Wound Depth Research Articles

Construction and Validation of an Image Discrimination Algorithm to Discriminate Necrosis from Wounds in Pressure Ulcers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medical care can raise diagnosis accuracy and improve its uniformity. This study developed a diagnostic imaging system for chronic wounds that can be used in medically underpopulated areas. The image identification algorithm searches for patterns and makes decisions based on information obtained from pixels rather than images. Images of 50 patients with pressure sores treated at Kobe University Hospital were examined. The algorithm determined the presence of necrosis with a significant difference (p = 3.39 × 10-5). A threshold value was created with a luminance difference of 50 for the group with necrosis of 5% or more black pixels. In the no-necrosis group with less than 5% black pixels, the threshold value was created with a brightness difference of 100. The "shallow wounds" were distributed below 100, whereas the "deep wounds" were distributed above 100. When the algorithm was applied to 24 images of 23 new cases, there was 100% agreement between the specialist and the algorithm regarding the presence of necrotic tissue and wound depth evaluation. The algorithm identifies the necrotic tissue and wound depth without requiring a large amount of data, making it suitable for application to future AI diagnosis systems for chronic wounds.

CWD2GAN: Generative Adversarial Network of Chronic Wound Depth Detection for Predicting Chronic Wound Depth

Clinically, for observing the healing of the patient’s wound, doctors need to insert a cotton swab into the deepest part of the wound to detect the depth of the wound. This measurement method will cause discomfort to the patient. Therefore, obtaining wound depth information directly from wound images is very important for doctors to understand the degree of wound healing. In this paper, we propose the generative adversarial network of chronic wound depth detection (CWD2GAN) to generate wound depth maps of four different shades of color according to the changes of the wound area in the chronic wound image. In CWD2GAN, the generator, which can generate the wound depth map, is composed of three parts: encoder, decoder, and concatenation. And, the discriminator uses the concept of cGAN. It can not only judge whether the generator produces an image but also know that this image is a depth map. In experimental results, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of CWD2GAN are 84.8%, 84.6%, 84.9%, and 86.3%, respectively. The results indicate that our proposed method can accurately generate the different depths layer in a chronic wound image, and reduce the pain caused by invasive testing for patients.

Epidemiological Investigation of Facial Soft Tissue Injury in Chinese Preschool Children.

The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric facial soft tissue injuries of Chinese preschool-aged children in Hangzhou Plastic Surgery Hospital. Medical records of preschool-aged children's facial injuries, 6 years and younger, from January 2017 to December 2019 were collected. Sex; age; time of injury; length of stay; causes of injury; location, type, length, and depth of wound; anesthesia methods; and treatment and evaluation of postoperative scars were analyzed. There were 10,862 cases (male, 6780 cases; female, 4082 cases) in the group. The ratio of male to female was 1.66:1. Mean age was 3.4 (±1.6) years; the youngest was 1 month old. The time of injury occurred frequently between 9:00 and 13:00 and 16:00 to 21:00, with the most common incident time being between 19:00 and 20:00. Collision injury was the main cause of injury (9822 [90.43%]). The most frequently injured area was the forehead (4874 [44.87%]). The main form of injury was laceration wound (9721 [89.45%]). The depth of injuries was mainly middle layer (adipose or muscular layer) (6299 [57.99%]). The length of injuries was 1.7 (±0.9) cm, ranging from 0.2 to 10.5 cm. Furthermore, 9110 cases were repaired by plastic surgeries and 1 or more antiscar measures. After 6-month to 2-year follow-up, 9 cases of animal scratch or bite, lip penetrating wound, or bumping teeth were infected and 26 cases had scar hyperplasia. The others achieved satisfactory results, and the scars were not obvious. Preschool-aged children's facial injuries have predictable patterns of occurrence, and targeted preventive measures can reduce the incidence rates. After facial injury, children should present for timely plastic surgery treatment and accept combined antiscarring measures to minimize postoperative scarring.

