Deradicalization Programs Research Articles

Inclusive Education for the Deradicalization of Children Involved in Terrorism in Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution

This paper focuses on the formulation of inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism in Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. The institution is in charge of implementing the deradicalization programs for children involved in terrorism. However, research found that the deradicalization program for children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution has yet succeeded in reforming the children to be law-abiding citizens. This study aims to formulate an inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. This study is a qualitative study conducted at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. Research data was obtained through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and literature reviews. The findings show that Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution implements non-formal education as a rehabilitation program for children involved in terrorism. The current non-formal education does not fully accommodate all the expected goals based on the outcome chain formulation within the framework of program theory. Adaptation and integration of non-formal education with other development programs is needed to support resistance to achieve correctional goals.

Deradicalization Programs in Indonesia: Perspectives of Former Terrorist Convicts

Deradicalization Programs in Indonesia: Perspectives of Former Terrorist Convicts

Terrorist Attacks in Indonesia : Does Terrorism Work?

This article aims to conduct an analytical examination of the terrorist attacks in Indonesia to assess the success of terrorism. The analysis uses a framework to evaluate the success and inherent advantages from a tactical, organizational, and strategic perspective. Notable cases analyzed include the Bali Bombings in 2002 and 2005; the Australia Embassy Bombing in 2004; the Jakarta Marriot and Ritz-Carlton Bombings in 2009; and the Jakarta assaults in 2016. These instances were selected based on their substantial influence on Indonesian culture and their portrayal of various terrorist strategies and goals. The implication indicates that although certain tactical objectives may be accomplished, there are typically restrictions on achieving strategic and organizational aims. This study explains tactical successes implied by immediate casualties and economic disruption. The study gives some recommendations to enhance intelligence efforts in counterterrorism, cooperation and collaboration with international efforts, and improving the deradicalization program. This insight can be used by policymakers and law enforcers who work with counter-terrorism efforts to make the efforts in Indonesia more effective.

Dynamics Of Legal Policy On Radicalization And Deradicalization Of Terrorism Prisoners

The deradicalization program for terrorism prisoners is a crucial initiative in an effort to reduce the threat of terrorism in Indonesia. In this context, Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism is the legal basis that regulates various strategic aspects of this effort. This study aims to analyze the implementation and challenges in the deradicalization program of terrorism prisoners, focusing on the political aspects of law and its relevance in the international context. The research method used is a literature study to collect data and information related to the implementation of the deradicalization program, as well as policy analysis related to Law No. 22 of 2022. The results show that the deradicalization program of terrorism prisoners in Indonesia faces a number of challenges, including policy consistency, political consensus, and human rights protection. Nonetheless, successful international implementation offers views and best practices that can be applied to strengthen Indonesia's capacity to deal with the threat of terrorism. The conclusion of this study highlights the importance of multilateral cooperation, community-based inclusive approach, and human rights protection in the implementation of deradicalization programs. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the government strengthen international cooperation, improve related policies and regulations, improve education and training, and promote the values of moderation and tolerance as part of a sustainable strategy to address the threat of terrorism in Indonesia.

Nahdlatul Ulama dan Program Moderasi Beragama

Abstract: Religious moderation as a religious deradicalization program formulated by the Ministry of Religion, in the public domain, has raised concerns from several parties that it will become a practice of power and domination. Starting from this, this article attempts to examine the central role of Nahdlatul Ulama in the construction of official discourse on the religious moderation program. After reading two documents, the book Religious Moderation and the Roadmap for Strengthening Religious Moderation, this article concludes that the strategic position of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) cadres in the Ministry of Religion is a quite logical reason why the principles that NU always promotes become key terms in the construction of official discourse on religious moderation programs.

RELIGION AND VIOLENCE: TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL ISSUE

This research aims to explore the phenomenon of terrorism and radicalism, as well as the factors underlying their spread. Using a qualitative approach, this research involved in-depth interviews with former members of terrorist groups, security practitioners, academics, and government officials. Ethnographic studies and content analyses of documents, social media, and propaganda materials were also conducted to understand the internal dynamics and communication strategies of terrorist groups. The results show that terrorist groups utilise social media and digital platforms to spread radical ideology and recruit new members through narratives that manipulate political, economic, and social issues. Preventing terrorism requires a comprehensive approach that involves international cooperation, education that emphasises human values and tolerance, and equitable economic development. Effective de-radicalisation programmes are also essential to help individuals affected by radical ideologies return to society. This research makes an important contribution in developing more effective prevention and counterterrorism strategies, by understanding the factors that drive terrorism and radicalism and identifying comprehensive prevention measures.

