Depression Self-rating Scale For Children Research Articles

Self-consciousness and depression in precocious pubertal children.

ObjectiveTo explore self-consciousness and depression in children with precocious puberty (PP) and analyse its effect on children of both sexes.MethodsSixty children with PP and 60 non-PP children matched for sex and age participated in the study. Children were assessed using the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Piers–Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale.ResultsThere were significant differences in physical appearance and attributes, anxiety, happiness and satisfaction between PP children and non-PP children. PP children had significantly higher depression than non-PP children. In the PP group, girls were significantly more prone to anxiety and unhappiness than boys. Conclusion: There were sex differences in the effect of PP on children’s self-consciousness, and girls were more prone to anxiety and unhappiness. More attention should be paid to improving the physical and mental health of children with PP.

Influences of digital media use on children and adolescents with ADHD during COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectiveTo explore the influences of digital media use on the core symptoms, emotional state, life events, learning motivation, executive function (EF) and family environment of children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodA total of 192 participants aged 8–16 years who met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD were included in the study. Children scoring higher than predetermined cut-off point in self-rating questionnaires for problematic mobile phone use (SQPMPU) or Young’s internet addiction test (IAT), were defined as ADHD with problematic digital media use (PDMU), otherwise were defined as ADHD without PDMU. The differences between the two groups in ADHD symptoms, EF, anxiety and depression, stress from life events, learning motivation and family environment were compared respectively.ResultsWhen compared with ADHD group without PDMU, the group with PDMU showed significant worse symptoms of inattention, oppositional defiant, behavior and emotional problems by Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP), more self-reported anxiety by screening child anxiety-related emotional disorders (SCARED) and depression by depression self-rating scale for children (DSRSC), more severe EF deficits by behavior rating scale of executive function (BRIEF), more stress from life events by adolescent self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC), lower learning motivation by students learning motivation scale (SLMS), and more impairment on cohesion by Chinese version of family environment scale (FES-CV). The ADHD with PDMU group spent significantly more time on both video game and social media with significantly less time spend on physical exercise as compared to the ADHD without PDMU group.ConclusionThe ADHD children with PDMU suffered from more severe core symptoms, negative emotions, EF deficits, damage on family environment, pressure from life events, and a lower motivation to learn. Supervision of digital media usage, especially video game and social media, along with increased physical exercise, is essential to the management of core symptoms and associated problems encountered with ADHD.

The resilience scale: factorial structure, reliability, validity, and parenting-related factors among disaster-exposed adolescents

BackgroundIn this study, we examined psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Resilience Scale (RS) and parenting-related factors associated with resilience among disaster-exposed adolescents.MethodsEighteen months after the earthquake, a total of 1266 adolescents (43.4% male, mean age = 15.98; SD = 1.28) were assessed using the RS, the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale, the Depression Self-rating Scale for Children, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and Parental Bonding Instrument.ResultsThrough exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and parallel analysis, responses were characterized into a 3-factor structure: personal competence, meaningfulness, and acceptance of self and life. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the RS was 0.89 and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.72. In terms of predictive validity, resilience was found to be a significant predictor for PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Multiple regression analysis showed that maternal parenting styles were significant predictors of resilience after adjusting for gender, age, sibling number, and earthquake experiences.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of RS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing resilience among adolescent survivors after disasters. The implications for research and resilience-oriented interventions were also discussed.

Online Learning Performances of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To investigate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) core symptoms that impair executive function (EF), emotional state, learning motivation, and the family and parenting environment of children and adolescents with ADHD, both with and without severe difficulties. This will be explored within an online learning environment during the period of COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 183 ADHD children diagnosed using DSM-V criteria were selected and divided into 2 groups high difficulties during online learning (HDOL) and low difficulties during online learning (LDOL) according to the answer of Home Quarantine Investigation of the Pandemic (HQIP). The participants filled out a set of questionnaires to assess their emotional state and learning motivation, and their parents also filled out the questionnaires about ADHD core symptoms, EF, and family and parenting environment. Compared with ADHD children in the LDOL group, the children in the HDOL group had significant symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, oppositional defiant, behavioral and emotional problems according to the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP). They also had more severely impaired EF according to the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), more difficulties and disturbances in the family by the Chinese version of Family Environment Scale (FES-CV), and lower parenting efficacy and satisfaction by Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC). With regard to the self-rating questionnaires of children and adolescents, the HDOL group reported lower learning motivation according to the Students Learning Motivation Scale (SLMS). By Screening for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders and Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC), those in HDOL presented more negative emotions. The HDOL group spent significantly more time on both video games and social software per day and significantly less time on multiple activities per week, when compared to those in the LDOL group. This study demonstrated that ADHD children and adolescents with HDOL had more inattention-related behaviors, more severe emotional problems and EF impairment, weaker learning motivation, and poorer family and parenting environment. Meanwhile, digital media use should be supervised and appropriate extracurricular activities should be encouraged by parents and schools.

