Depressive Affect Research Articles

The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders.

The Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) was adapted for American and Chinese youth, but never for European youth. Moreover, the factor structures found in these previous studies were not consistent. The DTS was adapted for Portuguese children and then validated among 153 children aged 6-13 years with emotional disorders. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted; the DTS reliability and validity were analyzed, and sex and age differences were explored. A sub-sample of children who received a transdiagnostic CBT (Unified Protocol for Children) was used to analyze the DTS's sensitivity to therapeutic change. The five tested models (based on previous studies) exhibited adequate fit in the CFA. However, the model previously reported for use in American children with emotional disorders was selected as the most appropriate. The DTS demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, and its validity was established through significant negative associations with measures of anxiety, depression and negative affect, as well as positive associations with positive affect. Age and sex differences were discussed. The DTS scores significantly increased from pre- to post-treatment, demonstrating sensitivity to therapeutic change. The DTS is a suitable and useful measure for assessing children's distress tolerance and to assess the efficacy of CBT.

Reciprocal effect between non-suicidal self-injury and depressive symptoms in adolescence.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common psychological and behavioral problem among adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's mental health. To date, few studies have documented the temporal changes in adolescents' psychological status during the pandemic, as well as the impact of large-scale public health intervention strategies. This study contributes to the existing evidence on the subject. Participants were 6,023 adolescents aged 10 years and older, with data from two waves of longitudinal surveys, including data for a 7-month interval before and during the pandemic. A cross-lagged model was used to test the bidirectional relationship between NSSI and depressive symptoms in adolescents; logistic regression analysis was used to explore the predictors of NSSI implementation in adolescents with depressive symptoms. In this study, 32.69% participants reported depressive symptoms at baseline and 34.27% at follow-up; 44.34% participants with depressive symptoms reported NSSI at baseline and 53.44% at follow-up. The duration of the online class, depressed affect, and somatic and related activity were the risk factors for NSSI; sleep duration and positive mood were the protective factors. The lag effect of depression symptoms on NSSI is significant, and so is NSSI on depressive symptoms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents' mental health has worsened, resulting in an increase in the prevalence of NSSI among those with depressive symptoms compared to pre-pandemic levels. Early screening for depression is crucial in preventing or decreasing NSSI in adolescents.

Bidirectional temporal associations between sleep and affect and cognitive symptoms among community-dwelling stroke survivors: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Sleep plays a critical role in daily functioning and stroke recovery but receives little attention in stroke rehabilitation. Sleep disturbances are linked to affective and cognitive impairments, but temporal associations between sleep and affect and cognitive symptomsare less clear. Understanding these temporal associations may inform new directions in intervention and prevention to support continued stroke recovery. To examine the bidirectional temporal associations between sleep and affect and cognitive symptoms among community-dwelling stroke survivors. A secondary analysis of a longitudinal observational study involving 7 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), during which participants completed eight EMA surveys and a sleep diary per day. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze data. Community. Community-dwelling stroke survivors (N = 40). Not applicable. EMA measures of depressed affect, cheerful affect, and cognitive symptoms. Sleep quality and duration as measured using a sleep diary. Between-person sleep quality was negatively associated with next-day depressed affect (B = -.16; p = .028) and positively associated with next-day cheerful affect (B = .63; p < .001). Inversely, between-person depressed affect was negatively associated with next night sleep quality (B = -.77; p = .015), and vice versa for cheerful affect (between-person: B = .45; p < .001; within-person: B = .09; p = .008). Long sleep (>9 hours) was positively associated with next-day cognitive symptoms (B = .13; p = .002), whereas cognitive symptoms were associated with a higher odds of long sleep the following night (odds ratio [OR] = 0.25; p = .047). This study identified the bidirectional associations of sleep with affect and cognitive symptoms in the context of the everyday life of stroke survivors. The findings suggest that interventions addressing sleep quality and duration may impact affect and cognitive symptoms, and vice versa.

Building the Case for Telehealth Yoga for Minors With Arthritis and Chronic Pain: A Perspective.

