Deradicalization Programs Research Articles

Treatment procedures for ideology-based terrorist offenders in Indonesia

Studies on terrorism have increased dramatically since the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. However, the ways in which terrorist offenders’ rehabilitation should be constructed needs to be examined systematically, regardless of whether the approach used to look at terrorism is clinical or non-clinical. This research was carried out to identify treatment procedures for terrorist offenders based on first-hand experience of terrorism rehabilitators by applying qualitative design. The study involved interviews with terrorist rehabilitators in Indonesia who had been involved in treatment for ideology-based terrorist offenders in Indonesia in a variety of counseling and deradicalization programs. The findings show that the participants mention the presence of modifiable and unmodifiable domains of terrorist offenders. They believe that the domain of terrorism Motivation is likely modifiable, whereas Ideology is more challenging or takes longer to modify, while Capability is unlikely to be modified. The findings also demonstrate that there are nineteen steps for treating modifiable domains and seventeen steps for addressing unmodifiable domains of offenders. The results of this study may provide insights on treatment for offenders with different specifications related to motives, doctrines, attitudes, roles in ideological groups, militancy, and capabilities.

The Religious Leaders' View on Deradicalization Efforts through the Islamic Educational Institutions and Anti-Terrorism Law in Yogyakarta

The government continues to carry out various de-radicalization efforts in responding to the phenomenon of terrorism and acts of religious-based extremism that have occurred in Indonesia in the last two decades. One of the deradicalization efforts is carried out through the application of the anti-terrorism law, although many parties are still debating the effectiveness of its enforcement. On the other hand, efforts to deradicalize the government through Islamic educational institutions need to be continued because this aspect is considered the most likely to moderate the understanding of the younger generation of Muslims. This study uses a qualitative approach, with a case study method that examines the views of religious leaders (lecturers and activist of Islamic religious organizations) on the role of Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia in the process of deradicalization and counter-terrorism. Clearly, this study reveals the need for the involvement of Islamic educational institutions in encouraging religious deradicalization programs, particularly on several aspects such as character building, moderate meaning of Islamic doctrine, understanding of the diversity of Islamic history and Fiqh, creation of comparative thought narratives, and taking appropriate action initiatives. good. Thus, this research concludes that the government needs to strengthen efforts to deradicalize through Islamic educational institutions and evaluate the effectiveness of implementing anti-terrorism laws.

COLLABORATION STRATEGY IN THE PENTA-HELIX CONCEPT: DERADICALIZATION PROGRAM FOR TERRORIST SEPARATISM GROUPS IN PAPUA

On 29 April, 2021, The Indonesian Government declared the Armed Criminal Group (KKB) as a Separatism Terrorist Group (KST), in response to the casualties, both from the military and civilian parties. In particular, the death of the Kabinda of Papua and Bharada Komang was a catalyst for this announcement as previous conflict resolution steps failed to address the ongoing conflict in Papua. The increased risk of terrorism in the Papuan region is driven by the lack of research into focused deradicalization programs. In this article, the author seeks to address how a targeted deradicalization program is an appropriate conflict approach to this situation. This paper proposes the Penta-Helix concept as a suitable program, which seeks to facilitate the specific needs for deradicalisation in this region. The Penta-Helix concept is based on five factors: the history of separatism in Papua, the traditions of the Papuan people, the variance between religious and secular radicalism, the concept of deradicalisation and disengagement, and the TNI-Polri Operasi Penggalangan and the current deradicalization program in Indonesia. The collaboration and cooperation of the Pentahelix concept’s five factors, in the form of representative actors, are essential in the development and implementation of three stages of the proposed deradicalization program: identification, psychological adjustment, and aftercare. Finally, this paper outlines eight recommendations, called the “Optimization Strategy for the Deradicalization Program”, which intend to be applied for sustainable deradicalisation of Papuan terrorism separatists.

Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT) dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata (KKB) sebagai Kejahatan Terorisme (Studi di Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme)

This riset discusses the role of the National Agency for Combating Terrorism, especially in the effort to overcome the Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua as a crime of terrorism. Terrorist activities in Indonesia have threatened and claimed many victims. One of the actions carried out by the KKB in Papua. At first, this group labeled themselves as the Free Papua Organization. The OPM is a separatist group whose goal is to separate themselves from the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian government has agreed to categorize the KKB in Papua as a terrorism group based on Law Number 15 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. So far, KKB has only been categorized as a criminal group, where the way it is handled is different from that of a terrorist group. The purpose of this study was to determine the countermeasures carried out by BNPT in dealing with KKB in Papua as a crime of terrorism and also to find out the obstacles faced by BNPT in efforts to overcome KKB as a crime of terrorism. The type of research in this thesis is using empirical legal research or also known as juridical-sociological legal research. This study uses empirical facts taken from human behavior, both verbal behavior obtained from interviews and real ones through direct observation. The results of this thesis research are, BNPT in an effort to overcome KKB as a crime of terrorism has two approaches, namely a soft approach and a hard approach. In terms of the soft approach, BNPT has 3 programs in its implementation, namely the deradicalization program, counter radicalization, and also national preparedness. After that the hard approach.

The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Combating Religious based Radicalism in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Collaboration Governance

The Indonesian government's deradicalization program, which was developed and implemented using both a complex and a gentle approach, was not optimal. The government requires mass organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah's involvement in overcoming radicalism through collaborative governance. The purpose of this study is to define the roles of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah and to analyze their positions from the perspective of collective governance. This qualitative research drew on two distinct types of data sources: primary and secondary. By collecting these types of data, we became the primary instruments in this study. The data were then analyzed using content analysis techniques to arrive at the following conclusion: 1) As members of civil society, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah are critical in preventing radicalism because they comprehend Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah, the code of conduct that all of Islam's adherents adhere to in order to demonstrate Islam's peaceful face. Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah also use their organizational structure, movement, and responsiveness to various issues to combat radicalism. Additionally, the educational network of Islamic boarding schools, regular schools, madrasas, and universities under two has developed into a breeding ground for the moderate Islamic generation; 2) Although Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah have participated in various government-sponsored programs, this has not yet been classified as government collaboration.

Konsep dan Implementasi Moderasi Beragama dalam Hukum Positif di Indonesia

The Indonesian nation has the motto bhineka tunggal ika, different but still one, a country that has religious diversity, ethnicity, skin color, and language. With the uniqueness and specialty of the Indonesian nation as plural and sovereign nation, the value of the unity of the Republic of Indonesia, must be instilled in every citizen. To maintain harmonization against existing differences, especially religious differences, it must be planted with moderate attitudes. As a country with a Muslim-majority population, tolerance must be forward so that there is no action that leads to the division of the nation. With the expectation of cases of violence that in the name of religion must immediately get attention and the concept of religious moderation is expected to be the right solution. Moderation of Beragama does not make weak in religion and the practice of religion, because religious moderation remains guided by the Qur'an and hadith, as well as recognized schools. in Indonesia. As a legal country, Indonesia has an obligation to maintain the unity of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) state, through positive law in Indonesia. In religious moderation, believers should not extremely practice religious teachings but must always find common ground. One of the principles of religious moderation is to find common ground by embracing and protecting extreme groups, happiness, and positive laws in the world. Indonesia adopts the principle of moderation through the concept of deradicalization because basically terrorism originated from radicalization, so the deradicalization program is an effort to fight terrorism effectively. As stipulated in law No. 5 of 2018 on combating terrorism crimes, to neutralize radical understanding through the concept of deradicalization.

Unique solutions of the French Republic in the fight against terrorism and radicalisation

Experience and solutions of the French Republic, where anti-terrorist structures are constantly developed, should be a signpost for other countries. Creation of unique deradicalization programs and conducting a policy of responding to cases of extremism are actions that can be implemented in Poland. In addition, the use of social media to combat terrorist content and to provide information about threats shows the innovative use of the Internet. It is also worth noting the involvement of French municipal guards and medical services in the process of responding to terrorism, as well as highlighting the role of NGOs working to support victims. Decades of France’s struggle with different types of terrorism have meant that methods that would be effective in countering radicalisation and threats have been improved and reviewed over the years. In the author’s opinion, it would be advisable to take advantage of the French experience and implement at least some of the solutions in Poland.