Self-Rated Depressive Symptoms in Children and Youth with and without Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study.

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often exhibit mental health problems, such as depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-rated depressive symptoms in children with and without CP and to investigate the associated predictors. Participants included 24 children with CP and 33 typically developing (TD) children. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children. Parents of the participants completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Severity of self-rated depressive symptoms was higher in children with CP than that in TD children. Particularly, decline in activities and enjoyment was identified as a contributor to the increased severity of depressive symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the greater severity of depressive symptoms in children with CP was mediated by hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems. Our study suggests that it is imperative to provide opportunities to participate in social activities from an early age.

Degree of influence in class modifies the association between social network diversity and well-being: Results from a large population-based study in Japan.

Social network diversity can be associated with physical and mental health among adolescents, which might be modified by their perceived degree of influence in class. We aimed to examine the association between social network diversity and physical and mental health, and to elucidate its effect modification by perceived degree of influence in class. Data were obtained from the Kochi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (K-CHILD) study in 2016, which targeted 5th, 8th and 11th grade children living in Kochi Prefecture in Japan (N=9998). Social network diversity accounted for the number of social roles in which adolescents had regular contact. Degree of influence in class, depression (using Depression Self-Rating Scale for children (DSRS)) and self-rated health were assessed by children, and behavior problem and prosocial behavior (using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)) was assessed by caregivers. Significant association of social network diversity with depression (Coefficient (B)=-0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.68 to -0.50), self-rated health (B=0.09, 95% CI=0.07 to 0.11), behavior problem (B=-0.71, 95% CI=-0.82 to -0.61) and prosocial behavior (B=0.06, 95% CI=0.02 to 0.11) were found. The association with depression and self-rated health was stronger among children with perceived low degree of influence (both p for interaction<0.001). A similar trend was observed for behavior problem (p for interaction=0.053), but effect modification was not found for the association between social network diversity and prosocial behavior. Social network diversity was beneficial for adolescent physical and mental health, especially for children with perceived lower degree of influence in class.

Oxcarbazepine monotherapy in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes improves quality of life.

BackgroundBenign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is the most common type of childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy. BECTS is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits and behavior problems. While seizures can be easily controlled, it is crucial to select anti-epileptic drugs that do not impair cognition, do not cause psychosocial effects, and improve the quality of life. Previous studies showed effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC) monotherapy on the cognitive and psychosocial profiles of patients with BECTS. Here, we studied the effects of OXC monotherapy on the neuropsychologic profiles and quality of life in patients with BECTS in China.MethodsThirty-one patients aged 6 to 12 years newly diagnosed with BECTS were recruited. A psychometric assessment was performed before and during the follow-up of OXC monotherapy with Cognitive Computerized Task Battery, Depression Self-Rating Scale for children, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31). The results of the assessments were compared to explore the effect of OXC monotherapy in patients with BECTS.ResultsThirty children with BECTS completed the study. Five of ten cognitive test scores improved after treatment via OXC monotherapy, including visual tracing (F = 14.480, P < 0.001), paired associated learning (language) (F = 6.292, P < 0.001), paired associated learning (number) (F = 9.721, P < 0.05), word semantic (F = 6.003, P < 0.05), and simple subtraction (F = 6.229, P < 0.05). Of the neuropsychology data concerning the quality of life, statistically significant improvements were observed in emotion (F = 4.946, P < 0.05), QOLIE-social (F = 5.912, P < 0.05), and QOLIE-total (F = 14.161, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOXC is safe and does not impair neuropsychologic functions, with no obvious mood burden on children with BECTS. Most importantly, OXC has positive impacts on children's perception of quality of life, especially in terms of happiness and life satisfaction.