Mapping Transformation: Lessons Learned from Poso District's Post-Conflict Deradicalization

The Post-Conflict Poso Deradicalization Program was launched after a series of conflicts between religious groups in Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, have been ongoing since 1998. The main objective of this program is to alleviate tensions among these groups and promote peace and reconciliation in the region. In this context, the perspective of communication science plays a crucial role in bridging the perceptual gaps that exist between the community and the Poso government. Through this research, the researcher describes and analyzes the communication network structure and the roles of actors in seeking information about the deradicalization program. This communication network research adopts a descriptive approach. Primary data was collected through interviews with actors involved in the deradicalization program. The data was then coded based on the frequency of communication among the actors. The processing and visualization of the communication network were conducted using UCINET.The research finds that the formed communication networks indicate a relatively optimal level of communication, especially among the implementing groups and participants of the deradicalization program. In the post-conflict Poso deradicalization program, both Islamic and Christian sides have influential figures who can serve as role models for the community in eradicating the seeds of conflict that can always resurface.

Bonding, Bridging and Linking: Involvement of Former Convicts in the Management of Terrorism Countermeasures Strategies

This research aims to analyze how former convicts can contribute to the strategic management of countering criminal acts of terrorism. This research uses the concepts of bonding, bridging, and linking as dimensions of social capital offered by Robert Putnam (2020). Data processing was carried out using in-depth interviews supported by observations of the convict development program. This research shows that former convicts can create a sense of togetherness and group identity, understand alternative narratives in religion and society, and build positive relations with the state as an organization among other convicts. From this research, it is concluded that the involvement of former convicts in the deradicalization program has a positive impact, so its implementation needs to be mainstreamed in implementing the deradicalization program.

The Role of Political Leadership in Countering Violent Extremism in Pakistan from 2001 to 2022

Pakistan has been facing internal security threats from extremism, terrorism, and militancy for several decades. These challenges have led to a struggle against different extremist groups, which has severely affected the country's internal security, stability, and progress. These profoundly entrenched phenomena have led individuals and groups to embrace extremist ideologies, undermining the nation's efforts toward stability and progress. The purpose of the study is to recognize the multifaceted nature of extremism and the hard and soft approaches by the government to counter the spread of extremist narratives and ideologies. This research explores the shift from a military approach to soft measures, including deradicalization programs, counter-narrative campaigns, educational reforms, and community-based initiatives. Through extensive secondary data collection and analysis, the impact of Pakistan's soft strategy on different target groups, such as youth, former militants, and vulnerable communities, was examined. The study revealed how drivers like political, social, and religious have been associated with violent extremism and how different extremist groups use these factors as a yardstick to get involved in violence. The analyses provide the basis for a common framework for resisting extremist ideology. It revealed that critical stakeholders, including religious leaders, civil society organizations, and educational institutions, are critical in promoting counter-narratives and fostering an environment of tolerance and moderation. By drawing insights from successful international practices and models, the study provided recommendations for strengthening Pakistan's strategy in countering extremism through community resilience, capacity building initiatives, and a comprehensive national action plan for a coordinated and sustainable approach.

Exploring the Shifting Understanding of Jihad Among Former Terrorists in their Journey Towards Disengagement: Transforming the Sword

Purpose: This article explores the transformation of former terrorists' understanding of jihad verses to promote non-violence and disengagement. Method: The research uses a qualitative, narrative-phenomenological approach to analyze this shift. Data collection techniques with interviews (in deph interview), observation, and documentation. The depth of the data was obtained by searching for additional informants with snowball sampling techniques.Conventional content analysis techniques for open coding in this study. Open coding is obtained from the narration of informants. Result: The findings indicate a change in perception among former terrorists, but it does not completely eliminate their desire for holy war. Instead, they now view global jihad as defensive rather than offensive, and the law of jihad has shifted from an individual to a collective obligation. Former terrorists have replaced acts of terror with peaceful, humanistic actions. This transformation occurs during the process of indoctrination and later reflection on their perceived jihad actions. The informants' reflections are influenced by holistic interpretations of jihad verses, considering the impact of terror acts and social interactions with outgroups, family, and humanity. Ultimately, the research recommends a contextual examination of jihad verses to form the basis of deradicalization programs. Providing ongoing support to former terrorists during their reflection is crucial. Conclusion: Based on previous discussions, it can be concluded that a shift in understanding the meaning of jihadi verses occurred in all informants in this study. The shift in understanding of global jihad to defensive jihad; the law of jihad from fard 'ain (individual obligation) to the law of fard kifayah (collective obligation); jihad with acts of terror to jihad with peaceful and humanist action. This shift in understanding occurs in two stages, namely when the process of indoctrination of terror and when they reflect on actions that have been believed to be jihad.