Tren Baru Program Deradikalisasi Di Lingkungan Organisasi Pemuda Muslim Indonesia

The deradicalization program is one of the solutions as a new trend to tackle the problem of radicalism in Indonesian youth, especially among Muslim youth organizations. Therefore, this deradicalization program is intensively carried out as a form of counter-terrorism action. This paper aims to explain the deradicalization trend carried out by Muslim youth organizations, namely the Nahdlatul Ulama Student Association (IPNU) and the Muhammadiyah Student Association (IPM) in Malang City. Interviews, observations, and data analysis carried out resulted in the findings that the Deradicalization program was contained in several forms of activities. In the IPNU environment, there are 3 activities, namely formal cadre activities in the form of Makesta and Lakmud, then non-formal cadre activities, namely in the form of discussions and literacy, then routine classic book studies and eventual activities in the form of tahlil, sholawat dhiba 'and khatmil Quran. While in the IPM environment there are literacy discussions which are held regularly once a week, Darul Arqam activities are held in the month of Ramadan, and incidental activities in the form of recitations which are held 2 times a week.

Analisis Kestabilan pada Model Matematika Deradikalisasi

Radicalization is a process by which individuals adopt political, social, and religious ideologies that lead to violence. Violent behavior in the radicalization process is the reason that radicalism is considered the cause of acts of terrorism. Therefore, to reduce this radicalization process, a deradicalization program is carried out. Deradicalization is an attempt to persuade adherents of radicalism to leave this notion. In order to determine the level of spread of radicalization, a mathematical model of deradicalization was made. The model consists of four compartments, namely, Susceptible, Extrimist, Recruiters, and Treatment. The model is analyzed by determining the equilibrium point and determining the base reproduction number ( ℜ0). If ℜ0<1 then the system will be locally asymptotically stable, and if ℜ0>1 then the system will be unstable. The simulation is carried out with the data that has been obtained, with the individual displacement parameters from the Extrimist compartment to the Treatment compartment with a value of 0.05 and the individual displacement from the Recruiters compartment to the Treatment compartment with a value of 0.165, simulation results show a graph that is stable to the point of endemic equilibrium. Meanwhile, if the value of individual displacement from the Extrimist and Recruiters compartments to the Treatment compartment is 0.5, the simulation results show that the graph gradually goes to zero.

Deradicalization Through the Encouragement of Pancasila Values Education: Challenges for Indonesia and the International Community

Deradicalisation is every effort to neutralize radical ideals through interdisciplinary approaches, such as law, psychology, religion, economics, education, humanity and socio-culture for those who are influenced or exposed to radical and / or pro-violence. Implementation of Deradicalization Program (Development) can be done through Deradicalization in Prisons with the Target of terrorism prisoners who are in prison by identifying, Rehabilitation, Reeducation and Resosialisation. Deradicalisation has a goal, among other things, to restore the actors involved who have a radical understanding to return to a more moderate mindset. Deradicalisation of terrorism is very important because terrorism has become a serious problem for the international community because at any time it will endanger the national security for the country hence deradicalization program is needed as a formula of prevention and prevention of radical understanding like terrorism.

Tinjauan Sejarah atas Peran Organisasi Kemasyarakatan Islam pada Pembangunan Indonesia

This article aims to describe the role of Islamic community organizations in Indonesia's development. The method used in this paper is descriptive analysis. The discussion results show that Islamic organizations played a role in the struggle for independence in the cases of the Nahdlatul Ulama Jihad Resolution and the Muhammadiyah Jihad Mandate. The role of post-independence until now has been Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic Boarding School Education and Muhammadiyah Formal Education. Islamic organizations need to play an active role in Indonesia's development in terms of its role as a liaison between people's aspirations and the government. Also that Islamic organizations must increase their role in deradicalization programs to prevent terrorist acts and radicalism.

Bring back Terrorist into the Society: How Indonesia Deradicalize the Terrorist

Southeast Asia is home to one-third of the largest Muslim population in the world. About 87% of Indonesia's population is Muslim, making it the majority religion in Indonesia. In Indonesia Terrorism is a threat that everyone knows that the form of crime is very dangerous, not only in Indonesia but also in different countries. As an example of the Bali Bombing case in 2002 has become the most important lesson for Indonesia, not only concerning the investigation and investigation of terrorism cases, but also how the de-radicalization effort becomes an important part in fighting terrorism. Entering the reform era, radical ideology has more free space to threaten national security. The problem at this time is that the synergy between TNI-Polri-Sipil is still often troubled, whether it is directly related to operations or not. Preventing terrorism is more meaningful, compared to the ability to arrest terrorists who have carried out bombings that killed tens or hundreds of people. Then, anyone who needs to be involved in a de-radicalization program to prevent the loss of lives and wounds that are in vain.

