Depression Mood Disorders Research Articles

Depressed mood disorders with anastrozole

Depressed mood disorders with anastrozole

The effect of vitamin D on mental health – literature analysis

Introduction: Many sources list a number of properties of vitamin D on human health. It seems that the benefits of using this vitamin include not only the regulation of the calcium-phosphate metabolism, but also a number of other applications, also in human mental health.The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to research about the influence of vitamin D on the mental health. The research was done on the problems such as depression, anxiety, psychoses, stress, mood and emotions. Material and method: The literature was found using websites such as PubMed or Google Scholar was used to develop this work.Description of the state of knowledge: A number of studies have confirmed that vitamin D can have a significant impact on reducing the level of depression. One example of a study on this topic is that high vitamin D supplementation in women in early pregnancy can protect them from late depression during the last weeks of pregnancy. Likewise, adequate vitamin D supplementation in older people can improve mental health and reduce the likelihood of depression and Seasonal Mood Disorder (SAD). In addition, vitamin D can reduce the probability of psychosis or anxiety disorders.Summary: Many sources report a positive correlation between vitamin D supply and mental health. Often the differences are also noticeable, but not statistically significant. This work sometimes shows divergent views of scientists, which is important to continue research into the effects of vitamin D on mental health in humans.

70 Assessing the Evidence of Micronutrients on Depression among Children and Adolescents: An Evidence Gap Map

Abstract Background Globally, depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. There is some evidence indicating that nutrition may have the ability to prevent, treat and/or influence the severity of depression. Nutritional interventions may broaden the efficacy of treatment options since they are lower in cost, easily accessible and associated with fewer side effects. This may be of particular importance in many low and middle-income countries where micronutrient deficiencies are common and supplementation may be a cost-effective public health intervention. Before determining the role nutrition interventions play in psychiatry, current research needs a unified direction for the development of effective clinical and population treatments. To be resourceful in this task, evidence gap maps (EGM), which employ a systematic approach to mapping and reporting the current evidence, are of particular usefulness. Objectives The aim of this EGM is to offer insight into the potential role of micronutrients in depression treatment and prevention, highlight important gaps in the literature where knowledge is scarce or non-existent, and assist in prioritizing future primary research. It also provides a structured and accessible guide for users to identify the possible efficacy of specific nutrients on depression among those 6-19 years of age. Design/Methods We conducted a comprehensive database search of all primary and secondary literature assessing the impact of micronutrients on depression-related outcomes such as unipolar depression, major depressive disorders, dysthymia, acute depression, and mood disorders among those 6-19 years of age. Studies from any setting that assessed the impact of interventions or deficiencies of micronutrients — vitamins and minerals — on depression were included in the EGM. Based upon current literature, the most potentially impactful micronutrients on depression included Vitamins B, C, A, D and E, as well as minerals such as calcium, copper, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphate, potassium, selenium, and zinc. Abstracts and full-text articles were dual-screened on the basis of predefined eligibility criteria. Key characteristics of the included publications were extracted. All extracted data was visualized in an evidence matrix. Results Our searches identified 7,479 unique citations. After the full-text screening, 30 publications were included in this EGM representing a total of 17,906 participants (58.8% female). Some studies included more than one age range with more reports being among those greater than 10 years of age. About 45% of included studies focused on early adolescents (10-14 years), 35% on late adolescents (15-19 years) and about 20% on children aged 6-9 years. Among studies including adolescents, most studies [n= 22 (73%)] were conducted among boys and girls, seven studies (23.3%) focused exclusively on girls and only one (3%) study targeted only boys. Over half of the evidence was cross-sectional, while the other half was composed of cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and case-control/series studies. Vitamin D (n=8), zinc (n=7), iron (n= 5), folate (n=5), Vitamin A (n=2), and Vitamin B (B1, B12) (n=4) were the most studied micronutrients. There were two studies on magnesium while one study each on Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and copper (some studies examined multiple micronutrients). We did not identify research conducted on any other micronutrients suspected to impact depression. Conclusion To our knowledge, this EGM is the first review to map current evidence regarding micronutrients and depression in this age demographic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support recommendations for micronutrient supplementation in the management of depression among those 6-19 years of age. More longitudinal studies and trials are needed to confirm a role for micronutrients in the etiology and treatment of depression among children and adolescents.

