Levels Of Depression In Patients Research Articles

Time-Varying Risk Factors Associated With the Progress of Functional Recovery and Psychological Distress in First-Ever Stroke Patients.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of stroke recovery outcome is crucial and a major goal of clinical practice. A recovery trajectory model serves as a prognostic tool that enables development of effective intervention and long-term management to improve poststroke recovery outcomes. This study explored time-varying risk factors associated with the progression of functional recovery and psychological distress poststroke. METHODS: Participants were patients with first-ever stroke who underwent assessment for activities of daily living, psychological distress, and social support at the onset (within 72 hours) and at 1, 3, and 6 months. A generalized estimation equation was used to account for the correlation between the repeated measurements. RESULTS: Of the 101 patients, 60.4% were men, and the mean (SD) age was 63.06 (13.12) years. Over time, the physical functions of patients after stroke significantly increased, and anxiety and depression significantly decreased. Approximately 50% of patients achieved full functional recovery after 6 months. The time-varying risk factors for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores and depression levels affected the trajectory of functional recovery during follow-up. Factors associated with patient anxiety levels were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores and depression levels. Factors associated with patient depression levels included education, anxiety, and social support levels. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the progression of time-varying risk factors for functional recovery and psychological distress in patients with first-ever stroke. We recommend that nurses work with patients and their families in the early poststroke stages to identify comprehensive goals based on individual needs and related factors at different stages and that they educate patients on what is required for them to regain independence.

Evaluation of the Effects of Noninvasive Ventilation on Blood Gas and Depression Levels of Patients with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is associated with increased mechanical load on respiratory system. Here, we aimed to investigate and evaluate the effects of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on physical and mental status of patients with OHS. The current study is an observational study that was performed in 2020 on 50 patients with OHS in Isfahan, Iran. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were also filled for all patients assessing their depression levels that were confirmed by psychiatrists. PO2 and PCO2 of patients were evaluated using venous blood gas (VBG) before interventions. Patients with a definite diagnosis of OHS and depression entered the study and underwent treatments with NIV. One month after the interventions with NIV, the blood gases of patients were evaluated using VBG and BDI-II, and HADS questionnaires were also filled for all patients, evaluating their depression. The mean age of the subjects was 63.5 ± 13.5. The mean blood oxygen after the use of NIV in patients with OHS increased significantly (P = 0.001). The mean of carbon dioxide after using NIV in patients with OHS decreased significantly (P = 0.001). Based on the BDI-II and HADS scales, the mean score of depression after using NIV decreased significantly (P = 0.001 for both). NIV therapies are associated with improvements in blood oxygen and CO2 of patients with OHS. The levels of depression also decreased after treatments that were confirmed by psychiatrists.

Personality characteristics, anxiety sensitivity, anxiety and depression levels of patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Premenstrual disforik bozukluk (PMDB), tanılı hastaların kişilik özelliklerini, anksiyete duyarlılığını, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlanmıştır.
 Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, PMDB tanısı olan ve psikiyatrik tedavi öyküsü olmayan 40 hasta ve yine hasta grubuyla benzer sosyodemografik özelliklere sahip sistemik ve psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü olmayan 40 sağlıklı kadın dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcılara Anksiyete-Duyarlılık-İndeksi-3 (ADİ-3), Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ), Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ) ve Gözden Geçirilmiş Eysenck Kişilik Anketi-Kısaltılmış Formu (EKA-GGK) uygulandı. 
 Bulgular: Hasta grubunun EKA-GGK nörotisizm, psikotizm, yalan alt ölçekleri ve toplam puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek saptandı. Hasta grubunun ADİ-3 fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal alt boyutları ve toplam puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek olarak saptandı. PMDB tanılı hastaların BDÖ ile BAÖ ölçek puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek bulundu.
 Sonuç: Anksiyete duyarlılığı yüksek olan, psikotizm ve nevrotik kişilik özelliklerine sahip kadınlarda bu durum PMDB gelişimini ya da hastalığın seyrini etkileyebilir.

