Depression In Adolescent Mothers Research Articles

Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers before and during COVID-19 and the role of self-esteem, maternal self-efficacy, and social support

Introduction. Although the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the mental health of vulnerable populations, such as adolescent mothers, very few studies have documented the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in this population. Objective. a) Determine the frequency of PPD (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] ≥ 9) in adolescent mothers before (AM-BP) and during (AM-DP) the pandemic, b) Examine psychosocial factors (self-esteem, maternal efficacy, social support, depression and anxiety in pregnancy, planned and wanted pregnancy) in AM-BP and AM-DP, and c) Determine whether being an AM-DP was a significant factor for experiencing PPD (EPDS ≥ 9). Method. Cross sectional study. Subjects: Forty-one AM-BP recruited at Health Centers and interviewed face to face and forty-one AM-DP surveyed online. Results. PPD (EPDS ≥ 9) was 42% (p = .001) more frequent in AM-DP. The groups differed significantly in all psychosocial factors, with AM-DP faring worse. Unadjusted regressions showed that being an AM-DP, having lower maternal efficacy and self-esteem, greater dissatisfaction with social support, and depression and/or anxiety in pregnancy increased PPD (EPDS ≥ 9). Adjusted multiple analysis indicated that lower self-esteem was the only factor to maintain its association with PPD (EPDS ≥ 9; p = .017). Discussion and conclusion. The pandemic negatively affected PPD (EPDS ≥ 9) and psychosocial factors in AM-DP, as compared to AM-BP, with self-esteem being the main factor associated with PPD (EPDS ≥ 9). In situations of extreme stress as happened in the pandemic, the mental health of adolescent mothers should be prioritized to prevent negative effects such as PPD. PPD preventive and treatment interventions should consider strengthening self-esteem.

Stigma and Depression in Adolescent Mothers – How Do Types of Households Influence the Mothers’ Mental Well-Being?

Stigma and Depression in Adolescent Mothers – How Do Types of Households Influence the Mothers’ Mental Well-Being?

Incidences of Postpartum Depression in Adolescent Mothers: Scoping Review

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs at the age of adolescents or less than 20 years. Postpartum depression is a condition of severe depression that occurs within 4-6 weeks after giving birth. Objective: To explore the scientific evidence of obstetrics related to the incidence of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. Design: scoping review using the PRISMA-ScR checklist Method: The authors use the Arksey and O’Malley framework. The article search used three databases namely PubMed, Proquest, and Science Direct covering from January 2012 to 2022. An assessment tool was used. Review selection and characterization were carried out using critical appraisal using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) study tool. Results: Out of 809 potentially relevant articles, 7 articles were included. The research articles came from 5 different countries, and the methods were RCT, cross-sectional, and qualitative. The results are presented in three themes: the prevalence of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers, risk factors for postpartum depression in adolescent mothers, and the implementation of health services and obstacles in dealing with postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. Conclusion: Based on 7 articles reviewed, it was found that 32% of adolescent mothers have the possibility of postpartum depression that requires immediate action on early assessment, detection, and intervention. Factors that contribute to the development of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers include high social support, marital problems, pressure from parents, and economic problems. Continuing midwifery care, appropriate strategies, and preventive measures including regular screening for adolescent mothers and mental service providers are needed to reduce the risk of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. Abstrak: Latar Belakang: Kehamilan remaja merupakan kehamilan yang terjadi pada usia remaja kurang dari 20 tahun. Depresi postpartumadalah suatu kondisi depresi berat yang terjadi dalam 4-6 minggu setelah melahirkan. Tujuan: Menggali bukti ilmiah kebidanan terkait kejadian depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja. Desain: scoping review menggunakan ceklist PRISMA-ScR Metode: Penulis menggunakan kerangka Arksey dan O’Malley. Pencarian artikel menggunakan tiga databased PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct yang mencakup dari Januari 2012 sampai 2022. Alat penilaian digunakan. Seleksi review dan karakterisasi dilakukan dengan penilaian critical appraisal menggunakan studi Joanna Briggs Institude (JBI) tool . Hasil: Dari 809 artikel yang berpotensi relevan, 7 artikel dimasukan. Artikel penelitian tersebut berasal dari 5 Negara yang berbeda, dan metode RCT, Cross sectional dan kualitatif. Hasilnya disajikan dalam tiga tema : Prevalensi depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja, faktor resiko depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja dan pelaksanaan layanan kesehatan dan hambatan dalam menangani depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan 7 artikel yang dilakukan review, ditemukan bahwa bahwa 32% ibu remaja memiliki kemungkinan depresi postpartum yang memerlukan tindakan segera pada penilaian awal, deteksi dan intervensi. Faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja termasuk dukungan sosial yang tinggi, masalah perkawinan, tekanan dari orang tua dan masalah ekonomi. Asuhan kebidanan berkesinambungan, strategi dan tindakan pencegahan yang tepat termasuk skrining secara berkala untuk ibu remaja dan penyedia layanan mental diperlukan untuk mengurangi resiko depresi postpartum pada ibu remaja.