Algorithm of local conservative treatment of children with burns

Background. This article presents the results of using atraumatic wound dressings Branolind N and sorbing bandage Zetuvit. In research there were 10 children with superficial scalds (III degree) and parcial deep (IIIII degree) burns. Children were treated at the Burn Center of Speransky Pediatric City Hospital №9 in Moscow in June November 2021. The analysis of the conducted research testifies to the effectiveness and safety of the medical products listed above. The absence of local complications during treatment was revealed. The possibility of their simultaneous use in patients with exudating wounds has been established. Branolind N and Zetuvit bandage can be recommended for use both in a on- and outpatient cases in children with local burns. The results of treatment of children with burn injury depend on adequate diagnosis of the severity of the burn trauma, reliable determination of the depth of scald and local treatment of burn wounds. Tactics of local treatment depends on the phase of wound process, the age of the child and the presence of concomitant diseases.
 Aim. To assess the effectiveness and safety of using wound dressings ointment dressing Branolind N with Peruvian balsam and Zetuvit sorbent dressing in treatment children with burns.
 Materials and methods. Analysis of the using of Branolind N ointment dressing with Peruvian balsam and Zetuvit sorbent dressing in 10 children with burn injury was carried out. The study was completed in June November 2021. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined by the physicians participating in the study. The studies were carried out in accordance with Helsinki Declaration. The age of the patients ranged from 3 years 2 months up to 17 years 1 month. The depth of burn wounds in the studied patients was assessed according to the classification of the damage degree of European Burn Association: patients with superficial scalds (III degree) and partial deep burns (IIIII degree).
 Results. The absence of local skin complications during the application of the Branolind N ointment dressing with Peruvian balsam and Zetuvit sorbent dressing was revealed. The possibility of using. These wound dressings in patients with exuding wounds was established.
 Conclusion. The analysis of the conducted study testifies to the effectiveness and safety of the above medical products. Ointment bandage Branolind N with Peruvian balsam and sorbent bandage Zetuvit can be recommended for use both in out- and inpatients practice of treatment children with local skin burns.

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS IN CLEAN AND CLEAN CONTAMINATED WOUNDS A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background – clean wounds include those in which no infection is present; only skin microora potentially contaminate the wound. Clean contaminated wounds Include those in which a hollow viscus such as respiratory, alimentary or genitourinary tracts with indigenous bacterial ora is opened under controlled circumstances without signicant spillage of contents. This study hopes to compare surgical site infection in two types of wounds as well as most common organism causing surgical site infection. After explaining the patients regarding the study Methodologydesign, patients giving informed consent were enrolled for the study. All the patients were assessed pre-operatively by taking relevant detailed clinical history, examination and all investigations and work-up required prior to surgery. At the end of surgery, standard closure protocol was followed. Cleaning the open wound with normal saline followed by skin suturing, followed by application of spirit - normal saline - dry gauze; followed by occlusive type of dressing. Wound was opened for dressing on the 3rd post-operative day, unless there are local/systemic signs of inammation or soakage. Sterile cotton swabs will be obtained from the depth of wounds showing signs and symptoms of SSI and were sent for culture and sensitivity and antibiotics were started accordingly. Presence Results- of diabetes mellitus is a signicant risk factor for causing surgical site infection in clean contaminated wounds (p<0.05) whereas presence of diabetes mellitus is not a signicant risk factor for causing surgical site infection in clean wound (p>0.05). Presence of drain/implant is a signicant causative factor for both clean and clean contaminated wounds (p<0.05). Presence of hypertension is not a signicant causative factor for clean wound (p>0.05) as well as clean contaminated wound (p>0.05). According to this study the rate if surgical site infection in clean w Conclusion- ounds is 6.66% and in clean contaminated wounds is 12%.

