Depression In India Research Articles

Managing depression in India: Opportunities for a targeted smartphone app.

More than forty million people suffer from depression in India. A lack of awareness, stigma related to mental health issues, and limited accessibility to treatment services magnify the profound personal and societal impact of depression. Given the rise of smartphones in India, mobile technology can help alleviate some of these depression-related challenges. The aim of this paper is to investigate the essential features of an India targeted depression smartphone app. We conducted an online survey to profile the needs of individuals with depression in India, which varied based on variables such as socioeconomic background, age, level of awareness toward depression, and the extent of exposure to mental health stigma. We also conducted a systematic evaluation of depression apps currently available to Indian users to investigate the user needs that these apps met and the needs that they failed to meet. Based on our findings, we made a set of recommendations related to the essential features of a future app targeted at managing depression in India. Presently available depression apps fall short in providing some significant features such as local language options, content in audio and video formats, and user location matched resources. These gaps make these apps less than fully relevant to a diverse set of Indian users. It is essential to provide depression-related information in a targeted manner depending upon each user's particular needs and context. Potential customizations, such as offering content in local languages and flexible formats (e.g. audio, video, and text); and providing user-relevant diagnostic tools and location matched treatment resources can help improve the suitability of the app for diverse users.

Can Internet-Delivered Counselling-Based Yoga Destigmatize Seeking Mental Health Intervention for Depression in India?

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Internet-delivered Counselling-based Yoga (i-CY) in making psychological interventions for depression more accessible to Indian adults with self-reported symptoms of depression, by countering the perceived public stigma of the process. This paper proposes and defines i-CY as an intervention technique in which psychological counselling sessions are added to the conventional yoga classes. The study was conducted in three phases. In Phase I, the researcher provided 384 participants Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) for self-administration and self-scoring. The sample was drawn randomly from semi-urban and urban population of India. In Phase II, the researcher did an assessment of the mental health self-stigma of the participants (N= 107) who self-reported symptoms of depression (BDI self-score > 20) using the Internalized Stigma Measurement Inventory (ISMI 10). In Phase III, a survey studied the comparative willingness of the participants to accept internet-delivered mental health intervention for their self-reported symptoms of depression. The comparison was between two alternatives: a. Internet-delivered Standard Mental Health intervention b. Internet-delivered counselling-based yoga. To control the impact of the variables of cost and time, both alternatives were offered free of cost and twice a week for a month. Chi square was used to statistically analyse the data thus obtained at the level of significance of 0.01. Out of 41% of the respondents who showed self-reported symptoms of depression on BDI, the ISMI-10 assessment showed that 74.4% of the respondents endorsed stigmatized attitude towards various aspects of mental health. However, a significant number of participants (37.5%, χ2 =7.385 at confidence level of 0.01) responded with willingness for adopting i-CY as intervention while a meagre 9.09% of participants agreed to enroll for standard psychological intervention for their self-reported symptoms of depression. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the first studies proposing the Internet-delivered Counselling-based Yoga (i-CY) as an intervention strategy for self-reported symptoms of depression. Thus, the results of this study have implications in policy making of India’s mental healthcare outreach program that uses cultural factors as its advantage in overcoming the hinderance of mental health stigma in seeking out intervention for depression. A need for wider meta data, along with training and certification of experts to administer i-CY is also recommended in this paper.

Effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid Kit for Depression and Psychological Well-being in Adolescents

Background: Psychological state for youth not just impacts physical wellness at the moment, but also in potential lives. One of the major setbacks with adolescents developing depression in India is that most of them are unaware of the situation and majorly receive therapeutic help after the situation turns chronic in nature. Mental Health First Aid explains how symptoms of mental disease should be recognized and managed.
 Objectives: To develop, evaluate and validate the Mental Health First Aid Kit for depression among adolescents and their psychological well-being.
 Materials and Methods: For this community approach study, the teachers from the selected schools at Wardha city will be trained as potential volunteers to conduct this experimental trial with the scholar. The efficacy of Mental Health First Aid Kitwill be assessed by using various scale. The pre and post values obtained will be subjected to statistical analysis.
 Expected Results: The development of the proposed indigenous Mental Health First Aid Kit would facilitate positive outcomes in primary assistance to adolescents with mental health concerns.
 Conclusion: The results of the proposed study will be helpful to encourage the adolescent individual to identify and seek primary care until a more definitive medical diagnosis and treatment is availed.