Depression in children with epilepsy from western China: A cross-sectional survey.

This study investigated the prevalence of depression among children with epilepsy and evaluated factors associated with depression.Participants who met the selection criteria were included in this cross-sectional study, which was conducted at the Pediatric Neurology Department of the West China Women's and Children's Hospital from January to May 2018. Depression status among children with epilepsy was evaluated by the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC). Information on sociodemographic characteristics, co-morbid diseases and family conditions were collected as independent variables. Variables found in univariate analysis to affect depression were used in a multiple linear regression model on factors related to depression among children with epilepsy.A total of 124 patients participated in the study, with a response rate of 93.9% (124/132). In this sample, 60.5% (75/124) of patients were male and the mean age of patients was 11.17 ± 2.29 years. The mean score on the DSRSC was 9.65 ± 6.45 and 16.9% (21/124) of children with epilepsy were considered to have depression. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, the DSRSC scores showed a significant correlation with comorbidities (B = 0.178; standard error (SE) = 1.123; P = .043), attitude towards seizures (B = -0.180; SE = 1.171; P = .039) and adverse reaction to medications (B = 0.233; SE = 1.797; P = .008).There is relatively high prevalence of depression in children with epilepsy in western China. More health education is needed to reduce the rate of depression in children with epilepsy, particularly for those patients with comorbidities, negative attitudes towards seizures and adverse reactions to medications.

Depressive symptoms between parent and adolescent survivors: A longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model

Background: The association between parent-child depression following disasters has been well documented. However, longitudinal studies of posttraumatic depression using parent-child dyadic are scarce. This study aimed to investigate inter-related effects between parent and child depression, as well as predictors of depressive symptoms, in a large sample of Wenchuan earthquake survivors. Methods: Data are from the Wenchuan Earthquake Adolescent Health Cohort (WEAHC) Study that included 685 parent-child dyads exposed to the earthquake. Depression was assessed with the Self-Rating Depression Scale (for parents) and Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, at 12 (T12m) and 18 months (T18m) post-earthquake. Longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) were employed to examine depression within dyads. Predictors of depressive symptoms were assessed by the cart algorithm throughout the 6-month follow-up. Results: Adjusting for earthquake exposure and previous depressive symptoms, parents’ depression at 12 months predicted children's depressive symptoms at 18 months, and vice versa (β = 0.14 for parents and β = 0.12 for children). Psychomotor retardation in parents, and dysphoria/social isolation and positive affect in children were identified as crucial screening indicators identifying parents and children at increased risk for depression. Conclusion: A bidirectional association was found between parent and child depression following a mass disaster. Both parent and child depression status should be examined when implementing interventions to identify and treat depression in earthquake survivors.

A cross-sectional comparative study of problematic internet use and associated depression in private and Government school students in rural and urban areas of Telangana

Background: The Internet has become an essential part of our day to day life, especially among adolescents. It can be used for education, entertainment, and communication & sharing of information. If it is used excessively beyond a limit, it becomes an addiction and is becoming a significant concern. This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of internet addiction among rural, urban, Government, and private school-going adolescents and its association with socio-demographic factors, internet-related variables, and comorbid depression. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted in government and private schools in urban and rural areas of Telangana for three months. By using a simple random sampling method, 400 students of 10-13 years age group, studying in private, government schools of rural and urban areas were taken for the study. The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee. Students who had a history of internet use for the past one year were taken into study. Confidentiality was assured, and the voluntary nature of the study was explained. Semi structure intake proforma was used to collect age, gender, place of internet access, money spent on the Internet, duration of access, any quarrels happened among parents in the family, parental education, the purpose of internet use. Data was entered on Young’s internet addiction questionnaire and depression self-rating scale for children by Birleson. Results: Prevalence of internet addiction was estimated in rural, urban, and government and private schools. Correlates for internet addiction is different in rural and urban samples. Prevalence of internet addiction was found to be 4% mild and 4% moderate among rural government sample.10% mild, 3% moderate among rural private adolescents. 18% mild, 10% moderate among urban Government schools. 35% mild, 22% moderate among the private urban sample. The highest prevalence of internet a

Cognitive and psychological outcomes of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation survivors in a single center in China.

