Changes In Depth Research Articles

Characteristics of bacterial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soil in Fe-deficient citrus growing in coastal saline-alkali land.

Citruses often occur with imbalance in iron nutrition in coastal saline-alkali lands, which severely limits the yield and quality of the fruit. In the rhizosphere, the salt content plays a crucial role in reducing uptake of iron, as well as the activity and abundance of bacteria. However, few studies have explored how salt content affects the effectiveness of iron and the community structure of bacteria across different vertical spatial scales. We investigated the citrus rhizosphere (0-30 cm) and bulk (0-60 cm) soil microenvironments of the coastal saline soil were analyzed using the 16S rRNA amplicon and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. We found that the nutrient-related elements in the rhizosphere and bulk soil decreased with increasing soil depth, while the salinity-related elements showed the opposite trend. The nutrient-related element content in the rhizosphere was higher than that in the bulk, whereas the salinity-alkaline-related element content was lower than that in the bulk. The structure and diversity of bacterial communities are affected by the rhizosphere and soil depth. In the bulk, there are enriched bacteria such as WB1-A12, Nitrospiraceae and Anaerolineae that are tolerant to salt-alkali stress. In the rhizosphere, bacteria that promote plant nutrient absorption and secretion of iron carriers, such as Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Duganella, are prominent. The soil depth and rhizosphere affect soil nutrients and saline alkali-related factors. Changes in soil depth and rhizosphere determine the structure and diversity of bacterial communities. Rhizosphere enhances iron absorption promoting bacteria to alleviate iron deficiency stress in saline-alkali soils. Our results indicate that citrus roots maybe can resist the stress of iron deficiency in saline-alkali soils by enhancing iron absorption promoting bacteria.

ECT: Fine-grained edge detection with learned cause tokens

In this study, we tackle the challenging fine-grained edge detection task, which refers to predicting specific edges caused by reflectance, illumination, normal, and depth changes, respectively. Prior methods exploit multi-scale convolutional networks, which are limited in three aspects: (1) Convolutions are local operators while identifying the cause of edge formation requires looking at far away pixels. (2) Priors specific to edge cause are fixed in prediction heads. (3) Using separate networks for generic and fine-grained edge detection, and the constraint between them may be violated. To address these three issues, we propose a two-stage transformer-based network sequentially predicting generic edges and fine-grained edges, which has a global receptive field thanks to the attention mechanism. The prior knowledge of edge causes is formulated as four learnable cause tokens in a cause-aware decoder design. Furthermore, to encourage the consistency between generic edges and fine-grained edges, an edge aggregation and alignment loss is exploited. We evaluate our method on the public benchmark BSDS-RIND and several newly derived benchmarks, and achieve new state-of-the-art results. Our code, data, and models are publicly available at https://github.com/Daniellli/ECT.git.

Digest: A model for speciation in island systems.

Ecological pulses, marked by rapid environmental shifts, shape species dynamics such as speciation. Princepe et al. 2024 explore how intermittent migration, seabed depth, and sea-level changes influence species richness in islands. Their model, revealing nuanced richness patterns and migration impacts, contributes to understanding island evolution and offers insights into real-world cases. Examining the Philippines Archipelago, known for rich biodiversity, parallels emerge, showcasing the complex interplay of isolation, land bridges, and sea-level shifts in shaping genetic diversity. Overall, the findings enhance our understanding of population evolution in dynamic island environments.

Seismic resilience assessment of extended pile shaft supported coastal bridges considering scour and uniform corrosion effects