Mekanisme Koping Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Depresi pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus

This study aims to identify the relationship between coping mechanisms and the level of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. This research method uses a cross-sectional approach. The results showed a relationship between the testing mechanism and the level of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus with a p-value = 0.000. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed to determine the most influential variable on the level of depression. It was found that coping mechanisms were predictors of depression (B = (2,158). ), SE=0.587, Wald=13,500, p value= 0.000. In conclusion, coping mechanisms are related to the level of depression. People with diabetes who use good coping mechanisms are stabbed eight times experience mild depression. People with diabetes exercise when experiencing problems well, using good coping mechanisms good. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Coping Mechanism, Depression Level

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: IN POPULATION, IN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL PATIENTS AND IN COVID-19 PERIOD

Introduction. There are some data that suggest that emotional stress and depression may affect the development of functional organic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the relationship between them is not fully understood. It is not unknown the relationship between stress / depression and chronic gastritis. Aim: to analyze the published articles and online sources on depressive disorders with an emphasis on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigate the depression level in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, with or without gastric dysplasia. Materials and methods. Literature data were studied for 2004-2021 using Internet resources in English, Ukrainian, and Russian language. Using the HADS scale («The hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale»), the level of depression was studied in 76 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (with intestinal metaplasia, with or without gastric dysplasia). Statistical data analysis was performed with SPSS Version 13.0. Results. Having used Internet resources and scientific publications, depressive manifestations, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), diagnostic methods, the prevalence of depressive disorders before and during the pandemic COVID-19, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the severity of depressive manifestations were studied. Additionally, it was found in this study that 23.7 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis had depressive changes. 13.2 % of these changes were subclinically expressed, and 10.5 % of ones were clinically expressed and required psychocorrective therapy. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic is a trigger in society that may exacerbate depression in patients with other comorbid diseases and in the general population. Depressive changes requiring psychocorrective therapy were revealed in 23.7 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. Keywords: Depression, general population, COVID-19, chronic atrophic gastritis, intestine metaplasia, dysplasia.

Pain intensity and depression level in chronic temporomandibular disorders patients

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between pain intensity and the level of depression in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Materials and methods: Fifty-five volunteers diagnosed by the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) were assessed for pain intensity and level of depression. Pain intensity and level of depression were assessed using a visual analysis scale and Beck depression inventory, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using confidence intervals and Pearson’s chi-square test (p< 0.05). Results: The results demonstrated that non-depressed individuals (43.6%) showed a mean pain intensity of 28.27mm, those with mild depression (38.2%) 34.24mm, and those moderate depression (18.2%) 50.7mm. Statistical analysis showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between pain intensity and level of depression (p=0.004). Discussion: This study found a positive correlation between pain intensity and depression level in chronic TMD patients. However, it has not been elucidated yet how TMD are correlated to depression and in which way depression can influence its onset and perpetuation. Conclusion: The level of depression may play an important role in the intensity of chronic pain, therefore, a multidisciplinary intervention seems to be important for the treatment success.

Classical Music Styles and Piano Therapy for Patients with Depressive Disorders

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a classical piano music therapy on the level of depression in patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. The study was conducted on four groups of random patients, who underwent Beck Depression Inventory surveys on a monthly basis. A significant, 1.5-2.0-fold (p = 0.001), drop in the mean depression score was found in patients after exposure to classical piano music therapy. Listening to classical music is recommended as a means of treatment for mild depressive disorders and as an additional therapy for patients with moderate depression.

The Effect of Emotional Disclosure by Writing on the Depression of Hemodialysis Patients in Iran: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Depression is the most common psychological problem in patients with renal failure, and it can lead to mortality in severe cases. Effective interventions are required to promote mental health in patients on hemodialysis with various types of mental disorders. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of emotional disclosure by writing on depression of patients on hemodialysis in Iran. Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on 140 patients undergoing hemodialysis in hemodialysis centers of Kerman. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control after signing the written consent forms and completing the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21). The intervention group was requested to write daily the deepest emotions and intrusive thoughts within 15 to 20 minutes in four consecutive days. The control group received routine care. Then, the questionnaire was recompleted two weeks later. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13) using independent t-test and paired t-test. Results: The mean depression score was either moderate or high. While depression scores seemed to decrease in the intervention group after the intervention, the depression scores continued to rise following the intervention in the control group. The difference in depression scores was statistically significant between the two groups before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Emotional disclosure by writing can be effective on the level of depression in patients on hemodialysis.Simus adi omnimodipsa sam fugita dolenistiae inveles est doluptat.