Childhood arthritis has a prevalence of around 300000 US children. It has no cure, and is just one of many juvenile conditions associated with pain, fatigue, and a lifetime of medical care. Yoga has demonstrated effectiveness in improving symptoms and quality of life for adults with arthritis. Yoga can be easily adapted according to affected joints, movement limitations, and changes in disease status. It combines movement that is necessary for arthritis management and maintaining physical function, along with mental practices that help to address common psychosocial comorbidities such as depressive symptoms and affect. No research has been published on the effects of yoga in minors with arthritis and chronic pain. In-person yoga may not be feasible for this population because many patients live hours from their specialist healthcare. As telehealth becomes more acceptable, online yoga may offer an additional tool for symptom management and improved quality of life in juvenile chronic pain conditions. Clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the safety, feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of teleyoga in the whole-person management of juvenile arthritis and chronic pain conditions.

The mediating role of coping between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) serves as a challenge for women globally, with a never-ending struggle with Alexithymia and mental health problems. To assess Alexithymia in women diagnosed with PCOS and the mediating effect of coping strategies emotion-focused coping (EFC), problem-focused coping (PFC), and dysfunctional coping (DC) between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS living in Islamabad, Pakistan. This mediation study was conducted in Islamabad. A hundred women with PCOS were approached for this study through various OB/Gynae clinics and fertility groups on social media. Participants completed the Perth Alexithymia Scale, Brief Cope Inventory, and Mental Health Inventory. The results suggest that significant mediation exists of EFC (p = .09) between Alexithymia and anxiety, EFC (p = .02) between Alexithymia and depression, EFC (p = .01) between alexithymia and behavior control in addition, significant mediation of EFC (p = .04) exists between Alexithymia and positive affect. Coping (EFC, PFC, and DC) partially mediates between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS. Further analysis suggests that DCS has a negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems (M-anxiety = -.0465; p = .13, M-depression = -.0461; p &lt; .01, M-behavior control = -.0431; p &lt; .01 and M-positive affect = .0333; p = .02). The mediating result is significant for EFC between alexithymia and mental health problems whereas, PFC partially mediates and DC has a significant negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS.

MCI AND CAREGIVING: DYADIC STRESS AND DEPRESSION CONTAGION EFFECTS

Abstract Individuals diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) remain functionally independent and able to complete instrumental activities of daily living while simultaneously experiencing subjective and objective decline in one or more areas of cognition. Loved ones of individuals with MCI are also impacted and spouses often serve as formal or informal caregivers. Relationships impacted by cognitive impairment experience widespread impacts among cognitive, behavioral, and affective factors within and between individuals. The present study took a novel approach to understanding longitudinal daily parallel patterns of depressive affect, relationship mutuality, sleep, stress, and behavioral problems associated with cognitive impairment. 27 dyads comprised of one spouse with diagnosed Mild Cognitive Impairment (M= 74.6 years, SD= 8.26, 10 female), and the other as a cognitively healthy caregiving spouse (M= 71.4 years, SD= 8.35, 18 female) completed individual nightly reports for two consecutive weeks. Exploratory multilevel modeling revealed significant and complex interactions among spouses’ depressive affect, stress, relationship mutuality, and behavioral problems. Results indicate co-occurring daily effects for depressive affect and stress as contagion effects, with mutuality serving as an important moderator. The impact of mutuality was also significant over and above its role in the interactions. Mutuality seems to act as a buffer for negative affect and stress contagion from one partner to the other across days and from one day to the next. These findings highlight the importance of healthy daily relationship dynamics in mitigating stress and depressive affect contagion among older adults impacted by MCI.

HOME-BASED CARE AND PATIENT OUTCOMES: DOES THE DELIVERY TEAM MATTER?

Abstract A major challenge facing the U.S. is how to best to meet the growing demand for person-centered, high-quality long-term care in the least restrictive setting possible for community-dwelling older adults who need assistance with daily activities. This paper asks whether who is providing home care impacts patient outcomes. The relative benefits to the care recipient of informal care, formal care, or a combination of the two is largely unknown. A systematic review (Coe et al. 2021) found informal care, either solo or in concert with formal care, tends to lead to improvements in health and well-being of the care recipient compared to formal care alone. However, little of that research can show causation, and most is not based in the U.S. Recipients’ utilization of formal and informal care is affected by factors that also may affect outcomes, complicating the estimation of any causal relationship. Using the 2002-2018 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we use family structure variables as instruments for both formal care and the combination of formal and informal care to estimate the causal impact of the home health care team on self-reported mental and physical health outcomes. Once the endogeneity of the care team is accounted for, having both formal and informal care leads to higher self-reported health and having only formal care leads to worse mental health outcomes, such as higher depression and lower positive affect, compared to informal care alone. Mobility measures seem unaffected by the type of home care provider.