Changes in mental health and drug use among men who have sex with men using daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis: Results from a prospective demonstration project in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

BackgroundGay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are at increased risk of mental health disorders and drug use. In GBMSM taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV, the proportion engaging in risk behaviors could increase due to decreased perception in HIV risk. In turn, this could leave them further susceptible to mental health disorders.MethodsThe AMsterdam PrEP study (AMPrEP) is a demonstration project offering a choice of daily PrEP or event-driven PrEP regimen at the STI clinic of the Public Health Service of Amsterdam. Eligible participants were HIV-negative GBMSM and transgender people at risk of HIV, aged ≥18 years. We assessed anxiety and depressive mood disorders (Mental Health Inventory 5), sexual compulsivity (Sexual Compulsivity Scale), alcohol use disorder (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), and drug use disorder (Drug Use Disorder Identification Test) using yearly self-administered assessments (August 2015–September 2018). The proportion of mental health problems were analyzed and changes over time and between regimen were assessed using a logistic regression model. Variables associated with the development or recovery of disorders were assessed using a multistate Markov model.OutcomesOf 376 enrolled, we analyzed 341 participants with data at baseline and at least one follow-up visit. During a median follow-up of 2.5 years (IQR=2.3–2.7), the proportion assessed with sexual compulsivity decreased from 23% at baseline to 10% at the last visit (p<0.001) and drug use disorder decreased from 38% at baseline to 31% at the last visit (p = 0.004). No changes occurred in proportion assessed with anxiety/depressive mood disorders (20% at baseline, 18% at last visit, p = 0.358) or alcohol use disorder (28% at baseline, 22% at the last visit, p = 0.106). During follow-up, participants reported significant less use of alcohol (p<0.001), nitrites (p<0.001) and ecstasy (p<0.001). We found no differences between daily and event-driven PrEP users. The development and recovery of disorders during follow-up were highly interrelated.InterpretationMental health disorders are prevalent among those initiating PrEP. We did not find increases in mental health disorders during PrEP use, but rather a decrease in sexual compulsivity and drug use disorders. The initial prevalence of mental health disorders in our study point at the continuous need to address mental health disorders within PrEP programs.FundingZonMw, H-TEAM, Internal GGD research funds, Aidsfonds, Stichting AmsterdamDiner Foundation, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, M A C AIDS Fund, and ViiV Healthcare.

Mating and parenting experiences sculpture mood-modulating effects of oxytocin-MCH signaling

The two hypothalamic neuropeptides oxytocin and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) share several physiological actions such as the control of maternal care, sexual behavior, and emotions. In this study, we uncover the role for the oxytocin-MCH signaling pathway in mood regulation. We identify discrete effects of oxytocin-MCH signaling on depressive behavior and demonstrate that parenting and mating experiences shape these effects. We show that the selective deletion of OXT receptors from MCH neurons increases and decreases depressive behavior in sexually naïve and late postpartum female mice respectively, with no effect on sexually naïve male mice. We demonstrate that both parenting experience and mood-regulating effects of oxytocin-MCH are associated with synaptic plasticity in the reward and fear circuits revealed by the alterations of Arc expressions, which are associated with the depressive behavior. Finally, we uncover the sex-dependent effects of mating on depressive behavior; while the sexual activity reduces the basal levels of depressive behavior in male mice, it reduces in female mice evoked-depression only. We demonstrate that the oxytocin-MCH pathway mediates the effects of sexual activity on depressive behavior. Our data suggest that the oxytocin-MCH pathway can serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of major depression and postpartum mood disorders.

Depression in Poststroke Aphasia.

Purpose The aim of this tutorial is to provide speech-language pathologists with foundational knowledge of poststroke depression comorbidly occurring with aphasia. Given the negative effect of depression on functional outcomes and mortality, it is crucial that speech-language pathologists possess this knowledge in order to better advocate for and treat their patients. Method and Results Three areas of complementary expertise (speech-language pathology, psychology, and neurology) collaborated on this tutorial to address the following areas: (a) provide terminology associated with depression and related mood disorders, (b) describe the potential underlying pathophysiology of depression in the general population, (c) provide an overview of our existing understanding of comorbid poststroke depression and aphasia, and (d) summarize current assessment methods and interventions for poststroke depression in adults with aphasia. Conclusion Given the compounding impact aphasia and depression have on rehabilitation outcomes, it is imperative that speech-language pathologists understand terminology, assessment, and treatment practices for depression.