Impact of Completed Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Depression Level in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is a growing chronic health condition affecting more than 20 million people worldwide. Symptoms of depression are a common co-morbidity affecting as many as 42% of patients with heart failure (HF), and are associated with a poor quality of life and adverse prognosis. Symptoms of depression have negative impacts not only on daily social and domestic activities, but also on hospitalization and mortality rates in HF patients. cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to reduce the rate of mortality, improve functional capacity, and control reduced depressive symptoms and better clinical outcomes. Objective to investigate the impact of a 12-week completed cardiac rehabilitation program on depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Patients and Methods in this prospective non-randomized study, sixty patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with mild, moderate and sever depressive symptoms were recruited between January 2018 to June 2019 at Ain Shams University hospitals and divided into two groups Study group(n = 30); participated in 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program Control group did not participate in cardiac rehabilitation program. Cardiac rehabilitation program consisted of education, diet control, drug adherence, 12 weeks exercise sessions, Behaviors and psychosocial management, Sexual activity education Smoking cessation. All patients personally interviewed for assessment of depression and quality of life before and after study period by Beck's depression inventory –II(BDI-II) and Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire" (MLHFQ),respectively. Also all of them underwent to echo assessment before and after study period. Result A total of 60 patients in study group were enrolled, 26 (86.7) males in both groups. there were 22 (73.3%) patients (13 with mild depressive symptoms, 5 with moderate and 4 with sever depressive symptoms) showed significant improvement in BDI-II score (P < 0.001), whereas 8 (26.7%) patients only did not improve significantly after exercise period, no one of the study group had been show worsening of his depressive symptoms after completed cardiac rehabilitation program. BDI-II score has significant positive correlation with MLHFQ score (r = 0.748, P < 0.001). In contrast, only 4 (13.3%) patients (all of them were having mild depressive symptoms) of control group improved significantly regarding depressive symptoms (P < 0.001), and the majority of participants 16 (53.3%) patients deteriorated regarding depressive symptoms, and the rest of group 10 (33.3%) patients didn’t show significant improvement of their depressive symptoms according to BDI-II score after study period (that was 3 months). There was a significant difference when compared BDI-II score at baseline with score after study period for CR group. The BDI-II score difference after study period also was significant between two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion in conclusion, the results of this prospective, non-randomized study demonstrate that completed CR program improves depressive symptoms, quality of life and LVEF in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Recommendation cardiac rehabilitation should be implemented in routine management of patients with heart failure to improve psychological and physical complication of HF.

The Effect of Spiritual Care on Anxiety and Depression Level in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of spiritual care on the anxiety and depression levels of patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. The research was carried out between January and May 2019 in a training and research hospital hemodialysis unit in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. The research was completed with a total of 71 patients (33 experiments, 38 controls) who received hemodialysis treatment. Regarding in-group comparison, the difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test of the patients concerning the anxiety and depression in the experimental group was found to be statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05). It was determined that training for strengthening spirituality was effective in reducing the anxiety and depression levels of patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. It can be suggested that spiritual care should be used as a complementary method in health care practices to increase the effectiveness of the treatment.

Baduanjin exercise can alleviate anxiety and depression of patients with COVID-19 in Square cabin hospital: A cross-sectional survey.

To investigate the anxiety and depression of patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who participated in Baduanjin exercise.From February 20, 2020 to March 7, 2020, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) were used to investigate the anxiety and depression levels of patients with COVID-19 who participated in Baduanjin exercise. Ninety one questionnaires were received, including 40 males and 51 females. Stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of related factors on anxiety and depression levels.In Square cabin hospital, 91% of patients participated in Baduanjin exercise had no obvious anxiety and 82% had no obvious depression. The scores of anxiety and depression of female patients were significantly higher than that of male patients. Bachelor degree or above with low scores for anxiety and depression. The frequency of Baduanjin exercise was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression score.The development of Baduanjin exercise has a certain positive influence on the COVID-19 patients in the Square cabin hospital, which is conducive to alleviate anxiety and depression symptoms of the patients.