OUTCOMES OF THE ADULT DAY SERVICE PLUS (ADS PLUS) PROGRAM: A HYBRID TYPE I MULTISITE TRIAL DESIGN

Abstract This paper presents the main outcomes of a cluster randomized hybrid trial (type I) involving 34 adult day services (ADS) in the US. Eighteen sites were randomized to control (ADS as usual); 16 sites provided ADS and caregiver support (ADS Plus). Trained staff met with caregivers onsite to provide dementia education, support/validation, referrals/linkages, and strategies for care challenges and self-care over 12-months. Main outcomes included depressive symptoms (CES-D) and well-being at 6-and 12-months, and attendance of clients (people living with dementia) over 12-months. Of 203 caregivers (Intervention=102; Control=101), 5.9% at 3-months, 12.8% at 6-months, and 22.7% at 12-months were lost-to-follow-up. Caregivers were predominantly female (80.3%), with 76.4% identifying as white/Caucasian, 14.8% Black/African American, and 12.3% Hispanic/Latino. Most (88.2%) had &amp;gt;college education and were 65.0 years old (SD=13.46). For those with 6-month data, 40.4% control and 40.2% ADS Plus caregivers had depressed symptoms (&amp;gt;16 CES-D) at baseline. By 6-months, 43.6% control versus 34.2% ADS Plus caregivers had &amp;gt;16 scores (odds ratio=0.38, p=0.072). By 12-months, after covariate adjustments, ADS Plus caregivers reported reduced total depression scores versus controls (p=0.013) and lower depressed affect scores (p=0.015). Of 18 sites providing 12-month client attendance data, nine intervention sites reported 126.05 days attended versus 78.49 days for nine control sites (p=0.079). Compared to ADS alone, by 12-months ADS Plus improved caregiver mood and increased ADS utilization by 60.6%. Results support ADS staff delivering evidence-based caregiver support to enhance benefits for clients, caregivers and ADS.

Relationship between nightmare distress and depressive symptoms in Chinese emergency department nurses: A cross-sectional study.

Most of the recent research on nightmare distress and depressive symptoms has focused on adolescents and students, with less research on the nurse population. Emergency department nurses are at high risk for nightmare distress and depressive symptoms, but no studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between the two; thus, further investigation is needed. To understand the relationship between nightmare distress and depressive symptoms among emergency department nurses in China. A convenience sampling method was used to select 280 emergency department nurses from nine provinces, including Jiangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Shanxi Provinces. The Chinese version of the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were administered. Emergency department nurses' nightmare distress scores were positively associated with depressive symptom scores (r = 0.732), depressed affect (r = 0.727), somatic symptoms (r = 0.737), and interpersonal difficulty (r = 0.647). Further multiple linear regression analyses showed that education level, work pressure, self-reported health, and CES-D scores were factors that influenced nightmare distress among Chinese emergency department nurses (P < 0.05). Nightmare distress is closely associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese emergency department nurses, and early intervention is recommended for professionals with this type of sleep disorder to reduce the occurrence of depressive symptoms.

Differences in smoking behavior and beliefs about abstinence among Latinx individuals with and without depression who smoke cigarettes

There is a well-established relation between depression and smoking in the general population. However, past work focused on Latinx persons who smoke in relation to depressed affect has yielded inconsistent findings. The present investigation aimed to build on past research and evaluate differences among English-speaking Latinx adults who smoke combustible cigarettes with and without probable depression in terms of cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for quitting, severity of problems when quitting, and smoking abstinence expectancies. The current sample included 338 adult Latinx daily cigarette smokers (Mage = 35.53 years; SD = 8.65; age range 18–61; 37.3% female) that were recruited nationally throughout the US. Results indicated that among Latinx persons who smoke, those with probable depression (compared to those without) demonstrated higher levels of cigarette dependence, more severe problems when trying to quit, greater perceived barriers for quitting, and increased negative abstinence expectancies after adjusting for sociodemographic and concurrent substance use variables. Future work could build from this research to elucidate the role of depression in the maintenance and relapse of smoking among the Latinx population.