Self-compassion as a factor in the deradicalisation of extremist offenders

The present study investigates the role of self-compassion in generating change amongst violent extremists through a study of terrorist prisoners in Indonesia. The aim is to provide insights into the under-explored role of self-transformation and agency in the deradicalisation process by applying Neff’s concept of self-compassion, which comprises psychological processes of self-kindness, perceptions of common humanity, and mindfulness. The study draws on qualitative data derived from interviews with three terrorist inmates incarcerated in Porong Prison, Indonesia. All three participants were at the time of the interview participating in a deradicalisation program implemented in the prison. Interview data indicate that the components of self-compassion play a role in self-change reported by terrorist inmates. This included the expression of remorse, seeking God's forgiveness, the acceptance of consequences and human frailty, and the ability to not linger or fixate on negative thoughts and past decisions and actions. The results of this study indicate that self-compassion is a potentially important element in the deradicalisation process, and that the development of self-compassion is an additional method by which interventions can assist the process of desistance from violent extremism.

Inclusive-Multicultural Islamic Education for Former Terrorist Convicts

An extreme understanding of terrorists departs from the construction of inaccurate knowledge of the Al-Qur'an and Al-Hadith, thus showing Islam's scary and intolerant face. This fact is a severe note to the world of Islamic education, which is accused of contributing to giving birth to this exclusive understanding. That is contrary to the mission of Islam, which is rahmatan lil alamin. This study aims to describe inclusive-multicultural Islamic education for ex-convicts from the theory, implementation, and implications for deradicalization programs through religious counseling. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. This approach uses observation and interview methods in digging and exploring data, which is strengthened by triangulation of sources and techniques. The results obtained from the process of implementing inclusive-multicultural Islamic education for ex-convicts: 1) forming a new understanding of previously inappropriate doctrines; 2) forming attitudes and behaviors that are more tolerant, humanist, pluralist, and multicultural in society; 3) able to adapt to the various realities of life without losing their identity; 4) more open in socializing and accepting the existing culture; 5) showing a more peaceful face of religion. It confirms that the formation of an inclusive multicultural understanding of religion has successfully managed the deradicalization program for ex-convicts' views.

Radicalism in Indonesia: Modelling and Legal Construction

Radicalism has been an important topic in countering terrorism. However, despite the deradicalization program in Indonesian Terrorism Law, the legal concept of radicalism is still unclear resulting in the uncertainty of action against the actors. This article aims to examine the model for measuring radicalism and to develop a legal concept about it. It utilizes and elaborates the criteria of intolerance, fanaticism, exclusivity, and revolutionism as the measure of the presence of radicalism. It is argued in this article that in developing a uniform concept of radicalism and guaranteeing legal certainty, it is necessary to regulate the meaning of radicalism. Therefore, the criminal act formulation model is used in formulating the legal concept of radicalism. To be declared as a radical, a person or group shall have met the elements of radicalism set out in the regulations, for example, intolerant, fanatical, exclusive, and revolutionary. Exercised through interviews or surveys, this article objectively develops a measurement of radicalism and clusters it into strongly agree, inclined to agree, tend to disagree, and strongly disagree, to unveil the level of radicalism of a certain people or a group.

