast the hourly load for weekend days. Results obtained from training and testing of neural network confirms the validity of proposed methodology. In this approach demand sensitivity due to change in some weather variables such as temperature and humidity is also considered. The accuracy of proposed method is given in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, (ANN), Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA), Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF).

Preemptive Goal Formulation for the Multi-Objective Generation and Transmission Planning Model in a Deregulated Environment

Preemptive Goal Formulation for the Multi-Objective Generation and Transmission Planning Model in a Deregulated Environment

Market-Based Demand Response Scheduling in a Deregulated Environment

In this paper we investigate efficient schemes for scheduling demand response (DR) in a deregulated environment. We begin with an analysis of partial schemes which are being implemented in many established markets. These schemes can be considered inefficient due to externalities that occur amongst DR beneficiaries including the transmission network company (Transco), distribution network companies (Discos), and retail electricity companies (Recos). This limitation of existing schemes motivates the development of a new concept-demand response exchange (DRX)-a separated market for trading DR fairly and flexibly across all beneficiaries. The DRX concept is realized by introducing a pool-based market clearing scheme. Extensive simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our DRX proposal.

A simple Approach for Optimal Generation Scheduling to Maximize GENCOs Profit using PPD table and ABC algorithm Under Deregulated environment

A simple Approach for Optimal Generation Scheduling to Maximize GENCOs Profit using PPD table and ABC algorithm Under Deregulated environment

Load-Frequency Control in a Deregulated Environment Based on Reinforcement Learning

In practice, load-frequency control (LFC) systems use proportional-integral (PI) controllers that are designed using a linear model. These controllers are incapable to gain good dynamical performance for a wide range of operating conditions especially in deregulated environments. Also the order of robust controllers is as high as the plant. This gives rise to complex structure of such controllers and there is some reluctancy in industry toward the use of high-order and complex controllers. In this paper, a simple intelligent approach based on reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed for the LFC problem in deregulated environments. This method does not depend on any knowledge of the system and it admits considerable flexibility in defining the control objectives. The new intelligent solution performance has been compared with a powerful robust ILMIbased controller. The resulting controller is shown to minimize the effect of disturbances for a wide range of load changes in the presence of system nonlinearities and has good ability to track the contracted and non-contracted demands. KeywordsLoad Frequency Control; Deregulated Environment; Reinforcement Learning

The emergence of world-class companies in Chile: Analysis of cases and a framework to assess integration decisions

This study discusses important corporate strategy decisions made by some of the most prosperous companies in Chile within an environment of deregulation and openness to international trade. The study uses a case analysis and develops a basic framework that facilitates the understanding of some of those decisions. The findings contradict, in part, the view that liberalization might favor an entrepreneurial focus and might promote the emergence of intermediaries. The cases in this study show that, despite being in an environment of deregulation and openness, these companies have become world-class through the integration of their business activities.

Enhancement of ATC by Optimal Allocation of TCSC and SVC by Using Genetic Algorithm

This paper proposes Improving of ATC is an important issue in the current de-regulated environment of power systems. The Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of a transmission network is the unutilized transfer capabilities of a transmission network for the transfer of power for further commercial activity, over and above already committed usage. Power transactions between a specific seller bus/area and a buyer bus/area can be committed only when sufficient ATC is available. Transmission system operators (TSOs) are encouraged to use the existing facilities more effectively to enhance the ATC margin. Heavily loaded circuits and buses with relatively low voltages can limit ATC usually. It is well known that FACTS technology can control voltage magnitude, phase angle and circuit reactance. Using these devices may redistribute the load flow, regulating bus voltages. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the impact of FACTS controllers on the ATC. In this thesis focuses on the evaluation of the impact of TCSC and SVC as FACTS devices on ATC and its enhancement during with and without line outage cases. In a competitive (deregulated) power market, optimal the location of these devices and their control can significantly affect the operation of the system and will be very important for ISO.

The Slack Mechanisms in the Regulated Vs De-Regulated Environment: The Empirical Study from Indonesian Manufacturing Business Units

This study examines the impact of regulatory environment on the slack mechanisms of business units in Indonesia. The slack mechanisms of this study, specifically is conducted by testing the impacts of competitive forces and diversification on the use of accounting performance measures and financial and budgetary slack. Furthermore, this study then examines whether the impact of regulatory environment in which the company operates may affect those mechanisms. Multi-level structural equation modeling is used to test 122 firm-specific responses from manufacturing industry. The results indicate that the regulation affect the impact of competitive forces, diversification and use of accounting numbers for performance evaluation on the financial and budgetary slack.

Available Transfer Capability Determination Incorporating Reactive Power Flows and Network Uncertainties under a Deregulated Environment

As deregulation unfolds and privatization of the power sector takes shape, a host of new technical challenges is generated to market participants and power system researchers. One of the key concepts is to quantify the remaining transfer capability in the supply system for further transactions, which is termed “available transfer capability.” Generally, in available transfer capability determination using linear sensitivity factors, such as power transfer distribution factors, the effect of reactive power flow in lines is neglected. This leads to a number of potential errors in available transfer capability calculation, and accuracy is very much affected. The main contribution of this article is to describe a simple, fast, and non-iterative method that incorporates the effect of reactive power flow directly in available transfer capability determination. A new set of distribution factors, namely the apparent power transfer distribution factor for base-case operation and the line outage apparent power transfer distribution factor for contingency-case operation, has been introduced. Since the capability of a system is highly affected by network uncertainties, single-area available transfer capability and multi-area available transfer capability are estimated for the system uncertainties using the above factors. The validity of the proposed method has been tested on IEEE 30-bus system and a practical Indian utility 69-bus system. The accuracy of the proposed method is analyzed by comparing with Newton–Raphson load flow program results.