Intensity and Network Structure of Insomnia Symptoms and the Role of Mental Health During the First Two Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Insomnia, being a mental disorder, is best conceived as a network of symptoms. With the important increase in insomnia prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic, our aim was to investigate how the structure of insomnia symptoms in the general population has changed due to the pandemic. We also looked at the directional dependencies of nightmares and of covid- and lockdown-related stress/anxiety and depression in insomnia. 5986 persons replied to our online questionnaire for the first wave and 2843 persons to our second wave questionnaire. Both questionnaires included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Regularized Gaussian Graphical Models (GGM) and Bayesian Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) were estimated. The pre- and peri-lockdown networks were equally strongly connected (first wave: S = 0.13, p = 0.39; second wave: S = 0.03, p = 0.67), but differed for the first lockdown regarding only six edges (M = 0.13, p < 0.001) and for the second lockdown only five edges (M = 0.16, p < 0.001). These symptoms all worsened during the lockdowns in comparison to before the pandemic (p < 0.001). The diurnal items of the ISI had the highest predictability and centrality values in the GGMs. Lockdown-related stress/anxiety influenced indirectly nightmares through covid-related stress/anxiety, lockdown-related depressive affect and mental fatigue. These reported feelings of stress/anxiety and depression showed an indirect impact on insomnia symptoms through mental and physical fatigue. Though the lockdown slightly intensified insomnia symptoms, it did not alter their network structure. Despite their differences, both GGMs and DAGs agree that the diurnal symptoms of the ISI, play an essential role in the network structure. Both methods confirm the need for emphasizing the cognitive/affective component in the treatment of insomnia (ie cognitive behavioral therapy).

To be a freshman during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-lagged model of depression, mentalizing, and epistemic trust.

Research has shown that severity of depression increased in freshmen during their first months at university due to increased social and academic pressures. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cross-sectional studies have suggested that levels of depression in university students are higher than before the pandemic, but longitudinal data are largely lacking. This study investigated severity of depression and negative affect linked to the pandemic among freshmen during their first semester at a large university in Flanders, Belgium. We also investigated whether epistemic trust predicted severity of depression and pandemic-related negative affect and whether problems with reflective functioning (or mentalizing) mediated these relations. Participants in this two-wave prospective study were 289 first-year students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of a large Belgian university. We conducted paired samples t-tests and cross-panel analysis to answer the research question. The number of students at risk of clinical depression increased by 41% between T1 (early October 2020) and T2 (late December 2020). Epistemic mistrust at T1 was prospectively associated with an increase in the prevalence and severity of depression at T2. Problems with mentalizing and negative COVID-19-related affect were positively associated with severity of depression at T2 and mediated the association between epistemic mistrust and severity of depression at T2. The findings highlight the key role of epistemic trust in the development of depression among freshmen, with the COVID-19 pandemic presenting an additional source of uncertainty.

The role of self-reported emotional regulation strategies in hoarding behaviours in a non-clinical adult sample

Emotion regulation (ER) is implicated in various psychiatric conditions and individuals displaying hoarding behaviours report difficulties in their ER strategies. However, research has only focussed only putatively maladaptive ER strategies, and has not controlled for comorbid anxiety and depression. This study investigated whether difficulties in putatively maladaptive and putatively adaptive ER strategies are linked with hoarding behaviours in a non-clinical sample, whilst controlling for anxiety and depression. A cross-sectional online survey recruited 136 participants who answered questionnaires about their hoarding behaviours and cognitions, emotional regulation, anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect. A hierarchical regression found that after controlling for anxiety, depression, and current affect, increases in hoarding behaviours were linked with increased difficulties with ER, but not significantly linked with the use of putatively maladaptive and putatively adaptive ER strategies. Future research is still needed to fully understand the cognitive mechanisms, such as executive function, underpinning the relationship between ER and HD as this relationship may have therapeutic implications.