Predictors of One Year Pressure Injury Outcomes in Hospitalized Spinal Cord Injured Veterans

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate predictors of wound outcomes at 1 year of discharge of Veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI) hospitalized with one stage 3 or 4 pelvic pressure injury (PI). <h3>Design</h3> Retrospective medical record review between 1/1/2013-12/31/2018. <h3>Setting</h3> VA North Texas HealthCare System SCI unit. <h3>Participants</h3> Veterans with SCI admitted with one stage 3 or 4 pelvic PI. Traumatic and atraumatic SCI patients treated medically without flap surgery were included. <h3>Interventions</h3> Wound care. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Wound status at one year of discharge. A logistic model was built to select the significant predictors of wound healing outcomes. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the leave-one-out cross validation method. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 62 hospitalizations were included for analyses: 33 healed, and 29 non-healed wounds. Three significant predictors of non-healed wound outcomes include: pressure mapping protocol during hospitalization, wound depth, and usage of alginates dressings. Two significant predictors of healed wound outcomes include: animal-based tissue and hydrocolloid dressings. The AUC of this logistic regression model is 79.98%. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The five wound outcome predictors are the depth of the wound, and clinical decision-making factors regarding seating and wound treatments. Pressure mapping protocol correlated with other variables that could not serve as a predictor by themselves including higher neurological level of injury and lack of manual pressure relief techniques. The clinical decision having a patient pressure mapped predicts that the wound may not heal at one year of discharge. The three wound treatment product predictors may represent characteristics of the wound. Further investigation on these clinical decision-making factors is warranted in utilizing treatment and healthcare recourses for SCI individuals hospitalized with PI. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> N/A.

Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging quantifies tissue perfusion around foot ulcers.

Tools that quantify tissue perfusion of the foot are deficient, contributing to the uncertainty in predicting ulcer healing potential. This pilot study aims to quantify peri-wound foot perfusion at various tissue depths using a novel application of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Ten diabetic patients with neuropathic wounds and 20 healthy volunteers without wounds were recruited. Wounds were graded according to the Wound, Ischemia, Foot Infection (WIfI) system. All subjects underwent a noncontrasted ASL MRI of the foot for perfusion measurements. For healthy volunteers, perfusion was compared at rest and during sustained toe flexion between four regions: lateral plantar, medial plantar, lateral calcaneal, and medial calcaneal. Evaluations of diabetic volunteers compared perfusion between four zones: wound, near border, far border, and remote. Remote zone perfusion in diabetics was compared with perfusion in the plantar foot of healthy volunteers. There were 11 wounds, which were located over the metatarsal heads in five, the stump of a transmetatarsal amputation in three, the heel in two, and the mid foot in one. The median WIfI stage was 2. One patient had a WIfI ischemia grade of 1; the remaining patients' grades were 0. The mean ankle-brachial index was 1.0± 0.3. There were two patients with a WIfI foot infection grade of 1; the remaining patients' grades were 0. In healthy volunteers, plantar foot perfusion with sustained toe flexion was 43.9± 1.7mL/100g/min and significantly higher than perfusion at rest (27.3± 2.7mL/100g/min; P< .001). In diabetic patients, perfusion at the wound, near border, far border, and remote regions was 96.1± 10.7, 92.7± 9.4, 73.4± 8.2, and 62.8± 2.7mL/100g/min. Although this perfusion pattern persisted throughout the depth of the wound, perfusion decreased with tissue depth. In the near border, perfusion at 20% of the wound depth was 124.0± 35.6mL/100g/min and 69.9± 10.1mL/100g/min at 100% (P= .006). Lastly, remote perfusion in diabetics was 2.3 times the plantar perfusion in healthy volunteers (27.3± 2.7mL/100g/min; P< .001). The pattern of resting tissue perfusion around nonischemic diabetic foot ulcers was successfully quantified with arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Diabetic patients with wounds were hyperemic compared withhealthy volunteers. There was a 1.5-fold increase in peri-wound tissue perfusion relative to the rest of the foot. This study is the first step in developing a tool to assess the perfusion deficit in ischemic wounds.