Associates of prevalence of depression among urban elderly of Kendujhar district: a study in Odisha, India

Background: There is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of depressive disorder among older in India. The estimated prevalence of depression in India is ranging from 6 to 80% depending on various factors of population studies. The present research is an attempt to assess the factors associated with depression among elderly in urban area.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out among older in urban area of Kendujhar district of Odisha, India with sample size 150 by random sampling method. A pre-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic data sheet and geriatric depression scale (GDS) was used.Results: The overall depressive symptom among elderly was reported to be 66%. Socio-demographic factors such as 70-75 age group, female sex, illiteracy, low education, widowhood and no personal income were significantly associated with depression (p<0.05), where no significant association existed between depression and family income as well as family type. The results showed high significant association of meditation, yoga and exercise with depression. Activity such as marketing and record keeping were positively associated with depression (p<0.05), where no significant association of depression with gardening, cooking and cleaning (p>0.05). Health problems such as weakness, leg pain, knee pain and medical illnesses such as cataract and tuberculosis were positively associated with depression. The findings show depression was not significantly associated with gardening, cooking, cleaning back pain, shoulder pain, headache and asthma (p>0.05).Conclusions: A majority of participants are having depression (66%). There is need to identify and diagnose the problems of aged in urban area and start treatment earlier as possible.

Prevalence of Depression among Stroke Survivors in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of depression among stroke survivors in India.ParticipantsStroke survivors diagnosed with depression.OutcomesPrevalence of Depression.MethodsCochrane systematic review methods were followed. The literature search was from 1960-2019. We searched the following electronic databases Medline, ERIC, Embase, IndMED, PsycEXTRA, Global Health, Cochrane, CENTRAL Register, Econ Lit, and conference abstracts to identify studies for inclusion. A search strategy was appropriately developed and performed from May 2019 to December 2019. All included studies were assessed for their content and methodological quality using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist.ResultsA total of 15 studies were included in this study. Prevalence of post-stroke depression in the studies varied from 24% to 90%. The pooled prevalence was 55% (95% CI 43%, 65%) with high heterogeneity (I2=94.83%). Prevalence also varied between the tools (HAMD -60%, GDS -70%, HADS -40%). The overall methodological quality of the included studies was very poor.ConclusionIt is evident from the meta-analysis that about half of those who survive a stroke experience post-stroke depression. The methods and tools used to investigate this was not rigorous and homogeneous. Hence results of this review imply the need to rigorously assess and effectively address post-stroke depression in India. Also, this review recommends future research to ensure methodological quality and generalizability of the study findings. This would help develop scalable, innovative public health intervention for post-stroke depression in the future.

CSR in Times of COVID-19: Notifications Issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs With Regard to Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013

The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the complete lockdown in India to prevent its spread has severely impacted both social and economic aspects of life and has also fueled the depression in India’s economy. Unemployment is highest in recent decades, and the worst hit are the underprivileged and the unorganized sector workers. During these testing times, the efforts and policies of the State are not enough to curb the plethora of problems, the assistance of corporate giants in the attempt to emancipate the situation is needed now more than ever. In its pursuit to restore social welfare and in the interests of magnum bonum, the Government of India through the Ministry of Corporate Affairs has released several notifications with respect to Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 to facilitate the participation of corporations in improving the COVID-19 situation.

