Experience Of Depression Research Articles

Factors Influencing Depression in People with Disabilities:Individual and Interpersonal Levels

Abstract Depression is an increasingly important social problem, and this also applies to the disabled, a health-vulnerable group. Although the distribution and influencing factors of depression may be different among the disabled population (young adults vs. the elderly, older adults with disabilities vs. disabilities due to old age), only the high prevalence of depression among the disabled is generally reported. This study seeks to determine the distribution and influencing factors of depression in disabled people according to sociodemographic standards. This study employed data from the 2021 Panel Survey on People with Disabilities (National Unit Survey) to investigate the influence of individual-level factors (health behaviors, health level, environment) and interpersonal-level factors (social network) on depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed while controlling for demographic sociological factors and disability characteristic factors. The experience of depression was among elderly disabled individuals (age 50+: 40.9%) than younger ones (age 19-49: 36.1%), and in disability with aging (49.3%) versus aging with disabilities (39.2%) (P < 0.05). Chronic diseases, daily living assistance, living environment, and emotional support from family and neighbors affected both young and elderly disabled individuals. Specifically, among the elderly disabled, exercise frequency (aOR=0.78; [CI]0.63-0.97), social network size (aOR=0.87; [CI]0.82-0.93), and social interaction frequency (aOR=0.68; [CI]0.51-0.91) were significant. Disability with aging was influenced by exercise frequency (aOR=0.29; [CI]0.09-0.95) and emotional support (aOR=0.37; [CI]0.17-0.77) from peers. older adults with disabilities were affected by not only individual-level factors (exercise frequency) but also both functional (emotional support) and structural (size of social network, frequency of meetings) aspects of their interpersonal social networks. Key messages • Depression experiences among older adults with disabilities are influenced by both functional and structural social networks. • Developing depression prevention strategies for people with disabilities requires a customized approach that takes into account age-specific characteristics.

The impact of patient death on the risk of developing occupational burnout in midwives a preliminary cross-sectional study

The study aimed to assess the impact of experienced emotional states on the risk of the development of occupational burnout in midwives who experienced the death of a patient while on duty. The study was conducted on 54 midwives in Warsaw, Poland. We used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the author’s questionnaire. The average professional burnout level of midwives participating in the study was determined as 5.08 ± 0.67. Helplessness (57.4%) and depression (48.1%) were the most frequently experienced emotions. The number of deaths of patients experienced by the respondents did not affect the severity of burnout (Z = − 0.753; p > 0.05). However, midwives who declared that they had experienced the death of a patient more than 10 times while on duty were more likely to experience a feeling of relief (2.83 vs. 2.00; Z = − 2.30; p < 0.05) and calmness (2.97 vs. 2.24; Z = − 1.95; p < 0.05). The experienced depression positively correlated with the level of exhaustion (rho = 0.465; p < 0.001) and the overall level of occupational burnout (rho = 0.291; p < 0.05). However, it was not correlated with the level of disengagement (p > 0.05). Depression has a significant impact on the risk of developing occupational burnout, which highlights the need to develop and implement effective support methods for midwives experiencing difficult emotions related to the death of patients while on duty.

Living with COPD and its psychological effects on participating in community-based physical activity in Brazil: a qualitative study. Findings from the Breathe Well group

Physical activity (PA) improves dyspnoea, psychological wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) for people with COPD reducing their risk of exacerbation. However, engagement in PA is low especially amongst those with anxiety and depression, and PA programmes are limited in countries with limited resources such as Brazil. We explored perceptions of 21 people with COPD about the impact of their disease on taking part in community-based PA programmes in Sao Paulo, Brazil through semi-structured telephone interviews from October 2020 to April 2021. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using the Framework method. Five themes were identified: Knowledge about COPD and its management; Self-perception of life with COPD; Knowledge and experiences of depression and anxiety; Opinions on PA and repercussions of COVID-19. PA was considered to be important in bringing physical and mental health benefits but there were barriers in accessibility of formal PR programmes and therefore local community PA programmes were considered to be important. People with mental health conditions tended to view PA more negatively. COVID-19 had reduced PA opportunities, access to COPD treatment and social interaction, and was associated with more exacerbations and emotional suffering. In general, this study showed an urgent need to improve knowledge about COPD and its risk factors and management among both patients, the public and primary healthcare professionals. We provide important content for the formulation of public policies for the implementation of specific activity programmes for people with COPD in community spaces using local resources and intersectoral partnerships.