Identifying and ranking causal association between gut microbiota and neuroticism

BackgroundRecent studies had explored that gut microbiota was associated with personality traits through the gut-brain axis. Nevertheless, the fundamental causality remained obscure. MethodsMendelian randomization (MR) was used to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota, metabolites and neuroticism-related traits. Summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) was utilized to identify genes associated pleiotropically with microbial taxa. ResultsMR analyses identified reliable causal evidence of 20 bacterial taxa related to neuroticism and its worry or depressed affect sub-cluster. A higher relative abundance of the Ruminococcus gauvreauii genus was associated with a higher risk of neuroticism [odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06, P = 2.85 × 10–3], depressed affect [OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06, P = 5.50 × 10–3] and worry (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06, P = 7.81 × 10–4), respectively. We identified the probes tagging CPSF1, that showed pleiotropic association with Ruminococcus gauvreauii in brain or colon tissues. Finally, we provided evidence that Ruminococcus gauvreauii present causal association with the neurotransmitter such as glutamine and glutamate. ConclusionsThis study implied a causal relationship between the gut microbiome composition, metabolites and neuroticism, thus providing novel insights into the gut microbiota-mediated development mechanism of neuroticism.

Current maternal depression associated with worsened children's social outcomes during middle childhood: Exploring the role of positive affect socialization

BackgroundMaternal depression negatively predicts aspects of the mother-child relationship and social functioning in offspring. This study evaluated interrelations between mothers' depression history and current severity with dynamic indices of positive affect socialization and indices of offspring' social outcomes. MethodsN = 66 mother-child dyads in which approximately 50 % of mothers had a history of maternal depression were recruited. Children were 6–8 years old and 47.7 % male. Dyads completed a positive interaction task, which was coded for mother and child positive affect. Mothers and children reported on peer functioning and social problems and children reported on the quality of their best friendships at 1-year follow-up. ResultsCurrent level of maternal depression, but not depression history, was related to more social problems and lower best friend relationship quality. Indices of positive affect socialization were not related to history or current levels of maternal depression, or social outcomes, with the exception of maternal depression history predicting greater likelihood of mothers joining their children in expressing positive affect. Exploratory, supplementary analysis revealed that this may be due to treatment history among these mothers. LimitationsConclusions should be tempered by the small sample size, which limited the types of analyses that were conducted. ConclusionResults suggest that the effect of maternal depression on aspects of child social outcomes could be specific to current levels. Our data also did not support previously found associations between maternal depression and positive affect socialization. Results suggest positive implications for the effect of treatment for maternal depression for mother-child dynamics.

The Role of Neurotransmitters in Relation to Psychiatric Conditions Throughout the COVID-19 Epidemic

Various studies have reported the presence of psychiatric symptoms among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, encompassing heightened stress levels, impaired cognitive function, depressive mood, anxiousness, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychotic symptoms, and suicidal ideation. The objective of this review was to elucidate the involvement of neurotransmitters in psychiatric disorders following the COVID-19 pandemic. There are multiple variables that can influence the results of research studies examining the presence of symptoms or the initiation of psychiatric disorders in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. Factors associated with mental health difficulties include direct involvement in the healthcare field, presence of a psychiatric disease within the family, limited social support, advanced age, solitary living arrangements, and the utilization of high dosages of steroids during the acute phase. Multiple types of neurotransmitters are involved in the modulation of stress levels inside the human body. The neurotransmitters implicated in this process include dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate. In summary, cytokines have a pivotal role in modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis within the brain, hence potentially giving rise to psychiatric manifestations including impaired sleep, heightened stress, depressive affect, and several other psychological disturbances.

Differential Associations of Depressive Symptomology to HIV Care Engagement Among Young Black Sexual Minority Men with HIV (YBSMM+) in the US South: A Multi-Group Analysis of Mood, Intimate Partner Violence, and Alcohol Use.

Young Black Sexual Minority Men with HIV (YBSMM+) in the US South encounter multiple socio-structural challenges that contribute to disproportionately poor HIV-related outcomes across the care continuum. Depression, anxiety, intimate partner violence (IPV), and alcohol use are prominent factors that negatively impact engagement with HIV care. Syndemic theory posits that these multiple factors interact synergistically to promote poor outcomes; however, depression itself is highly heterogeneous in presentation, which may pose issues when examining associations to HIV care engagement. This study sought to better understand the associations of specific depressive symptomology subtypes, generalized anxiety, experienced IPV, and alcohol use on HIV care engagement for YBSMM+. Results showed that interpersonally oriented depressive symptomatology was associated with increased HIV care engagement among YBSMM + who abstained from alcohol. On the other hand, among YBSMM + who frequently binge drank, combined negative affect and somatic components of depressive symptomatology and frequency of IPV experiences were associated with decreased HIV care engagement while generalized anxiety was associated with increased HIV care engagement. The findings suggest that the negative affect and somatic components of depression may be particularly salient for HIV care engagement among YBSMM + who binge drink frequently. Developing targeted interventions that address these specific conditions while accounting for the nuances of mood-based symptomatology could improve intervention efforts geared towards improving HIV care engagement among YBSMM+.