The resilience-informed assessment for coastal highway bridges exposed to multiple hazards plays a crucial role in the decision-making process for their operation, maintenance, and management during the bridge’s long-term service period. This study performs a seismic resilience assessment for a coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge under the combined effects of scour and uniform corrosion. Toward this goal, an extended pile shaft supported coastal RC bridge is taken as the benchmark and fifteen scenarios are generated to cover three regular scour conditions and five different corrosion levels. To inform the bridge management, the probabilistic distribution of the bridge service time corresponding to different corrosion levels is developed. Subsequently, the finite element model (FEM) for each scenario of the benchmark coastal highway RC bridge is developed, involving the soil-pile interaction and considering the uncertainty of structural and geotechnical parameters, as well as earthquake ground motions. The failure mode of the corroded extended pile shaft is identified as a flexural failure by comparing their flexural and shear capacities. Finally, a resilience loss ratio is proposed in this study for the first time to quantify the impacts of corrosion level and scour depth changes on seismic resilience across different ground motion intensities. Results indicate that both the seismic fragility and resilience decrease as the corrosion intensifies over time. Specifically, at a given intensity measure (IM) level, the resilience loss ratio increases as the corrosion level intensifies. For the studied benchmark bridge, the scour significantly increases the structural fundamental period, consequently reducing the curvature demand on the pile shaft. As a result, the scour generally decreases the failure probability and the earthquake-induced functionality loss for the extended pile shaft. As scour depth increases, the resilience loss of the bridge at a given corrosion level decreases.

Visual Improvement Following Glaucoma Surgery

Introduction : Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and a leading cause of irreversible blindness. The aim of glaucoma treatment is to slow progression and minimize the risk of further damage, not to expect functional improvement. We report the case of a patient who experienced an improvement in vision following glaucoma surgery and review the literature regarding this phenomenon.
 Case Illustration : A 66-year old female presented with vision loss in the left eye that could only perceive finger counting in one meter. Her intraocular pressure (IOP) measured 51,8 mmHg and she was found to have primary open angle glaucoma. Medical treatment was commenced and she underwent a successful trabeculectomy. Unexpectedly she experienced improvement in vision after treatment. At her recent visit visual acuity was 6/30 in the affected eye.
 Discussion : Although the mechanism of improved vision cannot be proven it is likely that successful lowering of IOP resulted in some reversal of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction. Some evidence explained that retinal ganglion cells damaged by glaucoma might undergo a period of reversible dysfunction preceding cell death. Furthermore, reversible changes in optic nerve head morphology have been reported following reduction of intraocular pressure. These observations suggest that certain structural and functional improvements may in fact be possible in some patients. The changes of anterior chamber depth, corneal radius of curvature, corneal thickness or corneal edema could be considered as other factors which influence this improvement.
 Conclusion : Functional improvements may occur following trabeculectomy. Glaucoma surgery should be offered early, and considered even in those with reduced visual acuity.

Snow water equivalent retrieval over Idaho – Part 2: Using L-band UAVSAR repeat-pass interferometry

Abstract. This study evaluates using interferometry on low-frequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to monitor snow water equivalent (SWE) over seasonal and synoptic scales. We retrieved SWE changes from nine pairs of SAR images, mean 8 d temporal baseline, captured by an L-band aerial platform, NASA's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), over central Idaho as part of the NASA SnowEx 2020 and 2021 campaigns. The retrieved SWE changes were compared against coincident in situ measurements (SNOTEL and snow pits from the SnowEx field campaign) and to 100 m gridded SnowModel modeled SWE changes. The comparison of in situ to retrieved measurements shows a strong Pearson correlation (R=0.80) and low RMSE (0.1 m, n=64) for snow depth change and similar results for SWE change (RMSE = 0.04 m, R=0.52, n=57). The comparison between retrieved SWE changes to SnowModel SWE change also showed good correlation (R=0.60, RMSD = 0.023 m, n=3.2×106) and especially high correlation for a subset of pixels with no modeled melt and low tree coverage (R=0.72, RMSD = 0.013 m, n=6.5×104). Finally, we bin the retrievals for a variety of factors and show decreasing correlation between the modeled and retrieved values for lower elevations, higher incidence angles, higher tree percentages and heights, and greater cumulative melt. This study builds on previous interferometry work by using a full winter season time series of L-band SAR images over a large spatial extent to evaluate the accuracy of SWE change retrievals against both in situ and modeled results and the controlling factors of the retrieval accuracy.