Assessment and Management of Depressive Disorder: A Case Report of an Unmarried Adult

This case study examines the psychological and social aspects impacting the mental well-being of a 32-year-old unmarried woman. Based on comprehensive clinical assessment, Client D.A. was diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank College Form (RISB), Draw-a-Person (DAP), clinical interviews, and behavioral observations. A multifaceted treatment plan was developed, combining cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), pharmacotherapy, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques. This study provides insights into her experiences of depression, social isolation, societal expectations, and self-esteem. Over the course of the treatment, Client D.A. demonstrated significant improvement in her depressive symptoms. Her negative thought patterns were effectively restructured through CBT and her interpersonal relationships improved with IPT. Additionally, pharmacotherapy stabilized her mood, while mindfulness techniques helped manage anxiety and stress. This case study highlights the complex interplay of factors influencing mental health and underscores the importance of culturally sensitive, personalized treatment approaches, as evidenced by Client D.A.’s increased social engagement, reduced loneliness, and improved well-being, with regular evaluations confirming sustained progress and the efficacy of the integrated treatment plan in promoting recovery.

Impact of Academic Progress on the Mental Health of Young People in Nigeria: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students in South-Western Nigeria

Background: Education is important in forging a pathway to economic opportunity and social mobility. It is widely regarded as a fundamental human right and a cornerstone of personal and social development. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study employs a quantitative data collection approach. Four hundred individuals were interviewed using semi-structured, interviewer-administered questions through a multi-stage sampling technique. After data analysis with SPSS version 26, a chi-square test statistic was employed to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the categorical variables, with a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: Out of 400 respondents, 211 (52.8%) male and 189 (47.2%) female were questioned. Nearly half of the respondents (49.0%) were between the ages of 19 and 21 years old. According to the survey, most of the respondents (70.0%) asserted that their current academic workload is heavy, while (18.0%) and (9.0%) described their workload as moderate and light, respectively. Additionally, (60.0%) of the respondents rated their overall academic performance as good. However, only (13.0%) acknowledged that academic pressure contributes to stress and anxiety in life and (79.0%) occasionally expressed stress related to academic demands. About (11.8%) and (8.8%) of the respondents reported having been diagnosed with a mental health disorder before and experienced symptoms of depression in the past month respectively. An additional (20.0%) of respondents reported having experienced depression, while (24.5%) and (23.5%) claimed to have experienced anxiety and stress, respectively. Moreover, (11.8%) reported experiencing panic attacks, and (5.3%) mentioned having had suicidal thoughts. More than half of the respondents used to exercise (59.0%) and engaged in hobbies or interests (56.5%) as coping mechanisms for academic stress. Additionally, (45.5%) practiced mindfulness or relaxation techniques, and (25.5%) sought social support to manage their academic stress. About (32.5%) of respondents claimed they were aware of mental health support services available at their institutions, compared to (67.5%) who were unaware of these services. Of those aware, (33.1%) had utilized mental health support services. Additionally, (44.2%) of respondents were satisfied with the mental health support services on campus, while (39.5%) were very satisfied. The study also reveals that there’s no statistically significant association between the age, gender, monthly upkeep of the respondents and utilization of mental health support services. Conclusion: There is a complex connection between academic performance, psychological well-being, and the use of coping strategies and mental health support services among university students. This underscores the importance of addressing students' mental health needs alongside providing academic assistance. Keywords: Mental health, Academic performance, Mental health support services, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Mental health coping mechanisms

Coping style as a predictor of anxiety in relatives of patients with mental illness-a single-center study