Peculiarities of the psycho-emotional state of patients with endometrial pathology

The objective: a determination of anxiety and depression levels in patients in perimenopausal period with hyperplastic processes of the endometrium and myometrium.Materials and methods. 150 patients in the perimenopausal period were examined. The main group included 100 persons with hyperplastic process, the control group – 50 healthy women in perimenopausal period. We used the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 questionnaires to study the level of anxiety and depression. In order to objectively assess the degree of anxiety and depressive symptoms, a questionnaire was conducted according to the Hospital Scale of Anxiety and Depression (HADS).Results. The analysis of data on the frequency of major types of extragenital pathology in the examined patients demonstrated that in the structure of extragenital pathology the following diseases dominated: varicose veins of the lower extremities – 61.0±4.9 %, arterial hypertension of 2–3 stages – 46.0±4.98 %; coronary heart disease, stenocardia – 8.0±2.7 %; obesity – 43.0±4.95 %, liver, gallbladder and pancreas pathologies – 42.0±4.93 %. In 78.0 % of patients, somatic pathology was represented by two or more diagnoses. The results of the survey demonstrated that in the main group 23.0 % of women had mild «subclinical» depression; 19.0 % – moderate, and 12.0 % – moderate depression. The women in the main group had the following psychoemotional disorders: the feeling of fatigue and exhaustion – 64.0±4.8 %, sleep disorders – 64.0±4.8 %, appetite problems – 46.0±4.98 %, depressed mood and low interest in ordinary affairs – 54.0±4.98 %, the difficulty concentrating – 33.0±4.7%, hypodynamia – 26.0±4.4 %. Four percent of patients intended to do something with themselves. Analysis of the results obtained using the HADS scale revealed that both anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients in the main group were more pronounced than in the control women.Conclusion. The identified psycho-emotional disorders are the result of adverse effects of somatic diseases and gynecological pathology. The results of the study indicate the need to correct psycho-emotional disorders and take them into account when choosing a method of treatment for such patients.

Increased visceral sensitivity, elevated anxiety, and depression levels in patients with functional esophageal disorders and non-erosive reflux disease.

Little is known about possible underlying psychological abnormalities and physiology of reflux hypersensitivity (RH) as defined in the recent Rome IV classification. We aimed to assess markers of psychological comorbidity as well as gastro-esophageal reflux measurements in RH patients compared to controls and also in patients with functional heartburn (FH) and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) versus controls. Data of 304 patients visiting our Functional Diagnostics Centre from 2016 to 2018 were analyzed. We focused on a psychological assessment using validated questionnaires (visceral sensitivity index; VSI, hospital anxiety and depression score; HADS) as well as multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) and pH-metry data from the diagnostic work-up. We found a decreased VSI of 57.8±15.4 points (pts) among RH patients (n=45) indicating higher visceral sensitivity compared to 85.7±2.0 pts in the control group (n=31, P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference in VSI was found between the FH (60.8±23.3 pts, n=59, P<0.001) and between the NERD (61.9±20.8 pts, n=67, P<0.001) both compared to the control group. The HADS also displayed a significant difference between the RH (11.9±6.0 pts, P<0.001), FH (11.0±7.4 pts, P<0.001), respectively, NERD (11.3±8.9 pts, P<0.001) as compared to the control group (2.0±1.4 pts). Increased sensation to visceral stimuli as well as anxiety and depression appears to play an important role not only in reflux hypersensitivity and functional heartburn as defined by Rome IV but also in NERD. These findings are in line with the disease concept of disorders of gut-brain interaction in which psychological comorbidities and visceral hypersensitivity play a major role.

Profile of the Change in Depression during Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Influence of the Mucosal Break.

Given the frequent concomitance between depression and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it is important to evaluate the change of depression in patients with GERD, especially considering the presence of esophageal mucosal breaks (MB). This study aimed to examine the change in the levels of depression in patients with GERD during proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) therapy. We designed a prospective cohort study to explore the profile of the alteration in depression with respect to the impact of esophageal MB. This study recruited 172 eligible patients with GERD between February 2016 and May 2018. The change in depression was defined as the difference between the respective Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire (TDQ) scores obtained at baseline and after PPI therapy. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the factors associated with the change in depression. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in the TDQ score (mean score: baseline = 13.2, after PPI therapy = 10.9, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.30) during PPI therapy for GERD. Moreover, the MB was an independent variable associated with changes in the TDQ score [B = 3.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.12, 5.51), p < 0.01] and the improvement in depression [odds ratio = 0.38, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.86), p = 0.02]. Our findings revealed that depressive symptoms improved slightly following PPI therapy. Moreover, MB was an unfavorable prognostic factor for the improvement in depression.