Dietary phytochemicals modulate experience-dependent changes in Neurexin gene expression and alternative splicing in mice after chronic variable stress exposure

Neurexins (NRXNs) are cell-adhesion molecules important in the formation and remodeling of neural circuits. It has been shown that aversive environmental stimuli can affect the expression pattern of Neurexin genes (Nrxns) impacting the regulation of synaptic strength. Accumulated evidence suggests that, after chronic exposure to psychological stress, the triggered changes in gene expression and splicing patterns of Nrxns may be involved in aversive conditioning. Previously, we have demonstrated that a novel treatment using dietary phytochemicals can modulate the response to chronic variable stress (CVS) in mice. Here, we aimed to further investigate the long-term plasticity changes after CVS by focusing on the regulation of NRXNs at synapses. We found that CVS differentially triggers the region-specific gene expression of Nrxns in mice Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and Hippocampus (HIPP). The prophylactic treatment with the combination of two phytochemicals dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) and Malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mal-gluc) differentially modulated the stress-induced effects on Nrxn1 and 3 mRNA expression in these brain areas and promoted the alternative splicing of Nrxn3 in HIPP.Overall, our data supports the prophylactic effect of dietary phytochemicals in the restoration of stress-induced plasticity changes in mouse brain. By intervening in activity-dependent plasticity at synapses, these compounds may attenuate the effects of chronic aversive conditioning. We propose that an early therapeutic intervention may help with disorders of negative affect, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Our future studies will address how DHCA/Mal-gluc might serve as a potential complement for current therapies in depression and other mood disorders.

Increased rates of parental separation and anxiety among Latinx youth

Family separation during the immigration journey and its effects on the health of affected children and adolescents is a growing concern in the United States. Anti-immigrant policies are also on the rise, creating a negative context for development. Young people seen at a clinic-based Latinx youth development program completed intake questionnaires between 2009 and 2018 (n = 824). These, along with diagnoses coded at each visit, were used to examine the prevalence and associations between parental separation, demographics, and the number of visits with diagnoses of anxiety and depressive mood disorders, respectively. Bivariate associations were tested, and then regression was used to examine if parental separation was associated with the number of visits with an anxiety diagnosis. Rates of youth reporting ever experiencing parental separation were steady between 2009 and 2016 (range 3.1–9.0%) but increased in 2017 to 22.7%. The number of visits seen with a diagnosis of anxiety also increased during the study period, rising to three times higher. Youth reporting parental separation were older, and patient age was positively associated with the number of visits with an anxiety diagnosis; however, parental separation was not significantly associated with visits with an anxiety diagnosis once we adjusted for patient age. While further research is needed to explore the relationship between parental separation and anxiety disorders, this research sheds light into the significant increase of anxiety of the Latinx youth studied.

Healthcare Service Use for Mood and Anxiety Disorders Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cohort Study of the Role of Neighbourhood Socioenvironmental Characteristics in a Largely Rural Population.

Depression and other mood and anxiety disorders are recognized as common complications following cardiac events. Some studies report poorer cardiac outcomes among patients in socioeconomically marginalized neighbourhoods. This study aimed to describe associations between socioeconomic and built environment characteristics of neighbourhood environments and mental health service contacts following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI or heart attack) among adults in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. This province is characterized largely by residents in small towns and rural areas. A cohort of all adults aged 45 and over surviving AMI and without a recent record of mental disorders was identified by linking provincial medical-administrative datasets. Residential histories were tracked over time to assign neighbourhood measures of marginalization, local climate zones, and physical activity friendliness (i.e., walkability). Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of healthcare use for mood and anxiety disorders over the period 2003/04–2015/16 by neighbourhood characteristics. The baseline cohort included 13,330 post-AMI patients, among whom 32.5% were found to have used healthcare services for a diagnosed mood or anxiety disorder at least once during the period of observation. Among men, an increased risk of mental health service use was found among those living in areas characterized by high ethnic concentration (HR: 1.14 (95%CI: 1.03–1.25)). Among women, the risk was significantly higher among those in materially deprived neighbourhoods (HR: 1.16 (95%CI: 1.01–1.33)). We found no convincing evidence of associations between this outcome and the other neighbourhood characteristics considered here. These results suggest that selected features of neighbourhood environments may increase the burden on the healthcare system for mental health comorbidities among adults with cardiovascular disease. Further research is needed to understand the differing needs of socioeconomically marginalized populations to improve mental health outcomes following an acute cardiac event, specifically in the context of smaller and rural communities and of universal healthcare coverage.