Lola Kola: developing mHealth for mental health in west Africa

Lola Kola's passion is global mental health research that harnesses the potential “of psychological interventions for improving outcomes for patients when delivered by trained lay health-care workers” and “the use of technology to support the delivery of such interventions”, she says. Based in Ibadan, Nigeria, Kola is Senior Research Fellow at the University of Ibadan's WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, and Adjunct Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology and Psychology at the Lead City University. Kola is also affiliated with the Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering (BRiTE) Center at the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, WA, USA, and the University of Ibadan's Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health in the College of Medicine. With colleagues at the BRiTE Center, and supported by an NIH Global Emerging Leader grant, Kola has led the design and development of a mobile phone app for the self-management of perinatal depression in adolescent mothers as an adjunct intervention to WHO's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) within routine antenatal and perinatal services in primary care. This population has “a greater risk of depression and anxiety than their adult counterparts, which in turn predisposes them to serious physical health complications”, she says. These “young mothers did not like going for treatment in primary care because of self-stigma and social stigma”, Kola explains, and “the app brings care closer to them”. The app uses short, age-appropriate animated videos to deliver mental health and wellbeing messages, including encouraging treatment attendance. Kola and her colleagues have recently completed the field trial of the app and she is now working with a colleague in Kenya to explore funding for use of the app in other African countries, starting with Kenya.

Prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression among adolescent mothers

This study aims to determine the factor affecting the incidence of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers. The incidence of postpartum depression is quite high in Asia. The highest percentage occurred when having a first child and family history of mood disorders. The cause of this issue is varied. This study used a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted from May 2021 to March 2022. It involved a total of 886 adolescent mothers as respondents. The instrument used the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with postpartum depression. the prevalence of Postpartum depression is 50.68%. Family monthly income (95%CI: 4.09-6.75, p-value: 0.001), planned pregnancy (95%CI: 1.26-4.9, p-value: 0.000), wanted pregnancy (95%CI: 2.37-5.67, p- value: 0.001), type of delivery (95%CI: 4.39 – 5.21, p-value: 0.002), satisfied with baby's sex (95%CI: 4.39 – 5.21, p-value: <0.000), husband support (95% CI: 2.89-5.88, p-value: 0.000) were statistically significant with postpartum depression. Mothers with postpartum depression have a negative impact on themselves, their babies, and their families.

Resilience mediates the relationship between household dysfunction in childhood and postpartum depression in adolescent mothers in Peru

• Childhood household dysfunction is positively related to postpartum depression in adolescent mothers in Peru. • Resilience skills partially mediated the relation between childhood household dysfunction and postpartum depression. • Future work should investigate factors of resilience related to mental health effects of childhood household dysfunction.