To investigate the cognitive and psychological outcomes of pediatric allogeneic HSCT survivors in China.A total of 135 3 to 18 years old children and adolescents who underwent allo-HSCT and survived at least 3 months post-HSCT were recruited and completed the assessments. Cognitive and psychological functions were assessed via age-appropriate standardized measures. Clinical information was extracted from the medical records.Forty one 3 to 6 years old children completed Psychological Questionnaires for 3 to 6 years Children. The scores of 21(51.2%) children in cognitive development dimension, 18(43.9%) in motor development dimension, 16(39.0%) in language development and social development dimension, 15(36.6%) in emotion and will dimension and 14(34.1%) in living habits dimension were less than the standard. Fifty six 8 to 16 years old children and adolescents completed the Depression Self-rating Scale for Children and 9 (16.1%) of these met the criteria of depression. Sixty nine 7 to 16 years old children and adolescents completed the screening for Child Anxiety Related Disorders and 7 (10.1%) of these met the criteria of anxiety, especially social phobia and school phobia. Eighty nine 6 to 18 years old children and adolescents completed the Symptom Checklist-90 and 43.8% to 77.5% of these experienced mild symptoms like obsession-compulsion (77.5%), hostility (64%), and interpersonal sensitivity (60.7%). Children treated with total body irradiation (TBI) showed more cognitive impairments like motor deficits than those without TBI. Also older children and adolescents had more symptoms like psychoticism.These findings demonstrated cognitive and psychological late effects of pediatric allo-HSCT survivors in a single center in China and highlighted that the survivors conditioned with TBI had more cognitive impairments and older children and adolescents had more symptoms. Early intervention in these children and adolescents might minimize the cognitive losses and psychological effects.

The Association Between Child Abuse and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Chinese School-Aged Boys With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between child abuse and emotional and behavioral problems in Chinese school-aged boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Forty-eight school-aged boys with ADHD and 77 male healthy controls completed the final assessments that included the Child Behavior Checklist, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Short Form. Our findings showed that child abuse could associate with the behavioral problems in ADHD. Regression analysis further showed that child abuse (especially emotional abuse and physical abuse), adverse living conditions, and school anxiety significantly could be contributors to behavioral problems in boys with ADHD. Our study indicated that child abuse may be associated with the behavioral problems in Chinese school-aged boys with ADHD.

Effects of cognitive behavior therapy on negative emotion and medication compliance in school-age children with epilepsy

Objective To explore the effects of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on negative emotion and medication compliance in school-age children with epilepsy. Methods Totally 68 school-age children with epilepsy hospitalized from May 2017 to June 2018 were selected by convenient sampling. The children admitted between May and November 2017 were included into the control group (n=34) , and the children admitted from December 2017 to June 2018 were included into the intervention group (n=34) . Patients in the control group received conventional nursing care, while patients in the intervention group received CBT on this basis. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) , Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) and Medication Compliance Questionnaire were used to evaluate the children before and 2 months after intervention. Results The SCARED and DSRSC scores of the intervention group were lower than those of the control group, and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05) . The Medication Compliance Questionnaire score of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group, and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05) . Conclusions CBT can improve the negative emotion and medication compliance of school-age children with epilepsy. Key words: Epilepsy; Child; Cognitive behavior therapy; Negative emotion; Medication compliance

Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms of adolescents survived from a seriously-hit area in China: A 3-year follow-up study

The objective of this study is to analyze the prevalence of probable PTSD and depression after earthquake and to find the risk factors. Adolescents having experienced an earthquake were recruited (n = 330) and assessed within 1 month of the trauma. Follow-up surveys were conducted 12 months, 24 months and 36 months later, respectively. Symptoms were assessed by the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale and the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children. Results indicate that the prevalence of probable PTSD in different stages was 42.2%, 20.1%, 30.3% and 11.2%. The corresponding rate of depression was 32.3%, 20.7%, 31.0% and 30.3%. The sub-symptoms of PTSD, intrusion and arousal, tended to decrease at the 1st year, followed by a rebound at the 2nd year, then dropping again at the 3rd year. The avoidance showed a consistent diminishing. The PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with gender and the degree of earthquake exposure. However, the gender, family relationship and despair played crucial roles in the development of depressive symptoms. Despite of the tendency of timing abatement, the prevalence of probable PTSD and depression might show rebound at the second year, which remind us a vital threshold for psychological intervention.