Recent trends in mental illness and omega-3 fatty acids.

Although it is clear that nutrition affects physical and metabolic functions in humans, the importance of nutrition in mental illness has often been overlooked. Following a report by Hibbeln (Lancet 351:1213, 1998) published in The Lancet, which suggested that depression rates and fish consumption were inversely correlated, the relationships between a variety of nutritional/epidemiological treatments and neuropsychiatric disorders have received increased attention. In particular, many studies have been conducted on the omega-3 fatty acid mechanism of action in pathophysiological aspects of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, many clinical studies have also been conducted on the effects of omega-3 replacement therapy. Therefore, this article reports recent trends in, and perspectives on, the use of omega-3 fatty acids to treat the five psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia (a delusion of the psychotic zone), depression and other mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (a developmental disorder), post-traumatic stress disorder (psychological trauma after the disaster), and Alzheimer-type dementia.

Evidence of new-onset depression among persons with migraine after discontinuing antidepressants

Antidepressants have been hypothesized to cause tardive dysphoria—the delayed development of negative emotional symptoms. We assessed the risk of tardive dysphoria in a cohort of persons with migraine taking anti-migraine antidepressants with no known diagnosis of any mood or anxiety disorder. We included all outpatient encounters in a university hospital system for migraine from January 2008 through October 2018, excluding subjects with prior psychiatric diagnoses. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted. 13,048 subjects were included; 1191 took an antidepressant; 402 discontinued an antidepressant. In multivariable analyses examining the first year after exposure, antidepressant use was not significantly associated with risk of a depression, any mood disorder (including depression, mania, and other mood disorders), or anxiety. Antidepressant discontinuation was significantly associated with increased risk of depression, but not any mood disorder or anxiety. Among persons with migraine with no known psychiatric diagnosis, antidepressants did not appear to be associated with indicators of tardive dysphoria. Antidepressant discontinuation, however, was associated with increased risk of a depression diagnosis.

Prevalence of mental disorders in South Asia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Mental disorders are highly prevalent in eight South Asian countries, yet there is a gap of a synthesized overview of the prevalence of mental disorders in this region. This umbrella review aims to summarize the prevalence of mental disorders from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of South Asian studies. A systematic search of 11 major databases and additional sources was conducted until December 11, 2019. Articles were included if they were systematic reviews or meta-analyses, reported the prevalence of mental disorders, and reported primary studies conducted in South Asian countries only. Among 2591 citations, a total of 23 reviews met all the criteria of this umbrella review. The synthesized findings from those reviews suggest high prevalence rates for mental disorders, including depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, suicidal behavior and self-harm, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, dementia, and other mental health problems. Also, findings suggest a high burden of maternal depression, psychiatric comorbidities in chronic physical illnesses, and various mental disorders among children, elderly adults, refugees, and other vulnerable populations. Most studies were from India whereas evidence from Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Maldives was limited. The findings of this review are constrained with heterogeneity in prevalence estimations, methodologies, sampling issues, and limitations in the existing literature, which should be addressed in future research. The evidence synthesized in this review provides national and regional overview of the prevalence of mental disorders, which may inform better policymaking and practice advancing mental health in South Asia.

Advancing Treatment of Depression and Other Mood Disorders Through Innovative Models of Telepsychiatry.

Rapid changes in health care technology are advancing mental health care. Telepsychiatry, in the form of live interactive videoconferencing, has demonstrated its ability to improve access to high-quality mental health care, specifically in the treatment of patients with depression and mood disorders. This article reviews the advances in telepsychiatry in the treatment of depression and mood disorders. Telepsychiatry is significantly reconfiguring the structures and models of psychiatric care delivery. Such changes include direct-to-home services, blending telepsychiatry with other technologies, and using a team-based care approach. This article also examines the evolving and innovative models of care, synthesizes literature and lessons learned about telehealth, and considers current and future pragmatic implications for the treatment of depression and mood disorders in various clinical settings. Telepsychiatry has an important and expanding role in addressing the individual and societal psychiatric burdens of depression and mood disorders.

The Association of Active Living Environments and Mental Health: A Canadian Epidemiological Analysis.