Inversion of Sub-Bottom Profile Based on the Sediment Acoustic Empirical Relationship in the Northern South China Sea

This study focuses on the inversion of sub-bottom profile (SBP) data in the northern South China Sea using an empirical relationship derived from sediment acoustic data. The sub-bottom profile is primarily utilized for various marine applications, such as geological mapping and resource exploration. In this research, we present a study conducted in the northern slope canyon of the South China Sea. Firstly, we obtained the seabed reflection coefficient from sub-bottom profiles obtained by the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) detection system. Secondly, we utilized the acoustic empirical relationship in the northern South China Sea to establish relationship equations between the seabed reflection coefficient and the porosity, density, and average particle size of the sediment at a main frequency of 4 kHz (the AUV shallow profile main frequency). Then, using these equations, we were able to invert the physical parameters such as porosity, density, and average particle size of the seabed surface sediments. Finally, the inverted results are compared and analyzed by using the sediment samples test data. The overall deviation rate of the inverted physical parameters is within the range of ±10% when compared. The inverted results closely match the measured values, accurately reflecting the dynamic changes in the physical properties of seabed surface sediments. Notably, the average grain size is a direct indicator of the sediment particles size with smaller particles found in deeper water. The variation characteristics of sediment physical parameters align well with the variation of sediment types in the canyon, which is consistent with changes in the water depth, topography, and hydrodynamic conditions of the area. This further demonstrates the reliability of the inversion results.

Momentum Transport in Organized Shallow Cumulus Convection

Abstract This study investigates momentum transport in shallow cumulus clouds as simulated with the Dutch Atmospheric Large Eddy Simulation (DALES) for a 150 × 150 km2 domain east of Barbados during 9 days of EUREC4A. DALES is initialized and forced with the mesoscale weather model HARMONIE–AROME and subjectively reproduces observed cloud patterns. This study examines the evolution of momentum transport, which scales contribute to it, and how they modulate the trade winds. Daily-mean momentum flux profiles show downgradient zonal momentum transport in the subcloud layer, which turns countergradient in the cloud layer. The meridional momentum transport is nontrivial, with mostly downgradient transport throughout the trade wind layer except near the top of the surface layer and near cloud tops. Substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in momentum flux is observed with much stronger tendencies imposed in areas of organized convection. The study finds that while scales < 2 km dominate momentum flux at 200 m in unorganized fields, submesoscales carry up to 50% of the zonal momentum flux in the cloud layer in organized fields. For the meridional momentum flux, this fraction is even larger near the surface and in the subcloud layer. The scale dependence of the momentum flux is not explained by changes in convective or boundary layer depth. Instead, the results suggest the importance of spatial heterogeneity, increasing horizontal length scales, and countergradient transport in the presence of organized convection.

Enhancing the Quality of Satellite Images for Estimating the Water Body

Abstract Water resources are indeed limited, and factors such as drought, climate change, and human activities can contribute to their decrease. To estimate the amount of water stored in a dam lake, several methods can be employed. Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery can be used to estimate the water surface area of the reservoir. In this study, the amount of water cover changes is investigated using a remote sensing technique. Also, to increase the level of accuracy in estimating the water cover of the dam lake, the technique of Image Fusion Landsat-8 satellites images and increasing the level of spatial accuracy from 30 meters to 15 meters has been used. In this study, it has been shown that by combining Landsat satellite images, the accuracy in calculating and estimating the water cover area has increased. Also, in this study, the depth changes between 2017-2020 have been investigated. In the research conducted, the amount of water stored in the dam lake has decreased due to the droughts of the last few years, due to the increase in water consumption in the urban and agricultural areas, especially during the drought period.