The clinical efficacy of pure-grind acellular dermal matrix without gelatin in lower extremity skin defect treatment: A prospective randomized study

Background: Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is currently considered as a replacement for lost extracellular matrix. Trials have been conducted on dressing materials with high contents of ADM without any impurities, such as gelatin, which only undergo the grinding process. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical application and wound healing effect of pure-grind ADM in lower extremity skin defect treatment.Methods: Patients with skin defects in the lower extremities who did not achieve wound healing within 4 weeks with conservative treatment were enrolled in this study from March 2021 to July 2021. We randomized the patients into two groups. The patients in the experimental group were treated with pure-grind ADM and conventional negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT), whereas the patients in the control group were only treated with NPWT. Every wound was followed-up for 7 weeks, and complete wound healing was confirmed when the skin defect was fully covered with epithelized tissue.Results: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in this study. Complete wound healing was observed in 73.2% of patients, and 26.8% had an unhealed status until the end of the follow-up. The pure-grind ADM did not promote complete healing (p = 0.796) and was not associated with epithelization time but promoted the velocity of epithelization (experimental 5.58 vs. 3.50 cm2/day, p = 0.020). Considering the time of healing, the decrease in wound depth was more extensive (p = 0.021), the speed of granulation tissue formation was higher, and this difference was more evident after 5 weeks of treatment in the experimental group.Conclusion: We demonstrated the clinical efficacy of pure-grind ADM in treatment of lower extremity skin defects. This new type of ADM, without any impurities, is important in wound healing. Its depth filling effect is powerful, and it can promote epithelization velocity and speed of granulation tissue formation.

Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin-PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation.

The irregular shape and depth of wounds could be the major hurdles in wound healing for the common three-dimensional foam, sheet, or film treatment design. The injectable hydrogel is a splendid alternate technique to enhance healing efficiency post-implantation via injectable or 3D-bioprinting technologies. The authentic combination of natural and synthetic polymers could potentially enhance the injectability and biocompatibility properties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterise a hybrid gelatin–PVA hydrogel crosslinked with genipin (GNP; natural crosslinker). In brief, gelatin (GE) and PVA were prepared in various concentrations (w/v): GE, GPVA3 (3% PVA), and GPVA5 (5% PVA), followed by a 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP) crosslink, to achieve polymerisation in three minutes. The physicochemical and biocompatibility properties were further evaluated. GPVA3_GNP and GPVA5_GNP with GNP demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties compared to GE_GNP and non-crosslinked hydrogels. GPVA5_GNP significantly displayed the optimum swelling ratio (621.1 ± 93.18%) and excellent hydrophilicity (38.51 ± 2.58°). In addition, GPVA5_GNP showed an optimum biodegradation rate (0.02 ± 0.005 mg/h) and the highest mechanical strength with the highest compression modulus (2.14 ± 0.06 MPa). In addition, the surface and cross-sectional view for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed that all of the GPVA hydrogels have optimum average pore sizes (100–199 μm) with interconnected pores. There were no substantial changes in chemical analysis, including FTIR, XRD, and EDX, after PVA and GNP intervention. Furthermore, GPVA hydrogels influenced the cell biocompatibility, which successfully indicated >85% of cell viability. In conclusion, gelatin–PVA hydrogels crosslinked with GNP were proven to have excellent physicochemical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties, as required for potential bioinks for chronic wound healing.

The Efficacy of Local Insulin Versus Topical Phenytoin or Normal Saline in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management: A Prospective Comparative Study.