IMMUNE SYSTEM SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS TO DENGUE VIRUS INFECTION: CASE REPORT

Introduction – Depression is a health problem that causes mortality and morbidity. The incidence of depression aged ≥ 15 years is as much as 6.1%. Another health problem is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), where 71,700 confirmed cases of DHF have been reported in Indonesia as of July 2020. The study at Mayo Hospital Lahore explained that there is a correlation between DHF infection and depression. There is no study to describe susceptibility of the immune system of depressed patients to dengue virus infection in Indonesia. Methods – Presented the case of patient, female, 19 years old with initial diagnosis and management of DHF from internal medicine departement. We use a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) questionnaire to evaluated status mental patient. Results – The results of the patient's HDRS questionnaire showed that the patient had moderate depression. The results of the psychiatric examination showed depressive affect, anhedonia, anenergy and feeling useless with an onset 1 month before suffering from DHF. The patient was given pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy from psychiatry. Discuss – Late diagnosis and treatment of depression causes prolonged stress in the body. This condition triggers HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system which will increase levels cortisol, and increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines can reduce inflammatory response to incoming pathogens, so that body will be susceptible to dengue virus infection. Management of depression at a young age with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy use SSRI and benzodiazepines for reduce the risk of suicide. Conclusion – Late diagnosis and treatment of depression makes immune system vulnerable to pathogens or infections. Interdisciplinary collaboration is needed so that the enforcement of psychiatric cases in hospitalization becomes more accurate and for further research to be carried out on the correlation of depression with the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever with a different research design. Keywords: depression, DHF, HPA axis, proinflammatory cytokines, cortisol.

“No Time, Make, or Reason”: The Affective Forms of Portishead’s “Only You” Music Video

Sigmund Freud famously distinguished normal mourning and pathological melancholy by the affects’ duration and persistence. This temporal perspective paves the way for reading affect beyond its expressivity and considering it a question of form. In the article, this radical formalist approach is used to examine the way depressive affect manifests itself in the structure of the music video to Portishead’s Only You (dir. Chris Cunningham, 1998), in particular concerning tempo and rhythm. Eugenie Brinkema’s remarks on grief as an affective form marked by heaviness and inertia serve as the basis for analysing tempo. The exploration of rhythm is rooted in Peter Kivy’s assertion that reading musical expression is mediated by understanding the affective properties of the human voice. This makes way for applying Julia Kristeva’s concept of the depressive discourse, understood as a set of particular speech patterns and qualities indicative of depression/melancholy.

Psychiatric Symptoms and Fatigue in COVID-19 Survivors.

Psychiatric symptoms and fatigue are common after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. The cause of these symptoms is direct neuronal injury and indirect injury with immune-mediated inflammation. In addition, social factors also affect mental health. We aim to compare psychiatric symptoms and fatigue between COVID-19 survivors and healthy controls. We prospectively evaluated 100 COVID-19 survivors for anxiety, depression, positive affect, andbehavior control using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI). Fatigue is assessed using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score. We compared them with 100 healthy controls. There was a significant statistical difference between the MHI score and individual components of MHI. Overall, MHI scores in cases and controls were 79.41 and 93.31, respectively, with a P value of less than 0.0001. Computed scores for anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect of COVID-19 survivors showed statistically significant differences as compared to healthy controls.There was a weak association between hospital stay duration and poor MHI scores. Fatigue was significantly worse in COVID-19 survivors, with a mean score of 6.93 in cases and 5.35 in controls, with a P value of 0.0001. This was a cross-sectional study evaluating psychiatric symptom scores, but not establishing the diagnosis. It is suggested that appropriate treatment and counseling for these symptoms should be done. Psychiatric symptoms and fatigue were significantly more common in COVID-19 patients after recovery from acute illness. It is a major contributing cause of morbidity other than organic complications of COVID-19 and requiresattention in management.