Structure Design Of ROV-Based MOPU Platform Pin Hole Spin Cleaning Device

The pile legs of the MOPU platform have been submerged in seawater for a long time, and there are a large number of Marine organisms on the surface, which has a negative impact on the stability of the platform and needs to be cleaned regularly. Most of the existing jacket cleaning technologies are aimed at cleaning the outer surface, and there are few studies on cleaning the Marine organisms attached to the pin holes of the pile legs of MOPU platform. In order to solve the above problems, this paper firstly designs a spin-type pin hole cleaning device based on underwater wall-climbing robot by drawing lessons from domestic and foreign experience. At the same time, the Fluent simulation of three commonly used cavitation water jet nozzles is carried out, and the most suitable nozzle type for pin hole cleaning is selected from the organ pipe type, shear type and corner cavitation nozzles. In the actual operation, the water temperature and depth around the ROV are changing, so the simulation needs to consider the influence of temperature and depth changes. In this paper, a reasonable point is put forward for the structural design of the spin cavitation cleaning device. The simulation results show that the corner cavitation nozzle should be selected in the pinhole cleaning operation.

Research on the Optimization of Multibeam Bathymetry Survey Line Layout Based on Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Multibeam bathymetry systems are widely used in water depth measurement, and their principle is based on the propagation characteristics of sound waves in water. The system has multiple advantages, such as high resolution, high accuracy, wide measurement range, automated mapping, and high efficiency. This study is based on the propagation characteristics of sound waves in water and utilizes a multibeam bathymetry system for water depth measurement, focusing on key issues such as coverage width, survey path, and seawater depth. Based on a two-dimensional plane model, the direction of the emitted beams from the measurement vessel and the relationship with seafloor slope angles are considered. The key parameter calculation model of the multibeam bathymetry system is established using the sine theorem and cosine theorem. To enhance the analysis accuracy, the calculation model is extended to three dimensions, incorporating more factors that have a significant impact on the measurement, such as the slope angle along the survey lines and changes in water depth. In practical applications, the survey lines are set to run in a north-south direction, and a greedy algorithm is used to ensure complete coverage of the measurements. Taking into account the complex seafloor topography, the fitted lines are used to represent the seafloor slopes. The multi-objective programming model is transformed into an unconstrained single-objective programming problem for further optimization. By solving the problem using simulated annealing algorithm, the optimized solution provides specific values for the spacing between adjacent survey lines, total track length, missed coverage rate of the surveyed area, and duplicate measurement coverage, enabling the optimal utilization of multibeam bathymetry systems in oceanic surveys.

A 0.01° daily improved snow depth dataset for the Tibetan Plateau

Snowpack is highly sensitive to global warming, and an accurate understanding of the changes in snow depth (SD) is essential in analyzing the impacts of SD on both regional and global climate change. However, the application of SD datasets is limited owing to their coarse spatial resolution, especially at the basin scale. As a result, it is difficult to obtain high-quality, long-term gridded SD datasets at the kilometer scale, especially in cold and high-altitude regions. To address this issue, we combine an improved spatiotemporal downscaling algorithm and an efficient snow depletion curve method to develop a composite long-term daily 0.01° SD dataset over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by integrating an enhanced 0.05° SD dataset and a cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover (FSC) product. The new 0.01° SD product is evaluated against the ground-observed SD data from 90 meteorological stations during 2001–2010, indicating that the new 0.01° SD product (with a root mean square error of 1.27 cm d-1 and a mean absolute error of 0.31 cm d-1) performs better than its 0.05° old version, as well as five other widely used SD products that cover the TP region. Thus, the new SD product is used to analyze the trends in the spatial SD pattern during 2000–2018. The results indicate that the annual SD is experiencing a decreasing trend over the inner and edge regions of the TP but an increasing trend over the areas between the inner and edge regions of the TP, e.g., the northern Himalayas, and upstream of the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Mekong River. A negative correlation between the SD changes and the air temperature changes and a positive correlation between the SD changes and the snowfall changes are found in snow-dominated regions. Notably, the correlation between the SD changes and the air temperature changes is stronger than that between the SD changes and the snowfall changes, indicating that the SD is more sensitive to changes in air temperature. The new high-quality product will provide a more accurate means for understanding the SD changes in this region and a more accurate source of SD data for use in scientific studies that relate to hydrology, meteorology, and disaster evaluation.