Introduction During an individual's lifetime, around 15% to 25% of patients with diabetes mellitus develop foot ulcers, and about 1% of patients end up with an amputation. For the past two decades, we have treated diabetic foot ulcers with a variety of methodsincluding cleansing and dressing after debridement of the lesion, where the dressing is applied using local insulin, topical phenytoin, normal saline dressing, etc. We conducted the present study to compare the efficacy of diabetic foot ulcer management between local injectable insulin, topical phenytoin, and normal saline among diabetic patients. Methodology We conducted a prospective study of 60 patients withdiabetic foot ulcers who sought outpatient care at the Department of General Surgery, in a tertiary care hospital in Perambalur, from September 2021 to August 2022. We included all patients who provided informed written consent and had ulcers ranging from grade 1-2. We excluded patients with foot ulcers caused by other etiologiessuch as osteomyelitis andrenal failure. We divided the selected study participants into three groups using the number lot method (randomization). Twenty study participants made up each group; there were three groups in total - groups 1, 2, and 3. Group 1 was treated with local insulin; group 2 with topical phenytoin; and group 3with normal saline dressing.Before the start of the study, we measured the wound size and depth of the wound and followed up at seven days intervals for one month. The results were analyzed using SPSS, version 21(IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age, duration of diabetes, and mean fasting blood sugar values of the study participants in the three groups were almost similar.The mean difference in wound size before and after treatment in the insulin, normal saline, and phenytoin groups was 4.98, 3.74, and 3.805 square centimeters, respectively. This difference in mean among the above three groups was statistically significant(P < 0.001). The mean difference in wound depth before and after treatment in the insulin, normal saline, and phenytoin groups was 47.005, 4.945, and 4.820 square centimeters, respectively. This difference in mean among the above three groups was statistically significant(P < 0.001). Thus, wound healing was better in the local insulin group than in the other two groups, with statistical significance. The mean number of days taken for wound healing in the insulin, normal saline, and phenytoin groups was 20, 26, and 23 days, respectively. This difference in mean among the above three groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion The current study, which lasted a year in a tertiary care hospital, found that local injectable insulin heals diabetic foot ulcers more rapidly than local topical phenytoin, which is superior to the standard treatment of using normal saline.

92 Burn Injury Assessment Study: How Good Are We at Assessing Burn Injury?

92 Burn Injury Assessment Study: How Good Are We at Assessing Burn Injury?

YAP:CE SCINTILLATOR APPLICATION FOR 241AM COUNTING IN WOUND INJURY.

YAP:Ce scintillation probe was tested for use in a spectrometric measurement that is necessary to assess the internal dose in case of wound injuries involving radionuclide contaminant. A technique with metal filters published in the past for the determination of a depth of plutonium-contaminated wound was tested to verify the capability of the scintillator to be used for gamma-ray spectrometry counting of 241Am in a wound injury. Scintillation probe equipped with YAP:Ce scintillator showed properties sufficient for the wound counting technique tested.

Is the Porcine Urinary Bladder Matrix an Effective Option in Extensive Skin Defect?

<h3>Purpose</h3> Extensive skin defects (ESD) with exposed bone, cartilage, or tendon are challenging to manage. We hypothesize that using the Urinary Bladder Membrane (UBM) would result in better coverage of exposed tendon and bone compared to the standard skin grafting techniques. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a retrospective study of patients who had ESD treatment with UBM from 2017 to 2020 at different institutions. Descriptive variables were collected. Descriptive statistics were analyzed. <h3>Results</h3> Thirteen patients (mean age of 55.8 years) met inclusion criteria. Ten skin defects were full-thickness (76.9%), and three were partial-thickness (23.1%). All defects were reconstructed with MatriStem UBM following the manufacturer's recommendations. 84% of patients had complete ESD complete resolution, and 23.1% had a partial resolution. None of the patients required skin grafting procedure. The mean duration for complete healing was 3.5 weeks (range, 2 to 9 weeks), with a longer healing duration associated with the wound's depth, uncontrolled diabetes, and peripheral vascular diseases. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The use of the UBM for tissue regeneration shows promising results in the resolution of full-thickness and partial-thickness skin defects. Further controlled prospective clinical trials are recommended to compare the UBM to the other available techniques.