Digital training for non-specialist health workers to deliver a brief psychological treatment for depression in India: Protocol for a three-arm randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTraining non-specialist health workers (NSHWs) at scale is a major barrier to increasing the coverage of depression care in India. This trial will test the effectiveness of two forms of digital training compared to conventional face-to-face training in changing the competence of NSHWs to deliver a brief evidence-based psychological treatment for depression. MethodsThis protocol is for a three-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial comparing three ways of training NSHWs to deliver the Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a brief manualized psychotherapy for depression, in primary care. The arms are: digital training (DGT); digital training combined with individualized coaching support (DGT+); and conventional face-to-face training (F2F). The target sample comprises N = 336 government contracted NSHWs in Madhya Pradesh, India. The primary outcome is change of competence to deliver HAP; secondary outcomes include cost-effectiveness of the training programs, change in participants' mental health knowledge, attitudes and behavior, and satisfaction with the training. Assessors blind to participant allocation status will collect outcomes pre- (baseline) and post- (endpoint) training to ascertain differences in outcomes between arms. Training program costs will be collected to calculate incremental costs of achieving one additional unit on the competency measure in the digital compared to face-to-face training programs. Health worker motivation, job satisfaction, and burnout will be collected as exploratory outcome variables. DiscussionThis trial will determine whether digital training is an effective, cost-effective, and scalable approach for building workforce capacity to deliver a brief evidence-based psychological treatment for depression in primary care in a low-resource setting. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04157816

Effect of a Collaborative Care Model on Depressive Symptoms and Glycated Hemoglobin, Blood Pressure, and Serum Cholesterol Among Patients With Depression and Diabetes in India

Mental health comorbidities are increasing worldwide and worsen outcomes for people with diabetes, especially when care is fragmented. To assess whether collaborative care vs usual care lowers depressive symptoms and improves cardiometabolic indices among adults with diabetes and depression. Parallel, open-label, pragmatic randomized clinical trial conducted at 4 socioeconomically diverse clinics in India that recruited patients with type 2 diabetes; a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of at least 10 (range, 0-27); and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of at least 8%, systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 140 mm Hg, or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of at least 130 mg/dL. The first patient was enrolled on March 9, 2015, and the last was enrolled on May 31, 2016; the final follow-up visit was July 14, 2018. Patients randomized to the intervention group (n = 196) received 12 months of self-management support from nonphysician care coordinators, decision support electronic health records facilitating physician treatment adjustments, and specialist case reviews; they were followed up for an additional 12 months without intervention. Patients in the control group (n = 208) received usual care over 24 months. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the percentage of patients at 24 months who had at least a 50% reduction in Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (SCL-20) scores (range, 0-4; higher scores indicate worse symptoms) and a reduction of at least 0.5 percentage points in HbA1c, 5 mm Hg in SBP, or 10 mg/dL in LDL cholesterol. Prespecified secondary outcomes were percentage of patients at 12 and 24 months who met treatment targets (HbA1c <7.0%, SBP <130 mm Hg, LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL [<70 mg/dL if prior cardiovascular disease]) or had improvements in individual outcomes (≥50% reduction in SCL-20 score, ≥0.5-percentage point reduction in HbA1c, ≥5-mm Hg reduction in SBP, ≥10-mg/dL reduction in LDL cholesterol); percentage of patients who met all HbA1c, SBP, and LDL cholesterol targets; and mean reductions in SCL-20 score, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score, HbA1c, SBP, and LDL cholesterol. Among 404 patients randomized (mean [SD] age, 53 [8.6] years; 165 [40.8%] men), 378 (93.5%) completed the trial. A significantly greater percentage of patients in the intervention group vs the usual care group met the primary outcome (71.6% vs 57.4%; risk difference, 16.9% [95% CI, 8.5%-25.2%]). Of 16 prespecified secondary outcomes, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in improvements in 10 outcomes at 12 months and in 13 outcomes at 24 months. Serious adverse events in the intervention and usual care groups included cardiovascular events or hospitalizations (4 [2.0%] vs 7 [3.4%]), stroke (0 vs 3 [1.4%]), death (2 [1.0%] vs 7 [3.4%]), and severe hypoglycemia (8 [4.1%] vs 0). Among patients with diabetes and depression in India, a 12-month collaborative care intervention, compared with usual care, resulted in statistically significant improvements in a composite measure of depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic indices at 24 months. Further research is needed to understand the generalizability of the findings to other low- and middle-income health care settings. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02022111.