Earthquake exposures and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents from Phulpingdanda village, Nepal: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMental health issues can reach epidemic proportions in developed countries after natural disasters, but research is needed to better understand the impact on children and adolescents in developing nations.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed to examine the relationship between earthquake exposures and depression, PTSD, and resilience among children and adolescents in Phulpingdanda village in Nepal, 1 year after the 2015 earthquakes, using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Child PTSD Symptom Scale, and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure, respectively. To quantify exposure, a basic demographic and household questionnaire, including an earthquake exposure assessment tool for children and adolescents, was created.ResultsOf the 62 respondents interviewed, 3.23% and 4.84% displayed symptomatology of depression and PTSD. A large number of respondents interviewed scored high for resiliency (80.65%). All 62 respondents were displaced from their household and witnessed severe damage of both their homes and village. The number of earthquake exposures had a strong, positive correlation with PTSD symptomatology.ConclusionsAlthough the number of respondents who showed signs of depression and PTSD symptomatology was lower than anticipated, resilience scores were considerably higher. Future research should explore which protective factors may contribute to high resiliency in Nepali children and adolescents.

Increased symptoms of anxiety and depression in prepubertal girls, but not boys, with premature adrenarche: associations with serum DHEAS and daily salivary cortisol concentrations

Concerns over anxiety and depressive symptoms in children with premature adrenarche (PA) have been recently raised. However, to date, most relevant studies are on a small number of girls. In this cross-sectional study, 82 pre-pubertal children (66 girls and 16 boys) diagnosed with PA, were compared to 63 control children regarding their psychological characteristics and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, as assessed by salivary cortisol measurement. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed by child self-report (Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and Depression self-rating scale for Children (DSRS)) and parent-report (Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL)) tests validated for the Greek population. Salivary cortisol levels were determined directly after awakening (approximately 7am) and evening (8pm) of the same day. Morning serum DHEAS levels were assessed in PA children. Girls with PA scored significantly higher on anxiety (p = .016) and depression (p =.039) scales than controls. No group differences were noted for parent reports and children’s salivary cortisol concentrations. Boys with PA did not demonstrate significant differences in any of the aforementioned parameters. Our findings suggest that girls with PA may be at higher risk for reporting symptoms of anxiety and depression than their non-PA peers. HPA axis dysregulation in this population was not documented.

PTSD Latent Classes and Class Transitions Predicted by Distress and Fear Disorders in Disaster-Exposed Adolescents

This study aimed to determine the population-based typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, the longitudinal patterns of transitions across these typologies, and the predictive effects of distress and fear disorder symptoms on these transitions in a frequently referred but scantly studied population of traumatized youth. A sample of 1,278 Chinese adolescents (54.0% girls) with a mean age of 13.4 years (SD = 0.8, range = 12–16) completed 2-wave surveys 2.5 and 3.5 years after a major disaster. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV, the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Latent class analyses identified 4 classes characterized by high, reexperiencing/hypervigilance, dysphoria, and low symptoms, respectively at each time point. Latent transition analyses revealed relatively high levels of temporal stability within low symptom and dysphoria classes but relatively high probabilities of migration from re-experiencing/hypervigilance and high symptom classes into lower symptom classes. Multinomial logistic regression analyses found that some of the between-class movements during the year were predicted by baseline distress or fear disorders. This study provides an initial depiction of both quantitative and qualitative changes in youth’s long-term PTSD symptom patterns over time and gives a further elucidation of other forms of posttrauma psychopathology’s impacts on PTSD course. These findings carry implications for ongoing evaluation and adjustable intervention individually tailored to youth’s PTSD manifestations and comorbidities in the long-term disaster aftermath.