Evaluation of an Alternative Depression Therapy Using Bioresonance

Abstract Background: Bioresonance therapy is a holistic physical method used in the treatment of various diseases. Aim of the study: The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the effect of bioresonance therapy in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder and with mild or moderate depressive episodes, respectively, without any other pharmacological, psychological, or other type of treatment. Methods: We selected 40 patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder and bioresonance therapy as the only treatment. Assessment of the level of depression was achieved by measuring the biorhythm with the bioresonance device and by applying the Hamilton Depression Inventory questionnaire, with 17 items, at the beginning and the end of five weeks of treatment. Results: We identified a statistically significant decrease in depression levels as quantified by the HAM-D 17 scale, between the initial and final phase of therapy (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that bioresonance therapy can decrease the level of depression in patients with recurrent depressive disorder, with mild and moderate depressive episodes.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ILLNESS PERCEPTION AND PHQ-9 SCORE IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE PATIENTS

Introduction: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) accounts for the largest proportion of cardiovascular diseases. CHD patients may experience depressive symptoms or major depressive disorder. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Score has good sensitivity and specificity for patients with CHD. Negative illness perception is significantly associated with more severe levels of depression. The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of the perception of illness and PHQ-9 scores in patients with CHD at Atma Jaya Hospital, Jakarta.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional research was done on CHD patients in the clinic of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Sub-Specialist clinics, Cosmas outpatient unit in Atma Jaya Hospital over the course of September-October 2015. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) and PHQ-9 were used to assess the characteristics of illness perception and determine the level of depression in patients with CHD. Univariate analysis were used to process the data.&#x0D; Results: 42 patients met the inclusion criteria. 62% of subjects had a positive perception of the disease and 38% had a negative perception. The highest average score of B-IPQ was the illness concern. Majority of the subjects 48.8% had minimal depression and none of the subject had severe depression.&#x0D; Conclusion: B-IPQ scores indicated positive illness perception and PHQ-9 shows minimal depression in most of CHD patients

Phase wise assessment of COVID-19 related depression, anxiety, and stress level among patients in Herat city, Afghanistan - A descriptive study

Background: COVID-19 affected not only people’s physical health but also their mental health too. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of depression, anxiety, and stress among COVID-19 patients before, during, and after being infected by the virus, living in Herat city of Afghanistan.&#x0D; Methods: This descriptive study was conducted among COVID-19 patients between April 22th 2020 and August 20th, 2020 living in Herat Province of Afghanistan. Our sample size was 100. To measure the level of depression, anxiety, and stress, among the COVID-19 patients, the developed version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 42 (DASS-42) standard questionnaire was used.&#x0D; Results: About 67% of participants were male and 14% of them were illiterate. Of all the participants in this study 12% of them used to smoke and 30% of them had a chronic disease accompanied. The result of this study shows that at the Start stage, 52.0% of the participants had a level of depression from mild to extremely severe. In the After stage only 10.0% of the participants had a level of depression from mild to severe. At the Start stage, 82.0% of the participants had a level of anxiety. At the End stage, 29.0% of the participants suffered a level of stress from mild to extremely severe.&#x0D; Conclusion: Generally, the COVID-19 patients’ mental health was affected negatively due to the disease. After passing the COVID-19 disease and knowing the facts about the disease, the anxiety, stress, and depression level of patients caused by the disease were decreased.