Characterization of ultrafast-laser ablation of micro-structures in Li-ion battery anode and cathode materials: Morphology, rate, and efficiency

Characterization of the rate and quality of ultrafast-laser ablation of Li-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials is presented for a collection of common and next-generation electrodes. Laser ablated micro-structures on the surface of LIB electrodes have been shown to provide dramatic enhancement of high-rate capability and electrode wetting. However, industrial adoption is hampered by a lack of data enabling informed choice of laser parameters and predicting process throughput. This work bridges this gap by providing characterization of the ablation process at more laser parameters (laser fluence and number of pulses used) than are currently available in the literature. Further, we expand on previous graphite and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ablation work by extending ablation characterization to new LIB materials, providing high data resolution and adopting new characterization metrics which are relevant for industrial application of this technology. Ablated pores are characterized by their ablated depth, volume, and how the depth and volume ablation rate changes as a function of pore depth. Finally, we provide a detailed characterization of the morphology of laser ablated micro-structures which informs how material and laser parameters affect the quality of laser-processed electrodes.

Curve of Spee modification in different vertical skeletal patterns after clear aligner therapy: a 3D set-up retrospective study

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate: (1) changes in the curve of Spee (COS) after clear aligner therapy and (2) whether such changes correlated with the patient’s skeletal patterns.Materials and methodsThree-dimensional mandibular models of 106 patients (47 males and 59 females; mean age 22.3 SD ± 3.4 years) treated with clear aligners were retrospectively analysed. The perpendicular distance between the occlusal reference plane and the buccal cusp tip of each lateral tooth was measured. Five angular cephalometric measurements (PP-MP, PP-OP, OP-MP, AFH, and PFH) were performed and correlated with the T1–T0 difference in linear distances. The patients were divided into three groups according to facial divergence. Variance analysis with Tukey post hoc correction was performed to evaluate the differences among groups.ResultsThe one-way ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference for all analysed variables, except for the change in the distance of the second molar from the occlusal reference plane. Tukey’s HSD test showed the following differences: In normodivergents, the T1–T0 difference in the distance of the first molar from the occlusal plane was 1 mm greater than that observed in the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.05); in the normodivergent group, the T1–T0 difference in the distance of the second premolar from the occlusal plane was 1.23 mm greater than that observed in the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.05), while in the hypodivergent group, it was 1.08 mm greater than in the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.05); finally, in normodivergents, the T1–T0 difference in the distance of the first premolar from the occlusal plane was 0.97 mm greater than that observed in the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.05).ConclusionTreatment with aligners did not lead to a clinically significant change in COS depth. However, when dividing the sample into groups based on craniofacial divergence, COS depth change differed significantly between the three groups.

A Noninvasive Clinical Method to Measure in Vivo Mechanical Strains of the Lamina Cribrosa by OCT

To measure mechanical strain of the lamina cribrosa (LC) after intraocular pressure (IOP) change produced 1 week after a change in glaucoma medication. Cohort study. Adult glaucoma patients (23 eyes, 15 patients) prescribed a change in IOP-lowering medication. Noninvasive OCT imaging of the eye. Deformation calculated by digital volume correlation of OCT scans of the LC before and after IOP lowering by medication. Among 23 eyes, 17 eyes of 12 persons had IOP lowering ≥ 3 mmHg (reduced IOP group) with tensile anterior-posterior Ezz strain= 1.0% ± 1.1% (P= 0.003) and compressive radial strain (Err)=-0.3% ± 0.5% (P= 0.012; random effects models accounting inclusion of both eyes in some persons). Maximum in-plane principal (tensile) strain and maximum shear strain in the reduced-IOP group were as follows: Emax= 1.7% ± 1.0% and Γmax= 1.4% ± 0.7%, respectively (both P < 0.0001 vs. zero). Reduced-IOP group strains Emax and Γmax were significantly larger with greater % IOP decrease (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The compliances of the Ezz, Emax, and Γmax strain responses, defined as strain normalized by the IOP decrease, were larger with more abnormal perimetric mean deviation or visual field index values (all P ≤ 0.02). Strains were unrelated to age (all P ≥ 0.088). In reduced-IOP eyes, mean LC anterior border posterior movement was only 2.05 μm posteriorly (P= 0.052) and not related to % IOP change (P= 0.94, random effects models). Only Err was significantly related to anterior lamina depth change, becoming more negative with greater posterior LC border change (P= 0.015). Lamina cribrosa mechanical strains can be effectively measured by changes in eye drop medication using OCT and are related to degree of visual function loss in glaucoma. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