A pilot study on the effectiveness of a school-based cognitive-behavioral anxiety intervention for 8- and 9-year-old children: A controlled trial in Japan

IntroductionMany universal school-based preventative intervention trials for anxiety have been conducted in Western countries. This pilot study examined the efficacy and acceptability of a school-based, universal preventative program for anxiety among children aged 8–9 years in Japan. The program was based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and was informed by similar universal programs (i.e., the Fun FRIENDS program; Barrett, 2007a, 2007b). MethodsSeventy-four children from a single school were allocated to an intervention or control group. The intervention comprised 10 CBT sessions, and assessments were conducted before and after the program. The primary outcome measure was the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) as children's self-report. Secondary outcome measures were the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS-C), Children's Hope Scale (Hope), Spence Children's Anxiety Scale-Parent Version (SCAS-P), and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Parent Version (SDQ-P). ResultsThe SCAS as the primary outcome showed no significant differences between the two groups. In addition, DSRS-C, Hope and SDQ-P also showed no significant differences. SCAS-P in the intervention group showed significant decrease compared to those in the control group. ConclusionThe results of this trial study suggest that a school-based universal preventative program for anxiety may have no significant effects on 8–9-year-old children. Trial registrationUMIN-CTR Identifier UMIN000008798.

Sleep Disturbance Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depressive Symptoms: A Cohort Study of Chinese Adolescents.

To examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sleep disturbance and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms in a large cohort of adolescents exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Participants were 1,573 adolescents (mean age at initial survey = 15.0 years, SD = 1.3 years; 46% male) in the Wenchuan Earthquake Adolescent Health Cohort (WEAHC) in Dujiangyan, China, 20 km away from the east epicenter. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale, and Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children were used to assess participants' sleep, PTSD symptoms, and depressive symptoms, respectively, at 12 months (T12m) and 24 months (T24m) after the Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008. At T12m and T24m, 38.3% and 37.5% of participants reported sleep disturbance, 22.5% and 14.0% reported PTSD symptoms, and 41.0% and 38.3% reported depressive symptoms, respectively. The prevalence rates of PTSD and depressive symptoms at T12m and T24m significantly increased with sleep disturbance and short sleep duration. After adjusting for demographics, earthquake exposure, and PTSD/depressive symptoms at T12m, sleep disturbance at T12m was significantly associated with increased risk for PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.17-2.75) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.14-2.02) at T24m. Furthermore, sleep disturbance predicted the persistence of PTSD (OR = 2.35; 95% CI, 1.43-3.85) and depressive symptoms (OR = 2.41; 95% CI, 1.80-3.24). Sleep disturbance, PTSD, and depressive symptoms were prevalent and persistent in adolescents at 12 and 24 months after exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake. Sleep disturbance predicts the development and persistence of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Early assessment and treatment of sleep disturbance may be an important strategy for prevention and intervention of PTSD and depression in adolescent trauma survivors.

Self-esteem links with anxiety and depression at one community adolescent sample

IntroductionAnxiety and depression is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. The adolescents’ population is among affected seriously.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study was to investigate the level of anxiety, depression and self-esteem among adolescents and explore links between.MethodologyParticipants were 99 adolescents randomly selected in school, aged between 12 to 19 years (M = 14.88; SD = 2.09); in terms of gender composition, there were girls 41.1% and boys 58.9%. The measures used included the Albanian versions of depression self-rating scale for children, the revised children's manifest anxiety scale, and the rosenberg self-esteem scale. All data has been analysed by SPSS 21 and Excel 2007.ResultsResults showed that clinical significant levels reported 10.3% of participants for anxiety and 22.4% for depression. With low self-esteem scored 16.3% of participants. Self-esteem is significantly negatively correlated only with depression (r = -.433, P &lt; .00). Mann-Whitney Test didn’t found significant differences in anxiety based on self-esteem levels. Mann-Whitney Test found significant differences in depression levels based on levels of self-esteem (Mdlowself-esteem = 15; n = 16; Mdnormalself-esteem = 10; n = 81) as adolescents with low self-esteem had significantly higher depression as compared to adolescents with normal self-esteem (z = -2.876, P &lt; .004).ConclusionsFindings suggested that self-esteem and depression links are present but not links self-esteem and anxiety. It is important to investigate these relationships in future research aimed identification/interventions programs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.