Reducing the Risk for Postpartum Depression in Adolescent Mothers

To estimate the effect of an interpersonal therapy-based intervention on reducing the risk of postpartum depression in adolescents. A randomized controlled trial enrolled 250 pregnant adolescents who were aged 18 years or younger at conception. The initial sample size calculation estimated 276 participants (324 with attrition) were needed to detect a 50% reduction in risk of the primary outcome, postpartum major depressive episode, with an alpha of 0.05% and 80% power. An interim analysis by the Data Safety and Monitoring Committee informed a revision in the sample size target to 250. Participants were randomized to the intervention (n=129) or a time-matched control group (n=121) who attended sessions about pregnancy topics. Each group received five prenatal sessions and a postpartum booster session. A structured diagnostic interview was administered at baseline and specific time points through 12-months postpartum to assess for major depressive episode onset. Participants were recruited from December 2011 to May 2016 through urban prenatal care sites in the state of Rhode Island. Of the 250 participants, 58% identified as Hispanic and 20% as black or African American. The rate of major depressive episode by 12 months postpartum was 7.0% (95% CI 2.3-11.7%) in the control group and 7.6% (95% CI 2.5-12.7%) in the intervention group, with no significant difference between groups at any time point (P=.88 by log-rank test). No benefit was shown between the intervention and control groups in the rates of major depressive episode, which is likely related to a lower than predicted rate of this outcome in the control group (7.6% actual vs 25% predicted). Enhanced local community resources available to pregnant and parenting adolescents during the study period may be an explanation for this result. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01482832.

Interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers: a systematic review.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health problem affecting 10-57% of adolescent mothers which can affect not only adolescent mothers but also their infants. Thus, there is a need for interventions to prevent PPD in adolescent mothers. However, recent systematic reviews have been focused on effective interventions to prevent PPD in adult mothers. These interventions may not necessarily be applicable for adolescent mothers. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to examine the effectiveness of the existing interventions to prevent PPD in adolescent mothers. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases between January 2000 and March 2017 with English language and studies involving human subjects. Studies reporting on the outcomes of intervention to prevent PPD particularly in adolescent mothers were selected. Non-comparative studies were excluded. From 2002 identified records, 13 studies were included, reporting on 2236 adolescent pregnant women. The evidence from this systematic review suggests that 6 of 13 studies from both psychological and psychosocial interventions including (1) home-visiting intervention, (2) prenatal antenatal and postnatal educational program, (3) CBT psycho-educational, (4) the REACH program based on interpersonal therapy, and (5) infant massage training is successful in reducing rates of PPD symptoms in adolescent mothers in the intervention group than those mothers in the control group. These interventions might be considered for incorporation in antenatal care interventions for adolescent pregnant women. However, this review did not find evidence identifying the most effective intervention for preventing postpartum depression symptoms in adolescent mothers.

Understanding postpartum depression in adolescent mothers in Mashonaland Central and Bulawayo Provinces of Zimbabwe.

This study has shown evidence of significant prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among adolescent mothers (ADLM) (13.0%) than among adult mothers (ADM) (7.2%) (p < 0.001) in Mashonaland Central and Bulawayo provinces of Zimbabwe. The following were shown to significantly associate with PPD among ADLM: (p < 0.05): (i) abandonment by a partner, (ii) lack access to childhood needs, (iii) bad relationships within families, (iv) social insecurity, (v) prenatal depression (vi) unplanned pregnancies, (vii) lack of information about contraception, (viii) negative perception of teenage pregnancy, (ix) absence of both parents during childhood and (x) negative familial relationships during childhood [OR > 1, 95% CI; p < 0.05).

An implementation-effectiveness hybrid trial of video-based family therapy for peripartum depression in home visited mothers: a protocol for a pilot trial