Environments that promote use of active transport (walking, biking, and public transport use) are known as “active living environments” (ALE). Using a Canadian national sample, our aim was to determine if ALEs were associated with mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms, and mood and anxiety disorders. Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2015–2016 was used for demographic characteristics and mental health outcomes (n ≈ 110,000). This data was linked to datasets from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium, reporting ALE and social and material deprivation. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using standard dichotomized scores of 5+ (mild) and 10+ (moderate/severe) from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Self-reported diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders were also included. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of mental health outcomes with four classes of ALE. The analysis included adjustments for social and material deprivation, age, sex, chronic conditions, marital status, education, employment, income, BMI, and immigrant status. No association between any mental health outcome and ALE were observed. While the benefits of ALE to physical health are known, these results do not support the hypothesis that more favorable ALE and increased use of active transport is associated with better mental health outcomes.

Nurse-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adherence and Depression Among People Living With HIV (the Ziphamandla Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundThere is an unmet need to develop effective, feasible, and scalable interventions for poor adherence and depression in persons living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) among persons living with HIV who are failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsThis study is a 2-arm randomized controlled trial of CBT-AD integrated into the HIV primary care setting in South Africa. A total of 160 participants who did not achieve viral suppression from their first-line ART and have a unipolar depressive mood disorder will be randomized to receive either 8 sessions of CBT-AD or enhanced treatment as usual. Participants will be assessed for major depressive disorder using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 months. The primary outcomes are depression on the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D; as assessed by a blinded assessor) at the 4-month assessment and changes in ART adherence (assessed via real-time, electronic monitoring with Wisepill) between baseline and the 4-month assessment. Secondary outcomes are HIV viral load and CD4 cell count at the 12-month assessment as well as ART adherence (Wisepill) and depression (HAM-D) over follow-up (4-, 8-, and 12-month assessments).ResultsThe trial commenced in August 2015 and recruitment began in July 2016. Enrollment was completed in June 2019.ConclusionsResults of this study will inform whether an existing intervention (CBT-AD) can be effectively administered in LMIC by nurses with training and ongoing supervision. This will present unique opportunities to further explore the scale-up of a behavioral intervention to enhance ART adherence among persons living with HIV with major depression in a high-prevalence setting, to move toward achieving The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 90-90-90 goals.Trial RegistrationClincialTrials.gov NCT02696824; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02696824International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/14200

Outcome of depressive mood disorder among adolescent outpatients in an eight-year follow-up

ObjectivesThis study investigated the eight-year course and outcomes of depressive mood disorders and the key outcome predictors among adolescent outpatients. MethodsDepressive adolescent outpatients (N = 148) in a naturalistic clinical setting were assessed at baseline, six months, 12 months and eight years using diagnostic and self-report instruments. Baseline predictors covered selected sociodemographic, clinical and treatment-related characteristics. The outcomes were time to recovery, recurrence, time spent being ill and longitudinal latent profiles of depressive symptoms. ResultsThe recovery rate from any depressive mood disorder was 73% at two years, 91% at five years and 94% by the end of the eight-year follow-up. Two thirds (67%) of the subjects presented at least one recurrence and 57% of them were depressed for 25% or more of the follow-up period. At the eight-year follow-up, 36% had a mood disorder, 48% suffered from anxiety and 26% had a personality disorder. Less severe depression at baseline predicted a shorter time to recovery, whereas recurrence was predicted by a younger age. A latent profile with initially moderate-level depressive symptoms but a poor distal outcome was associated with being female and borderline personality disorder. LimitationsThe female preponderance in the sample warrants caution when interpreting sex differences in the findings. ConclusionsAlthough the depression outcome for some adolescents making the transition to young adulthood is promising, many of them experience long, even chronic episodes, and recurrences are common. Personality-disorder characteristics appeared to be significant outcome predictors in this adolescent population.

A review on recognizing depression in social networks: challenges and opportunities

Social networks have become another resource for supporting mental health specialists in making inferences and finding indications of mental disorders, such as depression. This paper addresses the state-of-the-art regarding studies on recognition of depressive mood disorders in social networks through approaches and techniques of sentiment and emotion analysis. The systematic research conducted focused on social networks, social media, and the most employed techniques, feelings, and emotions were analyzed to find predecessors of a depressive disorder. Discussions on the research gaps identified aimed at improving the effectiveness of the analysis process, bringing the analysis close to the user’s reality. Twitter, Facebook, Blogs and Forums, Reddit, Live Journal, and Instagram are the most employed social networks regarding the identification of depressive mood disorders, and the most used information was text, followed by emoticons, user log information, and images. The selected studies usually employ classic off-the-shelf classifiers for the analysis of the available information, combined with lexicons such as NRC Word-Emoticon Association Lexicon, WordNet-Affect, Anew, and LIWC tool. The challenges include the analysis of temporal information and a combination of different types of information.