Effectiveness of Mindfulness Life Intervention on Depression among Elderly Persons in a Selected Old Age Home of Pune City

Background- Sadness, feeling down, having a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities - these are symptoms familiar to all of us. But, if they persist and affect our life substantially, it may be depression. Studies on the elderly population, either in the community, inpatient, outpatient and old age homes have shown that depression is the commonest mental illness in elderly subjects. Prevalence rate of major depression in India amongst the elderly was 31.2 per 1000. Objectives- 1) To determine the level of depression among elderly persons at selected old age home in Pune. 2) To determine the level of depression post intervention among elderly persons at selected old age home in Pune city. 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness life intervention on the level of depression among elderly persons at selected old age home of Pune city. 4) To find the association between post-test depression level and selected demographic variables. Methodology A descriptive and a pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was adopted for this study. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to fetch a sample of 60. A modified geriatric depression scale (short form) was used to identify the depression in elderly persons of old age home. The reliability of Modified geriatric depression scale was found to be 0.92 by using Pearson’s co relation coefficient test. Results- out of 60 subjects, in pre-test, majority of 96.7% of the elderly persons from old age home had depression and 3.3% of them were normal. In post-test majority of 78.3% of the elderly persons from old age home had depression and 21.7% of them were normal. Average depression score in pre-test was 8.7 which reduced to 5.6 in post-test. T-value for this test was 10.6 with 59 degrees of freedom. Corresponding p-value was 0.000 which is small (less than 0.05). This indicates that depression of the elderly persons reduced remarkably after using mindfulness life intervention. Conclusion- This study concludes that mindfulness life interventions are effective in reducing depression of the elderly persons.

Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of non-English versions of Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale for screening post-natal depression in India: A meta-analysis.

The prevalence of post-natal depression (PND) is high in India, as it is in many other low to middle income countries. There is an urgent need to identify PND and treat the mother as early as possible. Among the many paper and pencil tests available to identify PND, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a widely used and validated measure in India. However, the summary diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility data are not available for this measure. To establish summary data for the global diagnostic accuracy parameter as well as the clinical utility of the non-English versions of the EPDS in India. Two researchers independently searched the PubMed, EMBASE, MEDKNOW and IndMED databases for published papers, governmental publications, conference proceedings and grey literature from 2000-2018. Seven studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of EPDS in five Indian languages against DSM/ICD were included in the final analysis. Two other investigators extracted the Participants' details, Index measures, Comparative reference measures, and Outcomes of diagnostic accuracy data, and appraised the study quality using QUADS-2. Deek's plots were used to evaluate publication bias. We used the area under the curve of the hierarchical summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with the random effect model, to summarize the global diagnostic accuracy of EPDS. Using the 2 × 2 table, we calculated positive and negative likelihood ratios. From the likelihood ratios, the Fagan's nomogram was built for evaluating clinical utility using the Bayesian approach. We calculated the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) whenever indicated. STATA (version 15) with MIDAS and METANDI modules were used. There was no publication bias. The area under the curve for EPDS was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.95-0.98). The pre-test probability for the nomogram was 22%. For a positive likelihood ratio of 9, the positive post-test probability was 72% (95%CI: 68%, 76%) and for a negative LR of 0.08, the negative post-test probability was 2% (95%CI: 1%, 3%). In this meta-analysis, we established the summary global diagnostic parameter and clinical utility of the non-English versions of the EPDS in India. This work demonstrates that these non-English versions are accurate in their diagnosis of PND and can help clinicians in their diagnostic reasoning.

Combating depression in India, an experiential perspective and its implications in COVID-19 pandemic

Combating depression in India, an experiential perspective and its implications in COVID-19 pandemic

Living with (Manic) Depression as a Racialized Woman: Women’s Memoirs about Invisible Dis/abilities

In her memoir, Haldol and Hyacinths: A Bipolar Life (2013), Melody Moezzi describes herself during a manic episode as “Tigger on crack.” By mixing humor with social critique, Moezzi compares the discrimination she experiences as a Muslim woman of Iranian descent and as a woman living with bipolar disorder in the U.S. Gayathri Ramprasad’s Shadows in the Sun: Healing from Depression and Finding the Light Within (2014) offers insights into the author’s childhood marked by depression in India and her approaches to managing her mental illness that combine Hindu culture and Western medicine after migrating to the U.S. Both authors expose and criticize exclusionary practices that dehumanize and isolate people with invisible disabilities. This article investigates how women with mental health issues use memoir to discuss the negative ideological notions that patriarchal society has historically attached to disability, femininity, and non-whiteness. My comparative reading—informed by life-writing theory, feminist concepts, and critical race studies—offers an intersectional perspective on how society perpetuates the oppression of women of color with a mental disability based on their bodies, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, and religion. The women whose memoirs I analyze are not interested in declaring their lives unique. Their aim is to emphasize how common mental disabilities are among women. My case studies push for social justice as they challenge autobiography’s supposed reliance on a stable sense of self to convey the ‘truth’ and connect discourse about disability with other layers of domination.