BackgroundThe Federal Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (HV) Program serves over 100,000 vulnerable families at risk for child abuse in the USA and aims to improve many outcomes, including maternal mental health (HRSA’s Federal Home Visiting Program: partnering with parents to help children succeed, 2017). Most clients are insured by Medicaid, and about 40% are adolescent mothers (pregnant and post-delivery) (The mother and infant home visiting program evaluation: early findings on the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program, 2015). Over a third of home-visited clients report peripartum depressive symptoms (The mother and infant home visiting program evaluation: early findings on the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program, 2015). Family conflict increases rates of peripartum depression in adolescent mothers (J Ped Health Care 21:289–98, 2007; J Emot Behav Disord 5:173–83, 1997; Fam Relat 47:395–402, 1998; Arch Ped Adolesc Med 150:64–9, 1996; Obstet Gynecol 110:134–40, 2007; Am Fam Physician 93:852–58, 2016). Although home visitors screen for depression and refer those with positive screens for treatment (The mother and infant home visiting program evaluation: early findings on the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program, 2015), home-visited mothers infrequently obtain treatment or do not complete it if they do obtain it (Curr Probl Ped Adolesc Health Care 46:124–9, 2016; Making a difference in the lives of children and families: the impacts of Early Head Start Programs on infants and toddlers and their families, 2002; Depression and low-income women: challenges for TANF and welfare-to-work policies and programs, 2001; Aggress Violent Behav 15:191–200, 2010) due to many barriers (e.g., lack of child care, lack of transportation, geographical distance) (Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:627–36, 2011). There is a need for a video-based, family-oriented treatment for peripartum depression that is integrated into home visiting and would bypass these barriers. This article outlines a protocol for a pilot study that will explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a family-based treatment, using HIPAA-compliant video-based communication technology, for adolescents with peripartum depressive symptoms within the context of home visiting.MethodsThis study protocol includes a description of an implementation-effectiveness hybrid trial design that will include 12 depressed adolescent mothers and their family members and a historical comparison group of 12 previously enrolled adolescent mothers.DiscussionThe study results will provide a clearer understanding of whether or not video-based, family-oriented treatment is feasible and acceptable to implement within the context of home visiting and with home-visited adolescents with peripartum depressive symptoms. The findings from this pilot study could serve as a catalyst for future research that influences mental health practices and policies.Trial registrationNCT03282448, ClinicalTrials.gov date of registration 09/21/2017.

Comparison of two instruments to track depression symptoms during pregnancy in a sample of pregnant teenagers in Southern Brazil

IntroductionDepression during pregnancy in adolescents is increasing significantly. However, instruments for early depression screening during prenatal care are scarce. Faced this fact, the objective of this research is to identify the best cutoff points for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in a sample of pregnant adolescents. Method807 pregnant adolescents, with a mean age of 17 years, met in public antenatal services were evaluated. Two screening scales for depression were analyzed, EPDS and the BDI. These scales had their accuracy measured by AUC of their ROC curve, as well as their respective sensitivity and specificity. ResultsIn the analysis, the best cutoff for the EPDS was≥10, in which the sensitivity was 81.1% and specificity 82.7%. For the BDI, it was with recognized the cutoff ≥11, sensitivity 86.7% and specificity 73.8%. In the analysis of the ROC AUC, values of 0.89 (CI 0.87–0.92) for the EPDS and BDI for 0.87 (CI 0.84–0.89) were identified compared to the MINI. LimitationsThe sample was composed majority by middle and low income adolescent and the study was performed only with pregnant women in the second trimester. ConclusionsThe results indicate that both scales have good accuracy in screening of depression in adolescent mothers. However, the EPDS scale shows higher AUC ROC and also better sensitivity and specificity values, the latter being more precise and effective for screening for depression in this population.

La dépression chez les mères adolescentes : pour un repérage des situations de vulnérabilité