Musculoskeletal pain as a predictor for depression in the general working population of Denmark.

Aim: This study examines the association between musculoskeletal complaints and subsequent use of antidepressants and/or psychiatric hospital treatment for depressive mood disorders in the Danish labour force. Methods: The study is based on two cohorts. The first cohort is the total labour force in 21 Danish municipalities (n=693,860), where the risk of depression (psychiatric diagnosis or antidepressant treatment) during 2010–2015 was compared between individuals on long-term sickness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and non-sick-listed gainfully employed individuals. The second cohort is a random sample of the Danish labour force (n=9248) who were followed during 2011–2015 to estimate the association between self-rated musculoskeletal pain and depression. All analyses were controlled for age, sex, calendar period and socio-economic status. Results: Compared to non-sick-listed gainfully employed individuals, there was an increased risk of depression in individuals sick-listed with MSD, with rate ratios of 2.39 (99% confidence interval (CI) 2.22–2.58) for individuals with less severe MSD and 4.27 (99% CI 3.98–4.59) for individuals with more severe MSD. There was also an increased risk of depression associated with self-rated pain (yes vs. no), with a rate ratio of 2.17 (99% CI 1.69–2.78). The population attributable fraction of depression from musculoskeletal pain was 0.35 (99% CI 0.24–0.45). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that musculoskeletal pain is an important predictor of indicators of depression in the general working population of Denmark.

Neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and gut peptide profile in PCOS-pathways contributing to the pathophysiology, food intake and psychiatric manifestations of PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major health problem with a heterogeneous hormone-imbalance and clinical presentation across the lifespan of women. Increased androgen production and abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and gonadotropin secretion, resulting in chronic anovulation are well-known features of the PCOS. The brain is both at the top of the neuroendocrine axis regulating ovarian function and a sensitive target of peripheral gonadal hormones and peptides. Current literature illustrates that neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the body, including reproduction, mood and body weight. Neurotransmitter alteration could be one of the reasons for disturbed GnRH release, consequently directing the ovarian dysfunction in PCOS, since there is plenty evidence for altered catecholamine metabolism and brain serotonin or opioid activity described in PCOS. Further, the dysregulated neurotransmitter and neuropeptide profile in PCOS could also be the reason for low self-esteem, anxiety, mood swings and depression or obesity, features closely associated with PCOS women. Can these altered central brain circuits, or the disrupted gut-brain axis be the tie that would both explain and link the pathogenesis of this disorder, the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other mood disorders as well as of obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal appetite in PCOS? This review intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of what is known about the relatively understudied, but very complex role that neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gut peptides play in PCOS. The answer to the above question may help the development of drugs to specifically target these central and peripheral circuits, thereby providing a valuable treatment for PCOS patients that present to the clinic with GnRH/LH hypersecretion, obesity or psychiatric manifestations.

P.554 Relationship of cognetive impairment and the processing of visual information in patients with schizophrenia

The aim of this study was to investigate whether differentiation of delta-beta cross frequency coupling (CFC) in bipolar II depressive episode with mixed features and consecutive remission was observed.8 patient diagnosed bipolar disorder type II, depressive episode with mixed features according to DSM-V, were examined during the current episode, at baseline and end of the third week of lamotrigine use. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) were applied to each case at the baseline and end of the third week and QEEG was performed. Temperament was evaluated with TEMPS-A.dPAC-DB and AAC-DB were significantly higher in FP2 at the end of 3rd weeks of lamotrigine use. A linear relationship was found between F3 dPAC-DB and MDQ scores, before and after treatment. P3 dPAC-DB was correlated with HDRS scores initially only. Cyclothymic temperament scores was found related with dPAC-DB and AAC-DB in F4.In bipolar disorder, delta-beta CFC was first investigated in this study. CFCs may have a neural projection of the physiopathology of bipolar disorder. At the point we reached in this study, we can show it as both state and trait.