Deradicalization of Islamists: Theoretical approaches (historiographical aspect)

The article is an analysis of academic approaches to the problem of deradicalization of Islamists. Over the past 20 years, programs for the deradicalization of Islamists have been operating in many countries of the world. From the second half of the 2010s, there is an actualization of the problem of deradicalization of Islamists in Russia, where the experience of foreign countries and various strategies and practices of deradicalization began to be critically received. The author notes that all deradicalization programs are structurally similar and consist of various blocks - religious, educational, psychological, social rehabilitation. Great importance in the de-radicalization programs is given to religious dialogue with Ulama, Imams and religious authorities. The final part of the programs is the return of the participants to their community and family. The programs are aimed at changing not only the behavior of the program participant, namely his refusal to use violence in the implementation of political goals, but also at changing their key attitudes and values. The author pays special attention to the problems of definitions “deradicalization” and “disengagement”. Disengagement refers to a change in the radical Islamist’s behavior, renunciation of the use of violence, exit (usually, but not always) from an extremist organization, while the persons can continue to adhere to their beliefs and radical worldview. Deradicalization is the process by which an Islamist renounces not only the use of violence, but also an extremist ideology, leaves an extremist group and adopts a new value system that rejects violence as a way to achieve political goals. The historiographic analysis of the literature allowed the author to identify recommendations that are important in the implementation of programs and current practices of deradicalization.

Counterterrorism, Civil Society Organisations and Peacebuilding: The Role of Non-State Actors in Deradicalisation in Bima, Indonesia

Indonesia’s ongoing battle against terrorism has made deradicalisation programmes a major focus of the government. The National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) has primary responsibility for persuading terrorists to desist from, if not reject, violence as part of their Islamic struggle, but its ability to deal directly with terrorists and other radicalised communities is hampered by the depth of distrust and animosity that these communities feel towards the state and its security services. As a result, BNPT has partnered with Muslim civil society organisations (CSOs) in running anti-terrorism programmes for jihadists. Indonesia’s dominant Islamic organisations, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, have been in the vanguard of state-CSO counter-terrorism cooperation. Eastern Indonesia has experienced persistent terrorist activity over the past two decades, including many fatal attacks on police. This article takes as a case study CSO initiatives in the West Nusa Tenggara city of Bima, with particular attention given to Ustadz Gunawan, a pivotal figure in local jihadist circles who, in 2019, renounced violence and became a proponent of peaceful jihad. This article examines the history of extremist jihadism in Bima and the counter-radicalisation efforts of CSOs and state institutions. We argue that three key factors—personal relations between jihadists and CSO leaders, family pressure and generous material incentives from state agencies—have created space for peace promotion in communities that previously condoned, if not supported, jihadist bellicosity.

De-radicalization Programs in Muslim Countries: A Critical Analysis

This research critically analyzes the De-radicalization program in Muslim countries. Muslims have faced extremism and terrorism in many forms due to religious intolerance, economic crisis, and hatred. Some of the Muslim countries have launched de-radicalization programs to neutralize the views of extremism and to maintain peace in society. The study critically analyzes the steps taken by Muslim states to de-radicalize that including the process of De-radicalization, disengagement,rehabilitation, and reintegration. This study also offers the possible steps that can be taken to eliminate radicalization. This study also highlights the need for more de-radicalization programs to maintain peace and prosperity all around. The countries that have been studied in this research are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. Their process of de-radicalization, along with the help of the government and private sector, is critically analyzed

Counter Narrative on Extremism and Terrorism in Islamic Perspective and Role of Muslim Thinkers in Establishment of Peace: Analytic Study of Pakistan’s Efforts to combat violent Extremism

Islam is the true religion of peace, reconciliation, and harmony, which primarily deals with the sanctity of human beings without discrimination of religion, creed, and ethnic group. The subject of Divine Commandments is humanity which can be derived from the address of Allah almighty in the Holy Quran "O people' 'The Holy Prophet Muhammad SAWW said, "The best among people who is the source of benefit for the whole humanity". Pakistan has been facing the challenge of extremists and terrorism since 9/11 and has sacrificed thousands of lives in the war on terror. Despite greater securitization, surveillance, examining, and numerous counterterrorism measures, the problem appears to worsen rather than improve. While there may be success stories of terror plans being stopped and radicals being funneled into De-radicalization programs, the tragic reality is that innumerable young people continue to be exposed to extremist propaganda, mainly through social media. In this paper, I have elaborated Islamic perspective on counterterrorism with the help of divine commandments and a rational approach that Universalism and moderation are what Islam stands for. It is a religion of peace, protection, and human rights; there is no room for oppression and injustice in Islam. In the second phase of a research paper, I have analyzed the academic contributions of Muslim Thinkers to encounter extremism and terrorism. I have also highlighted the narrative of the Paigham-I-Pakistan joint declaration of scholars of various schools of thought to create harmony and peace in the country.