The hidden depths of forest soil organic carbon chemistry in a pumice soil

Forest ecosystems can store massive amounts of organic carbon (OC) deep in their soils. Soil OC (SOC) is composed of several complex organic compounds of which groupings of these organic compounds can provide an insight into evaluating the formation and fate of SOC. However, there is little information available regarding the chemical composition of deep forest SOC and how they compare to upper soil depths. The objective of this study was to explore the SOC chemistry changes with increasing soil depth on a fine spatial scale in a planted forest soil derived from young volcanic erupted airfall deposits. Soil core samples to 1 m depth were collected from Puruki Experimental Forest (New Zealand) and examined for incremental depth changes in SOC functional groups, or chemical shift regions, using solid-state 13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS-NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that soil depth was a driver of change in soil chemical shift regions. The presence of a coarse-textured soil horizon, lapilli layer, at depth was a driver of significant (p < 0.05) differences between SOC functional groups. In the upper soil profile (0–10 cm), the chemical shift distribution was dominated by O-alkyl C (39%) followed by alkyl C (32%), aromatic C (23%), and carboxyl C (6%). In the deep soil layers, we found alkyl C increased below the lapilli layer (varying depth > 50 cm) compared to above the lapilli layer. In the deep soil layers the alkyl C was the dominant functional group (55%), followed by O-alkyl C (28%). Furthermore, there was a decrease at depth in aromatic (12%) and carboxyl C (5%). The A/O-A ratio increased with depth from soil above the lapilli layer compared to soils below the lapilli layer indicating a greater degree of organic matter decomposition and a corresponding decrease in the labile OC fractions. Within the lapilli layer the SOC functional groups and A/O-A ratio were highly variable. These results highlight that changes in SOC chemical composition occur with increasing soil depth, a property of deep soil that is frequently understudied, and are highly influenced by the multi layered nature of soil derived from volcanic airfall deposits.

Experimental Investigation on the Motion Characteristics of Air-Floating Tripod Bucket Foundation during Free Floating

In recent years, multi-bucket foundations have been studied and gradually adopted in engineering practices as a novel foundation for offshore wind turbines within a range of water depth of 30 to 50 m. This study investigated the motion characteristics of air-floating tripod bucket foundation (AFTBF) through a series of experiments during free air-floating. The experimental results show that the surge force appears to be the most important factor influencing pitch moment and motion, whether it is a change in water depth or a draft for AFTBF. The maximum amplitudes of surge acceleration and pitch angle show a trend of increasing with narrower spacing and decreasing with wider spacing, while the heave acceleration shows an opposite trend. The added mass and damping of heave motion for AFTBF increase with shallower water due to the increasing pressure difference between the inside and bottom of bucket foundation. The shallower the water depth and the larger the draft, the longer the resonance period of heave.

Evaluation of the mechanisms acting on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CESM2 for the 1pctCO2 experiment

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a crucial component of the Earth's climate system due to its fundamental role in heat distribution, carbon and oxygen transport, and the weather. Other climate components, such as the atmosphere and sea ice, influence the AMOC. Evaluating the physical mechanisms of those interactions is paramount to increasing knowledge about AMOC's functioning. In this study, the authors used outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 and observational data to investigate changes in the AMOC and the associated physical processes. Two DECK experiments were evaluated: piControl and 1pctCO2 , with an annual increase of 1% of atmospheric CO2 . The analysis revealed a significant decrease in the AMOC, associated with changes in mixed layer depth and buoyancy in high latitudes of the North Atlantic, resulting in the shutdown of deep convection and potentially affecting the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. A vital aspect observed in this study is the association between increased runoff and reduced water evaporation, giving rise to a positive feedback process. Consequently, the rates of freshwater spreading have intensified during this period, which could lead to an accelerated disruption of the AMOC beyond the projections of existing models.