BackgroundRelatives of patients with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression experience significant levels of anxiety. Accurately predicting their anxiety levels is crucial for the development of effective anti-anxiety interventions aimed at mitigating associated adverse outcomes.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 238 relatives of patients with mental illness were recruited, and their responses were collected using the generalised anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ) scales. One-way analysis of variance and t-test were used to assess the mean scores of GAD-7 and SCSQ among relatives with varying characteristics. Pearson’s correlations were used to examine the correlation between anxiety levels and coping style. Multi-level regression analyses were used to identify the impact of the independent variables on anxiety.ResultsAmong all relatives of patients with mental illness who participated in this survey, 238 completed the questionnaire. Females exhibited a higher mean GAD-7 score (9.72 ± 0.25) compared to males. Among participants aged 18–25 years, the GAD-7 (8.12 ± 0.17) score was the highest. Additionally, relatives of patients experiencing their first episode or with a disease duration of < 1 year, as well as relatives of patients with schizophrenia and depression, displayed higher GAD-7 scores. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between anxiety and SCSQ (negative coping styles) (r = 0.476, p < 0.01). Multi-level regression analyses demonstrated that demographic variables (R2 = 0.474, F = 21.402, p < 0.01) and SCSQ (R2 change = 0.638, F = 37.526, p < 0.01) were significantly and positively associated with anxiety among relatives of patients with mental illness.ConclusionsMost relatives of patients with mental illness experience varying levels of anxiety, which are influenced by their coping styles.

Vulnerability to depression and resolution in mothers of children with cerebral palsy

BackgroundThis study investigated associations between Self-Criticism and Dependency as factors of vulnerability to depression and maternal resolution. Resolution entails parental cognitive and emotional acceptance of the child's developmental disability. MethodsOur sample included 100 mothers whose children had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. The Reaction to Diagnosis Interview, the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire and the Depression Scale were administered. ResultsThe results showed that unresolved mothers scored higher on the dimensions of Self-Criticism and Dependency compared to their resolved counterparts. The hierarchical cluster analysis yielded three maternal profiles based on the scores obtained on the dimensions of vulnerability to depression, regardless of maternal resolution status. The first profile was labeled Low Vulnerability and was characterized by low scores on Self-Criticism and Dependency. The second profile was labeled Dependent and it included mothers with higher scores on Dependency and lower scores on Self-Criticism. The third profile comprised mothers with higher scores on both Self-Criticism and Dependency. The smallest proportion of unresolved mothers belonged to the third, most vulnerable profile labeled Double Vulnerability. DiscussionWe discussed the implications of the obtained results in light of a need for psychotherapeutic interventions that would focus on individual differences when providing support to parental resolution.

Post-Partum Depression: A Case Study of the Wife of an Expatriate Pakistani

This study aims to explore the experience of post-partum depression in a woman that is the wife of an expatriate Pakistani. It probes into the psycho-social factor that boost the chances of past-partum depression among woman who gone through the c-section while giving birth to her 4th child in her husband’s absence while living in joint family system. This case study reported a woman with postpartum depression; facing psychosocial pressures while living in joint family system in rural area of Punjab. Edinburgh post-natal depression scale used to analyse her post-partum depression and DSM- V as the determinant of diagnostic criteria which revealed that psychosocial pressures, attachment issues and lack of social support made her vulnerable. Postpartum depression has varying symptoms and psycho-social factors irritating its symptoms.

The Shield of Self-Esteem: Buffering against the Impact of Traumatic Experiences, Fear, Anxiety, and Depression.

Adverse life occurrences (e.g., severe accidents, violence/abuse, organic disorders such as COVID-19) can elicit traumatic responses that heighten fear, anxiety, and depression. However, scientific research has shown that certain variables, such as self-esteem, based on theories like terror management theory (TMT) and the anxiety-buffering hypothesis (ABH), can mitigate the negative effects of trauma. This study aimed to test the ABH by assessing the buffering role of self-esteem in the relationships among the impact of traumatic experiences, fear, anxiety, and depression. An observational research design was used. This study involved 321 participants who experienced COVID-19 as a traumatic experience. A sequential multiple-mediation model with observed variables (path analysis) was used to test the impact of the traumatic experience on fear, anxiety, and depression, examining the protective role of self-esteem. A path analysis revealed that fear and anxiety mediated the relationship between the impact of the traumatic experience of COVID-19 and depression. Additionally, in line with the ABH, self-esteem was found to mediate the relationship between the predictors and their adverse psychological consequences. This suggests that self-esteem played a buffering role, mitigating the negative impact of traumatic experiences on mental health outcomes. These findings underscore the central mediating role of self-esteem, as well as fear and anxiety, in the pathway from trauma-related factors to depression. These insights advocate for evidence-based interventions aimed at alleviating the psychological suffering associated with traumatic experiences, fostering adaptation, and supporting psychological health.