Evaluation of Changes in Depression Levels of Bruxism Patients Treated With Botulinum Toxin-A

Aim: Bruxism is defined as the involuntary recurrent masticatory muscle activity characterized by gnashing, grinding, clenching of teeth, and/or pushing the mandible. Factors creating its etiology are peripheral (morphological) or central (physiopathological and physiological), and exogenous. Recently, among physiological factors, depression and bruxism were considered to be related. A definitive treatment method does not exist for bruxism; however, botulinum toxin-A (BT-A) application is an up-to-date and effective way of treatment. The present study is aimed to evaluate the levels of depression in bruxism patients treated with BT-A application. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 individuals (23 females and 2 males) who were diagnosed as bruxism patients were included in the study. 25 U of BT-A for each masseter muscle was injected into the patients. Patients were prospectively observed for a possible change in depression levels by using Beck’s Depression Inventory. The inventory was implemented before and six months after the BT-A application. Depression levels before and six months after the injection were compared. A paired t-test was used to compare “before” and “after” treatment values. One-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate the change in Beck’s Depression Inventory scores according to age groups. Results: The mean total score was 7.80 ± 8.10 before the treatment and 7.16 ± 6.52 six months after the treatment. The decrease in the mean score was not statistically significant ( P &gt; .05). Conclusion: In conclusion, despite the decrease in the mean Beck’s Depression Inventory scores, a statistically significant decrease in the depression levels of patients was not observed.

The effect of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on urology practice and anxiety scores of patients awaiting surgery.

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the effect COVID‐19 pandemic on the daily urology practice of the level 3 centre located in one of the most affected regions in Turkey. We also aimed to assess anxiety and depression levels of patients whose procedures and surgeries had to be postponed due to COVID‐19‐related restrictions.MethodsThe number of patients admitted to the outpatient clinic, outpatient procedures, emergency consultation requests, hospitalised patients and the total number of surgeries between March 10, 2020 and June 15, 2020 were evaluated. These numbers were compared with the same period of 2019. Subsequently, patients who could not be operated or whose elective surgeries were postponed between March 10, 2020 and June 15, 2020 were determined(n:96). These patients were asked to fill out Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI). The presence of difference between the baseline anxiety levels and the anxiety levels during the COVID‐19 pandemic was investigated. Afterwards, these patients were divided into two groups based on planned procedures as oncological group (group1) and non‐oncological group (group2). The presence of a difference between the anxiety and depression levels between the groups was investigated.ResultsThere was a drastic decline in number of patients in all assessed parameters. The least amount of change was seen in the number of emergency consultations. The evaluation of anxiety and depression scores of the patients showed a significant difference between their STAI‐S and STAI‐T scores (51.8 ± 9.3, 38.2 ± 7.5, respectively)(P < .001). STAI‐S scores of the patients were found to be compatible with severe anxiety. The patients’ mean BDI score was found to be 15 ± 8.9, which indicated mild depression. However, the age and STAI‐S values were significantly higher in group1.ConclusionWe noted that anxiety and depression levels increased in patients whose operations were delayed because of pandemic‐related restrictions, especially in oncological patients. We believe that an important contribution can be made to the protection of public health by planning advance psychosocial interventions for high‐risk groups during pandemics.

Melatonin serum level, sleep functions, and depression level after bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a feasibility study.

ObjectiveParkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with non-motor complications such as sleep disturbance and depression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) showed therapeutic effects on the motor dysfunctions. However, the potential effects of tDCS therapy on melatonin hormone, sleep dysfunctions, and depression in patients with PD still unclear. This feasibility study aimed to identify any potential changes in melatonin serum level, sleep functions and depression after the bilateral anodal tDCS in patients with PD.Material and MethodsTensessions of bilateral anodal tDCS stimulation applied over left and right prefrontal and motor areas were given to twenty-five patients with PD. Melatonin serum level, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and geriatric depression scale examined before and after tDCS stimulation.ResultsAfter bilateral anodal tDCS, there was a significant reduction in melatonin serum level, improvement in depression, improvements in overall sleep quality, and sleep latency. Correlations test showed significant associations between melatonin serum level reduction and changes in subjective sleep quality, and sleep duration, as well as between improvements in depression and overall sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep disturbance.ConclusionBilateral anodal tDCS therapy was a feasible and safe tool that showed potential therapeutic effects on melatonin serum level, sleep quality, and depression level in patients with PD. Although the further large scale and randomized-control trial studies are crucially needed, there is still a need for such a feasibility study to be established before such trials can be implemented as is recommended in the new medical research council guidelines.