Clinical Aspects of Transient Myopia after Blunt Eye Trauma

Purpose: To investigate the clinical aspects of transient myopia after blunt eye trauma.Methods: The medical records of 32 patients treated at our hospital for from 2020 to 2022 traumatic microhyphema were analyzed retrospectively. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, anterior chamber cells, anterior chamber depth, axial length, lens thickness, and refractive index were analyzed immediately after injury and after treatment. Patients with additional diseases such as vitreous and retinal hemorrhage, traumatic retinal detachment, iridodialysis, or orbital fracture were excluded. Correlations between the myopic changes and the amount of myopic refractive change caused by trauma were analyzed.Results: The 32 patients included 24 (75%) males and 8 (25%) females. The average myopic change was -3.03 ± 0.92 (range -1.00 to -5.25) diopters (D). The average change in anterior chamber depth due to trauma was -0.22 ± 0.11 mm, the change in lens diameter was 0.20 ± 0.09 mm, and the change in axial length was -0.07 ± 0.05 mm. The average change in refractive index due to ciliary spasm was -1.63 ± 0.65 D. The correlations between the change in refractive index and anterior chamber depth (r = 0.475, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008), traumatic ciliary spasm (r = 0.649, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and lens thickness (r = -0.184, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.330) were determined.Conclusions: Factors such as ciliary spasm, change in the anterior chamber depth, anterior shift of the lens-iris diaphragm, and increased lens thickness affect the myopic changes caused by trauma. Of these, a shallower anterior chamber depth and ciliary spasm are highly correlated with the transient myopic changes.

Seasonal Variations in Eddy-Induced Atmospheric Perturbations in the South China Sea

Abstract This study investigates the impact of eddy-induced sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the overlying atmosphere in the South China Sea, utilizing observational and reanalysis datasets. The results reveal that SST anomalies caused by anticyclonic or cyclonic eddies have a significant impact on the acceleration or deceleration of surface winds, with a stronger response in summer compared to winter. Moreover, atmospheric responses, such as heat flux, precipitation, and marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) depth above anticyclonic or cyclonic eddies, exhibit in-phase seasonal variations as surface winds. The study also explores the mechanisms leading to atmospheric response, pointing toward the vertical mixing mechanism as the dominant cause, supported by both the in-phase relationship between SST and surface wind anomalies and the linear relationship between the wind stress divergence anomaly and downwind SST gradient anomaly. Seasonal variations in coupling intensity are attributed to varying background atmospheric conditions, with more effective vertical turbulence mixing and stronger coupling intensity caused by more unstable MABL and enhanced large-scale vertical wind shear during summer than winter. Besides, the atmosphere above eddies is under a quasi-equilibrium condition, in which the surface wind stress increases monotonically with the depth of MABL. Given that the MABL depth response to eddy-induced SST anomaly is stronger in summer than in winter, it is reasonable to expect a more intense wind response during this season. Thus, the MABL depth coupling works together with the vertical mixing mechanism to explain the proportional relationship between SST and wind anomalies, and why the atmospheric response is stronger in summer than in winter. Significance Statement The atmosphere exerts a significant influence on the ocean, with strong winds cooling the sea surface temperature on a large scale (more than 1000 km). Conversely, the ocean tends to drive the atmosphere at a mesoscale level (10–1000 km), whereby a warm sea surface temperature causes surface wind to accelerate. This study aims to better understand how mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea influence the overlying atmosphere in different seasons. Our research explores factors that control mesoscale air–sea coupling, and highlights the importance of stability and depth change of marine atmospheric boundary layer. These results will establish a foundation for future research examining how the atmospheric perturbations caused by mesoscale eddies can in turn impact both ocean circulation and eddies.