Examination of the effects of kefir on healing factors in a mice burn model infected with E.coli, S.aureus and P.aeruginosa using qRT-PCR

Burn areas are susceptible to bacterial growth and infections, particularly in cases with lengthy periods of hospital stay. Burn wound healing, which involves various molecular and cellular mechanisms, continues to be a significant problem. Growth factors and cytokines play an active and vital role in wound healing. In the present study, the effects of kefir on wound healing in a 2nd-degree mouse burn model infected with e.coli, s.aureus and p.aeruginosa were investigated in vitro. In order to clarify the effects of kefir in the wound healing process, the macroscopic changes in kefir-applied scar tissue as well as wound depth and width were examined and IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α, VEGF, TGF-β protein levels were determined using the qRT-PCR method. The findings of the present study show that kefir has a positive impact on the factors playing a role in wound healing and accelerates the healing process.

Burn characterization using object-oriented hyperspectral image classification.

This paper presents a new approach based on hyperspectral imaging combined with an object-oriented classification method that allows the generation of burn depth classification maps facilitating easier characterization of burns. Hyperspectral images of 14 patients diagnosed with burns on the upper and lower limbs were acquired using a pushbroom hyperspectral imaging system. The images were analyzed using an object-oriented classification approach that uses objects with specific spectral, textural and spatial attributes as the minimum unit for classifying information. The method performance was evaluated in terms of overall accuracy, sensitivity, precision and specificity computed from the confusion matrix. The results revealed that the approach proposed in this study performed well in differentiating burn classes with a high level of overall accuracy (95.99% ± 0.60%), precision (97.30% ± 2.46%), sensitivity (97.23% ± 3.02%) and specificity (98.02% ± 1.98%). In conclusion, the object-based approach for burns hyperspectral images classification can provide maps that can help surgeons identify with better precision different depths of burn wounds.

Evaluating Depth and Width of Corneal Wounds Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography After Foreign Body Removal

ABSTRACTPurposeTo determine corneal foreign body (FB) location together with corneal wound depth and width by using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) after uncomplicated FB removal.MethodThis prospective study was conducted with patients injured by a superficial metallic corneal FB. Under slit-lamp examination, after determining its location, the FB was removed with a 27-G needle. The depth and width of the corneal wound and the thinnest stromal thickness at the wound site were measured initially using AS-OCT. Measurements were repeated to assess the wound healing process at one week and at two months following FB removal.ResultsTotally, 63 eyes of 63 patients were included in this study. The average age was 35.8 ± 11.0 years, and 96.8% of the patients were men. In terms of location of the FBs, 26 (41.3%) were in the central region, 21 (33.3%) were in the paracentral region, and 16 (25.4%) were in peripheral regions. The mean depth and width of the corneal wounds were 117.0 ± 42.5 µm and 332.9 ± 99.4 µm, respectively. The mean percentage of corneal wound depth was 18.9 ± 6.1%. In 20 patients who presented for follow-up, it was observed that the width of the wound increased and the thinnest stromal thickness at the wound site decreased over the two months.ConclusionThe AS-OCT findings of the present study showed that the corneal FBs generally affected the anterior cornea with less than approximately 0.2 mm depth and 0.5 mm width. In addition, FBs were commonly located in the central and paracentral cornea.

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness on Erect Radiographs Is a Predictor of Infection Following Elective Posterior Lumbar Fusion.