Dynamics Implementation of De-Radicalism Policy to Prevent Terrorism in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Objective: This study aims to evaluate and describe the dynamics of deradicalization policies in preventing terrorism. Terrorism has caused security disturbances, and damage in many countries. Various theories and perspectives regarding de-radicalization policies have been developed in many countries to avoid acts of radicalism and terrorism. Case studies regarding de-radicalization policy initiatives in various nations must be researched in greater depth in order to find the optimal synthesis model. Theoretical framework: Radicalism and terrorism are two types of international crimes that are extremely damaging to society and the Nations (Nashir & Si, 2019). Radicalism is not the same as terrorism, But both of them are closely connected (Nashir & Si, 2019). This crime has a substantial and catastrophic impact on individuals, communities, and the state (Taskarina et al., 2022) The United Nations Session in Vienna, Austria in 2000, concluded that acts of extremism and terrorism are serious crimes that must be dealt with swiftly via international collaboration (Phelps, 2021). In different nations, the De-radicalization policy program has shown to be a successful method of reducing radical activities and terrorism. De-radicalization is accomplished by increasing understanding among perpetrators of radicals, terrorists, through socialization and education (Petrus Reinhard Golose, 2009; Safii, 2019; Sembiring, 2019) Method: This study uses a systematic literature review technique, in the field of de-radicalization policies to prevent acts of radicalism and terrorism. Our research strategy is based on the idea that a full understanding of research findings requires comparison with other research findings. The author searches the database with Scopus; PubMed (Medline); Google Scholarship; JSTOR; CONTENT Web of Science for papers. And using the following inclusion criteria: (1)articles in Indonesian and English with a full text published in open access journals, peer-reviewed, and in the last 5 (five) years of publication in 2019-2023; (2)related articles with titles and abstracts; (3)keywords: Deradicalisation; Radicalism, Terrorism; Policy Implementation; National Counter Terrorism Agency; and (4) research methods. Titles and abstracts were checked to see if the inclusion criteria were one, two, three, and four. The results are obtained based on the integration of evidence from previous studies that have been identified and analyzed through patterns, trends, or conclusions that can help strengthen understanding in the field of De-radicalization policy research. Results and Conclusions: The synthesis research show that the success rate of De-radicalization policy implementation, will depend on the design of the program on the variable content of the policy. De-radicalization must be interpreted as work that emerges after the basics of radicalism have been identified. Because every perpetrator of radicalism is different and varied, further studies are needed to produce a more comprehensive and adaptive De-radicalization module. The combination of hard tactics and soft approaches adopted by the government in dealing with radicalism and terrorism has advantages and disadvantages. In the context of the fight against terrorism and radicalism, the concept of De-radicalization must be used for the fight against "the ideology", for "counter-radicalism and/or counter-terrorism". Implications of the research: The De-radicalization policy strategy is oriented towards persuasive, proactive, and adaptive actions, as well as protecting human rights. It is carried out using the "ideological awareness" approach through education and outreach. The concept of De-radicalization must be strengthened by the government's commitment to eliminating social and economic inequality. The De-radicalization program is carried out holistically and inclusively, by involving all levels of society and cross-sectoral collaboration. Originality/value: The novelty of this research is the establishment of a theoretical model for De-radicalization programs based on a synthesis of case studies with various complexities and variables originating from different countries with different origins and different challenges. In order to provide suggestions for decision-makers that are more comprehensive, adaptable, and representative.

Deradicalization of Islamists: Theory and Practices (International and Russian Experience)

The article is based on the materials of the international scientific conference held by the Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies of the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Deradicalization of Islamists: Theory and Practices (International and Russian Experience)”. The conference was attended by both representatives of the academic circles from Russia, Kazakhstan and the United States, and practitioners, psychologists and social workers who are directly involved in the programs of deradicalization of Islamists in their countries. The conference discussed the main directions and theoretical approaches of deradicalization, as well as specific programs and practices of the deradicalization of Islamists. Special attention was paid to the possibilities of applying international experience in the Russian Federation. The conference was interdisciplinary. According to the participants of the conference, the programs adopted in different countries have their own regional specifics, but each program somehow includes work with convicts or those who are at risk: sessions with respected and authoritative religious figures and imams; work with psychologists; involvement in the process of deradicalization of the inner circle, parents, friends and family; vocational education and obtaining a profession, as well as integration into the process of peaceful life after the convicts were released after imprisonment. Deradicalization programs should be comprehensive in nature, including not only forceful methods, but also a set of measures for training, education and social rehabilitation. Despite different approaches to the main definitions of deradicalization, the participants of the discussion demonstrated unanimity in assessing the relevance of the topic and its prospects. The paper contains an introduction and the short theses of the conference participants. At the end of the work, a conclusion is given, which summarizes the main results of the conference.