Validation of hindi version of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale as a screening tool for antenatal depression.

Antenatal depression is recognized as one of the strongest predictors of postnatal depression, which itself is a strong predictor of mental disorders. The detection of antenatal depression is important and requires an accurate and valid screening tool. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is one of the most extensively studied screening instruments for assessing postnatal depression. To validate a linguistically and contextually appropriate Hindi version of the EPDS for use in women attending antenatal care in Sehore, Madhya Pradesh. A rigorously translated and modified Hindi version of the EPDS was developed and validated using the Hindi version of the PHQ-9 as a gold standard. A consecutive sample of women (n = 100) attending antenatal check-ups in healthcare facilities in Sehore district were interviewed. The validity measure of Receiver Operator Characteristic curve was plotted for different cutoffs of EPDS. The optimal cutoff score for the Hindi validation of the EPDS was 9/10 for antenatal depression with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 65.38%, 79.73%, 53.13%, and 86.76% respectively and area under the curve 0.7346. The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha was 0.86 indicating good homogeneity. Findings of this study suggest that the Hindi version of the EPDS can be used as a valid measure to screen antenatal depression in India.

Abstract #384 Type 2 Diabetes and Depression in India: Lessons from the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (Interpret-Dd) Study, a Collaborative Study Carried Out in 14 Countries

Abstract #384 Type 2 Diabetes and Depression in India: Lessons from the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (Interpret-Dd) Study, a Collaborative Study Carried Out in 14 Countries

Women's Experiences and Perceptions of Depression in India: A Metaethnography.

In India, social determinants of health, including poverty, domestic violence, and inadequate social support disproportionately affect women, leaving them more vulnerable to depression than men. We conducted a metaethnography to synthesize qualitative data from 13 studies (1987-2017) that explored women's experiences and perceptions of depression in India. We used a feminist standpoint to critically examine how gender shapes these experiences and perceptions. Indian women's experiences of depression were embedded in their social worlds. Women perceived interpersonal conflict, caregiving burden, domestic violence, financial insecurity, adverse reproductive events and widowhood as causes of depression. Women used cultural expressions to describe physical, emotional, and cognitive distress. The detrimental impact of discriminatory social conditions, gender inequalities, and traditional gender roles on Indian women's mental health highlights the need for gender-sensitive mental health research and practice that can attend to women's sociocultural context and promote values of gender equality and social justice.

808. Perinatal Depression Among HIV- and TB-Infected and Uninfected Women in an Urban Slum in India: Prevalence and Associated Birth Outcomes

BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries, depression during pregnancy is three times more common than in the United States and is more common than postpartum depression. There have been few studies on the prevalence of antepartum and postpartum depression in India. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antepartum and postpartum depression among HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in an urban slum in India, and to evaluate associated pregnancy and birth outcomes.MethodsThis study was a longitudinal cohort study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women at Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India. Enrolled women answer questions about sociodemographics and medical history, including obstetric history. The PHQ-9 depression scale is administered during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum.ResultsOf the 189 pregnant women enrolled, 113 (60 %) exhibited at least one symptom of depression on the PHQ-9 scale with 23 (12%) women having moderate or severe depression. However, significantly fewer postpartum women had evidence of depression (60% antepartum vs. 26% postpartum, P < 0.001). Of the 77 women who had a postpartum visit, 20 (26%) also had symptoms of depression prior to delivery, but only 2 (10%) had more severe depression scores while 18 (90%) had improved scores. Thirty (39%) women with antepartum depression had resolution of symptoms postpartum and no women developed incident depression in the postpartum period. There was a trend toward increased rates of antenatal depression among HIV-infected vs. uninfected women (69% vs. 57%, P = 0.13). Both depressed and nondepressed pregnant women experienced low rates of intrauterine fetal demise, intrapartum hypertension, and preterm delivery. However, women with depression had 3-fold higher incidence of intrauterine growth restriction on prenatal ultrasound (4.4% vs. 1.5%).ConclusionWe found that the majority of pregnant women in our population experience some form of depression during pregnancy. Most women with antepartum depression experienced improvement in their mood postpartum, which contrasts with patterns of perinatal depression in developed countries. We are planning qualitative studies to understand the social contributors for antepartum depression in India, and to identify potential solutions.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Depression and Routine Biochemical Markers: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Today, globally up to 6–12% of the adult population suffered mental disorder and recurrent depression. The prevalence of depression in India was reported as 4.5% by WHO. Currently the diagnosis of major depression is carried out through symptom-based assessment process, which has limitation of the development of personalised treatment plans. Objective: To determine the association between various biochemical markers of the inflammation, lipid profile, BMI, thyroid profile and depression among the patients attending department of psychiatry in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 50 patients attending the psychiatry department at S.N. Medical college, Agra and diagnosed as Depression disorder, during April 2012 to December 2012. Hamilton rating scale (HAM-D) was used to assess the severity of depression. The patients were also assessed for their vitals, lipid profile, thyroid profile, ESR, CRP and BMI. Results: 19 (38%) study subjects were in the age group of 18yrs to 30 yrs with mean age as 34.2 ±14.57 years. 36(72%) were of normal weight or under-weight and14 (28%) were pre-obese. Among 14 pre-obese and obese study subjects, 2(15.4%) had mild, 4(18.2%) had moderate and 8(53.3%) had severe type of depression(p=0.03). ESR is more in severe depression as compared to mild and moderate depression. (p=<0.001%). C-reactive protein is statistically more in severe depression (T =2.25; P= < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a positive and significant relationship between the severity of depression and ESR, CRP and BMI among the patients attending department of psychiatry.

Parental socialization of positive affect, adolescent positive affect regulation, and adolescent girls’ depression in India

AbstractAn emerging body of research shows that parental socialization of positive affect (PA) is implicated in youth functioning, although most evidence comes from Western countries. In this study, focusing on adolescent girls in India, we examined associations among reports of parents’ responses to adolescent PA, adolescent PA regulation, and adolescent depression. A total of 238 adolescent girls (13–18 years) and one of their parents (54% mothers) were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires at the beginning of the school year (time 1) and five months later (time 2). At the bivariate level, parents’ dampening and adolescent girls’ dampening responses were each associated concurrently with adolescent depression at time 1. However, there were no significant direct associations between time 1 parents’ dampening or enhancing responses and time 2 adolescent girls’ depression (after controlling for time 1 depression). Using half‐longitudinal models, a significant indirect effect was found from parental dampening of PA to increased adolescent depression via adolescent girls’ own increased dampening. No indirect effect was found from parental enhancing to adolescent depression via adolescent girls’ increased positive rumination. These findings are the first to demonstrate the relevance of PA socialization for girls in a non‐Western culture.

Descriptive Survey of Depression in India

Descriptive Survey of Depression in India

Can job autonomy attenuate the effect of depression on employees’ well-being? It may depend on culture

Background: Depression is one of the leading causes of work disability. Thus, it is important to explore possible ways to reduce its impact on employees.Aims: The current research examined whether promoting job autonomy would attenuate the detrimental effect of depression on employees’ well-being.Methods: Study 1 included the data from 5974 full-time employees from China. Full-time employees living in India, a collectivistic culture, and the United States, an individualistic culture, were recruited online in Study 2.Results: Study 1 revealed that job autonomy moderated the influence of depression on job strain and perceived control mediated this interaction effect. Specifically, job autonomy weakened the detrimental effect of depression on job strain via weakening the association between depression and perceived control. The data from the 258 full-time employees in Study 2 replicated the findings and found that job autonomy had a stronger attenuating effect on the influence of depression in India than it had in the United States.Conclusions: Job autonomy was found to be an effective way to reduce the negative impact of depression on employees’ well-being, a finding that should be considered when organizations develop their work policies.