«Дерадикализация политического ислама как насущная задача современного цивилизационного развития: мировой и российский опыт». Круглый стол в Институте Африки РАН

“Deradicalization of political Islam as an urgent task of modern civilizational development: global and Russian practices” roundtable discussion was based on theoretical and field studies devoted to the analysis of programs of deradicalization of Islamism in different countries. The urgency of this issue is due to the threat of an increase in radical sentiments in the world, as well as the obvious futility of practicing only a coercive approach in combating the threats of violent extremism motivated by religion. In this regard, finding a common strategy for deradicalization of former members of extremist groups is a pressing matter. The presented reports raise prob-lems related to the lack of elaboration of deradicalization programs and the need to adapt them to the changing socio-economic and political conditions. The question of critical re-evaluation of deradicalization programs for Russia and their implementation was discussed. The need to de-velop a common terminological apparatus and the importance of a versatile approach to the is-sue of deradicalization was also noted.

THE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS ON RELIGIOUS DERADICALIZATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA ROLES

Tackling religious radicalism is a challenge in Indonesia. This study aims to explore the perceptions of Islamic scholars in Yogyakarta regarding the deradicalization of religion and the role of social media in religious deradicalization. This research uses a case study method which is part of qualitative research. Researchers collected data by conducting in-depth interviews via offline or online interviews via the Zoom application. Participants consisted of 16 male and female Islamic scholars coming from various backgrounds of Islamic organizations, such as Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Indonesian Islamic Da’wah Institute, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, and the Qur’an Tafsir Council. The location of this research is Yogyakarta Special Region. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. This study of religious deradicalization found four major themes, namely strengthening awareness of being Indonesian, prioritizing an inclusive approach as a soft approach in fighting radicalism, promoting a deep understanding of Islam, and utilizing social media. This research can contribute to the government, religious leaders, educational institutions, and BNPT (National Counter-Terrorism Agency) where religious deradicalization programs need to be focused on a soft approach, involving the use of social media, targeting blind spot areas such as study programs of medical, engineering, and pharmacy at universities and ensuring mosques uncontrolled by radical groups.

“He Could Be Dangerous”: Orientalism, Deradicalization, and the Representation of Refugee Muslim Boxers in TSN’s Radical Play

In April 2016, TSN (The Sports Network), one of Canada’s most prominent broadcasting stations, aired a documentary miniseries,Radical Play, that describes how European organizations are “harnessing sport to prevent isolated Muslim youth from joining extremist groups.” The documentary focuses on Younes, a 17-year-old refugee in Hamburg, Germany, who has been recruited to participate in a deradicalization program run through a local boxing gym. This article offers a contextualized reading ofRadical Playthat explores how the problem of radicalization is constructed in the Canadian context, how sport is positioned in relation to deradicalization projects, and how deeply held beliefs about Muslim boys and men are communicated to Canadians through sporting discourses.

DERADICALIZATION PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

The deradicalization program arises because of the Indonesian government's anxiety or concern about the increasing number of understandings of radicalism and acts of terrorism that occur during society. The government chose to use a soft approach in the deradicalization program because they believed it could effectively rehabilitate former terrorist groups and their families from a radical mindset. The government hopes to live a peaceful life with the people in their neighborhood and will not repeat the acts of terror they have previously committed or become agents of radicalism. This study uses a qualitative method. The qualitative method will end in relevant conclusions, especially in the social and political fields, because of their complexity. The results of this study Efficient rehabilitation requires individual evaluation, systematic planning, and effectiveness benchmarks that we can look at in the preparation, implementation, and follow-up steps. The participation of convicts and facilitators, the availability of training methods and materials, and evaluation of the success of rehabilitation are part of the rehabilitation method.