Posterior lumbar fusions are a common and successful procedure, yet surgical site infection (SSI) is still prevalent and causes significant morbidity. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for SSI. Still, the accuracy of the body mass index (BMI) caused some to suggest other metrics that are more representative of the thickness of the soft-tissue envelope in the surgical site. A retrospective review of all cases that developed SSI following posterior lumbar fusion over the past 5 years was done. An age and gender-matched control group was formed from the lumbar fusion cases that did not develop SSI. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and morphometric measurements of the soft-tissue envelope were performed at the level of L4 for all cases on standing x-ray imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 366 patients underwent posterior lumbar fusion, 26 of whom developed SSI. BMI and skin to spinous process measurements on x-ray imaging-not MRI-were found to be significantly associated with SSI. Regression analysis further confirmed the strength of the association. While BMI and MRI measurements are useful, wound depth measurements on x-ray imaging can be predictive of SSI in lumbar fusion cases. Wound depth measurements are predictive of lumbar wound infection. The information within this study can help surgeons better predict and manage infections of posterior lumbar wounds.

Next-Generation Diagnostic Wound Dressings for Diabetic Wounds.

Chronic lower extremity wounds (diabetic foot ulcers) are a serious and prevalent complication of diabetes. These wounds exhibit low healing rates and present a high risk of amputation. Current diagnostic options for foot ulcers are limited to macroscopic wound analysis such as wound depth, implicated tissues, and infection. Molecular diagnostics promises to improve foot ulcer diagnosis, staging, and assessment of the treatment response. In this perspective, we report recent progress in understanding the pathophysiology of diabetic wound healing and point to recently emerged novel molecular targets for wound diagnostics. We discuss selected diagnostic wound dressings under preclinical development that detect one or several inflammatory markers, bacterial secretions, hyperglycemia, and mechanical stress. We also highlight key translational challenges of investigational diagnostic bandages for diabetic foot ulcers.

Interventional Program on Nurses Practices Regarding Burn Wound Dressing

Background: Wound management is a crucial aspect of patient care and the nurse often is faced with the question of which approaches to use to provide an environment that supports healing and prevents complications. Important questions include how different types of wounds should be dressed, what method of debridement to use, whether dressings should be changed using sterile versus unsterile technique, and which adjunctive therapies to select under given circumstances, thus the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of an intervention program on nurse's practices regarding dressing burn wound. Methodology: A quantitative (one pre experimental) design had been adapted through the present study with the application of pre- post-test approach during the period of 17th October, 2020 to 20th March, 2022. A non-probability (convenient) sample of 24 nurses who work at burns and plastic surgery center at Azady teaching hospital. The interventional program and study instrument is designed based on of the nurse's practice assessment need, review of literature, scientific lecturer and previous study. The content of the program and instrument are evaluated by 16 experts in different field and the reliability of instrument is determined through the use of test and retest, measurement of effectiveness for nursing education program carried out through (24) items concerning clinical guidelines regarding burn management. The analysis of data is performed through the application of descriptive statistic as well as inferential statistic by using statistical package of social science version 22. Result: shows that vast majority of the sample were male, 30-39 years old, high school graduate, less than 5 years of experience. Most of the samples participate in burn courses, one course in number, their courses inside Iraq. Comparisons significant at P&lt;0.01 was high regarding initial survey’s, secondary survey's, total body surface, initial assessment of the depth of the burn wounds, burn wounds, removing dead tissue and cleaning the burn's. Conclusion: study conclude that Nurses' Practice improvements due to applying of the proposed interventional program with relative to demographical characteristics. The study recommends that nurses practice toward burn management should be updated periodically as well as encourage nurses to participate in sessions, conferences and seminar related to care of burn Keywords: Burns; Hydrogels; Peptides; Wound dressings, Skin

Research advances on the techniques for diagnosing burn wound depth

The accurate diagnosis of burn wound depth is particularly important for evaluating the disease prognosis of burn patients. In the past, the diagnosis of burn wound depth often relied on the subjective judgment of doctors. With the continuous development of diagnostic technology, the methods for judging the depth of burn wound have also been updated. This paper mainly summarizes the research progress in the applications of indocyanine green angiography, laser Doppler imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of burn wound depth, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, so as to provide ideas for accurate diagnosis of burn wound depth.