Introduction and objectivesDue to the high frequency and co-occurrence of vulnerabilities, mothers under 20 years are at higher risk of perinatal depression than adults mothers. We performed a review of the literature investigating the epidemiology of adolescents mothers’ depression, compared these data to adult mothers and listed associated factors, to develop a more preventive approach and specific follow-up. MethodsThe review is based on Pubmed and Sciencedirect research combining “adolescent” or “teenage” and “depression” as keywords. ResultsSeventeen international studies were included, evaluating both prenatal (6 studies) and postnatal (14 studies) depression with three different scales (CES-D, BDI, EPDS). Depression rate in adolescents mothers varies from 26 to 63% in the third trimester of pregnancy and from 26 to 61% in the first 3 months postpartum, with differences depending of studies designs, screening instruments and cut-offs. Depression rate declines with time, but still persists with a prevalence ranging from 21 to 32% at 4 to 5 years after delivery. Depression rate in adolescent mothers are globally twice higher than in adult mothers, both in prenatal and postnatal periods. Characteristics associated with adolescent mothers depression include sociodemographic factors (less education, low income), psychosocial factors (confidence, self-esteem), poor or inadequate social support and negative life events (violence exposure, history of abuse). ConclusionPerinatal depression in adolescent mothers is very high and can contribute negatively to child-mother interaction. It should be a priority to screen depression early during pregnancy and to offer appropriate support services during the first years of motherhood. Moreover, it could be of high interest to assess maternofoetal attachment during pregnancy using validated instruments combined with depression scales.

Randomized controlled trial to prevent postpartum depression in adolescent mothers

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of an interpersonally oriented intervention on the reduction of the risk of postpartum depression in primiparous adolescents. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 106 pregnant primiparous adolescents who were ≤17 years old at their first prenatal visit. Participants were assigned randomly to the intervention program (n = 54) or the attention and dose-matched control program (n = 52). Each program included 5 sessions that were delivered during the prenatal period. A structured diagnostic interview was administered to assess for the primary outcome and depression at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after delivery. Participants included Hispanic (53%), non-Hispanic black (17%), and non-Hispanic white (16%) adolescents. The overall rate of depression in the intervention group (12.5%) was lower than the control group (25%) with a hazard rate ratio of 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.17-1.15) at 6 months after delivery. An intervention that is delivered during the prenatal period has the potential to reduce the risk for postpartum depression in primiparous adolescent mothers.

Comparative Performance of Two Depression Screening Instruments in Adolescent Mothers

Screening for symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) is an important preliminary step to diagnosis and treatment, but the effectiveness of depression screening is dependent on the reliability and validity of the screening instruments in the population. Both the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression instrument (CES-D) have been used to screen adolescent mothers for PPD, but it is not clear which instrument best predicts a diagnosis of PPD, leading to the need for the current study. Adolescent mothers (n = 59) at 4-6 weeks postpartum completed the EPDS and two versions of the CES-D in random order, followed by a mental health diagnostic evaluation for PPD. The diagnostic evaluation was completed by a mental health professional who was blind to study aims and screening scores. Performance measures were evaluated for all instruments. The mental health clinician diagnosed 16.9% of adolescent mothers as depressed. Using the established cutoff scores for major depression for the instruments, the EPDS achieved the best performance measures. For example, the EPDS had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. None of the results from the screening instruments were related to the mental health diagnostic evaluation. EPDS may be the best screening tool for PPD in adolescent mothers. Considering only a clinical diagnosis of depression in adolescent mothers, however, may underestimate the number who experience psychological difficulty; assessment of anxiety should also be included.

Postpartum Depression in Adolescent Mothers: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Research on adolescent mothers has revealed increasing rates of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. This review integrated 12 research-based articles to provide a better understanding of depression among adolescent mothers in the first year postpartum. The results revealed that more family conflict, fewer social supports, and low self-esteem all were associated with increased rates of depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers during the first postpartum year. To prevent adverse outcomes associated with depression, it is important that nurse practitioners working with these families screen adolescent mothers for depression and refer them for treatment as needed.

The impact of physical or sexual abuse on chronic depression in adolescent mothers

This longitudinal investigation explored the impact of a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse on perinatal depressive symptomatology, suicide attempts, and maternal behavior in an ethnically diverse sample of 95 adolescent mothers. Maternal role attainment theory and the cognitive-interpersonal theory of depression provided the conceptual framework for this study. This investigation helps to expand theory on adolescent maternal role attainment by identifying a relationship between history of abuse, depressive symptoms over time, and maternal role behavior problems. Findings do not indicate that a history of childhood maltreatment alone increases a young mother's risk for maternal-child interaction problems. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company