The Deradicalization Program to Reduce Criminal Acts of Terrorism in Indonesia: A Mixed Method Approach

The Deradicalization Program to Reduce Criminal Acts of Terrorism in Indonesia: A Mixed Method Approach

Study Of Deradicalization And Disengagement Of Former Terrorism Convicts As An Effort To Prevent Terrorism For National Resilience

Terrorism is an issue of particular concern worldwide because of its global threat. The Indonesian government realizes that terrorism is an extraordinary event that requires special handling, hence, the appropriate countermeasure is needed. One of the ways to achieve it is by deradicalization and disengagement of former convicts in terrorism cases. This article aims to determine the role of deradicalization and disengagement methods for ex-convicts in terrorism cases as a strategy for dealing with criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia. The research method used in this study was literature research, which was then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Deradicalization programs require many approaches which depend on the individual’s characteristics in understanding the process of radicalization that occurs and is experienced by certain individuals or groups. So that by understanding the interpretation of the deradicalization polemic that is occurring, a new formulation is needed for the treatment of convict convicts. Effective methods of deradicalization and disengagement rehabilitation, continuous testing, periodic assessment, and strict supervision, carried out by the state in a comprehensive manner, can undoubtedly be a form of great support, specifically, for ex-convicts to not return and join their radical groups and leave violent ways.

Enhancing Deradicalization Preaching Through Literacy and Technology: A Training and Media Approach

This scientific article presents an innovative approach to strengthening deradicalization efforts, focusing on the role of Da'i Agents of Peace empowered by Muhammadiyah. The study's objectives encompass the cultivation of three key deradicalization programs: nurturing individual development, fostering self-reliance, and providing sustained preventive guidance. Addressing the dearth of qualified preachers adept in classical interpretive and hadith literature, the research underscores the urgency of enhancing human resources capabilities. The intervention revolves around two primary initiatives: immersive workshops elucidating polar fathul at tafsir and technology-driven hadith comprehension, alongside facilitation in crafting technology-based da'wah content. This article highlights the outcomes of these initiatives, emphasizing amplified literacy skills and heightened understanding of hadith interpretations as pivotal achievements. The implications extend to the enrichment of deradicalization strategies and the broader potential for technology-enhanced religious outreach.
 Highlight:
 
 Innovative Approach: This article introduces a novel method for enhancing deradicalization efforts, focusing on the pivotal role of Da'i Agents of Peace under Muhammadiyah's empowerment.
 Multi-Faceted Objectives: The study aims to nurture personal development, foster self-reliance, and provide continuous preventive guidance as integral components of deradicalization programs.
 Human Resources Enhancement: The research underscores the pressing need to bolster the capabilities of preachers in classical interpretive and hadith literature, advocating for improved human resources strategies.
 
 Keyword: Deradicalization, Da'i Agents of Peace, Muhammadiyah, Technology-driven Da'wah, Literacy Enhancement

The Relationship between Content of Policy and Context of Implementation towards the Deradicalization Program Mediated by Collaborative Governance: A Proposed Model

This research aimed to predict and analyze The Relationship between Content of Policy and Context of Implementation towards the Deradicalization Program Mediated by Collaborative Governance in Indonesia. This research was very significant due to the ontological level and sociological level for improving the deradicalization program. The problem was studied by conducting a quantitative research method. Data were collected through survey questionnaires to 100 prison guards in Indonesia and from related documents. Data were analyzed statistically by using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results were as follows: Content of Policy positively affected the Deradicalization Program, Context of Implementation positively affected the Deradicalization Program, Content of Policy positively affected the Collaborative Governance, Context of Implementation did not affect the Collaborative Governance, Collaborative Governance positively affected the Deradicalization Program. The Collaborative Governance mediated Content of Policy on the Deradicalization Program, the Collaborative Governance did not mediate Context of Implementation on the Deradicalization Program. This result provides a recommendation for academicians and practitioners in making a better public policy development and collaborative governance on the deradicalization program.

Deradicalizing Salafism in Amanah: A Story of a Traditionalist Muslim Leader in Poso

Deradicalization is often the story of the state’s success or the story of an influential national figure. Our story concerns a local leader and two decades of deradicalization work. Aftermath the outbreak of communal conflict, many Poso local Muslims had been radicalized and viewed jihad against the Christians as part of their holy religious duties. When vigorous law enforcement was undertaken in 2007, controversy over the government’s calling to the mujahidin groups in Tanah Runtuh to disengage from violent acts happened. Some refused the demand and left Tanah Runtuh to declare the Mujahidin Indonesia Timur, a new terrorist group, active until 2021 in the region. Many others stayed. Those who stayed have been gradually deradicalized and successfully integrated into society. Without denying the impact of the state security measure and its multiple agent deradicalization programs in Poso, I argue that the deradicalization of this group had not have been possible without the compassionate leadership of Haji Adnan Arsal. This article examines how he mobilized various factions of jihadists during the conflict and gradually contained radicalism within the Amanah after communal violence ceased.