Wywlekanie na wierzch brzydkich uczuć i zdradliwość obietnicy szczęścia

This article is a polemic with two literary texts, I Want to Die but I Want to Eat Tteokbokki by Baek Sehee and Brief Interviews with Hideous Men by David Foster Wallace. From among the metafictional devices, a concrete poetics of therapeutic discourse emerges. An analysis of the ways in which the experience of depression is thematized will be facilitated by defining Sianne Ngai’s characterization of “ugly feelings” and by noting that the whole process of discursivization is driven by what Sara Ahmed calls the promise of happiness. A critical look will expose some fixed elements of these poetics and outline the frame in which they operate. Key-words: depression, happiness, ugly feelings, sadness, therapeutic discourse

Psychological changes among weight loss injection users compared with bariatric surgery patients in Saudi Arabia.

To assess and evaluate the mental health and psychological changes in weight loss injection users and bariatric surgery. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022. A self-administered questionnaire was given among participants using social media platforms. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, weight-loss-related characteristics, General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) to measure anxiety, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression experienced by the patients. Of the 721 patients, 73.9% were females, and 30.1% were aged between 30 to 39 years old. The prevalence of patients who underwent weight loss by surgery and injection was 47.7% and 41.2%, respectively. Overall, symptoms of anxiety and depression were detected in 19.7% and 24%, respectively. Independent risk factor of anxiety and depression was the symptom of the psychiatric disorder prior to surgery, while the independent protective factor for anxiety and depression was older age. Depression was higher in weight loss injection users. Nearly one-quarter of the study population experienced anxiety or depression following weight loss treatment. Weight loss treatment by injections increases the risk of depression. However, improved self-confidence, mood, and relationships with family and friends were some of the positive changes exhibited by the patients after undergoing weight loss treatment. Appropriate psychiatric evaluation is necessary before and after weight loss intervention.

Child health and psychosocial wellness in the context of maternal role overload and depression

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the variability of child health and psychosocial outcomes in the context of maternal role overload and maternal depression.BackgroundRole overload, characterized as time‐based role stress, is commonly linked to depression in mothers. However, it remains uncertain whether maternal role overload poses a risk for negative child health and wellness. Although maternal depression is a known risk factor for poor child health and psychosocial outcomes, the outcomes themselves often reveal variability.MethodThis study aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of child health and psychosocial outcomes using latent profile analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine differences in profile membership based on the child's experiences of maternal role overload and depression. Data were from 1,172 mother–child dyads from the Family Matters study.ResultsThe analyses unveiled four distinct profiles (i.e., moderate health/psychosocial wellness, poor health/moderate psychosocial wellness, struggling health/poor psychosocial wellness, thriving health/psychosocial wellness), each associated with varying levels of health and psychosocial wellness. Both maternal role overload and depression were found to heighten the risk of poor health and psychosocial wellness in children.ConclusionChildren with struggling and poor health and psychosocial outcomes had higher odds of maternal depression and maternal role overload than children in the thriving profile. These findings suggest that maternal role overload is a potential risk to child health and psychosocial outcomes.ImplicationsThese findings emphasize the importance of continuous depression screening in mothers and the implementation of solution‐focused interventions targeting maternal role overload.

Journeys to functionality: A dimensional analysis of personal narratives of recovery from depression.

Recovery from depression constitutes a long journey that is understood as a unique and multifaceted process encompassing various dimensions. To understand what constitutes recovery from depression and to develop greater insights into the unique dimensions of the recovery journey, the study of recovery memoirs is essential. This article performs a dimensional analysis on six Indian first-hand accounts of recovery from depression collected in Amrita Tripathi and Arpita Anand's Real Stories of Dealing with Depression to examine the journeys toward healing and the uniqueness of the recovery processes. Through the dimensional analysis, four core dimensions of recovery from depression-Problems, Social Supports, Position of Recovery and Functionality-are identified. The process of recovery, consisting of understanding the problems (causes) through sensed adversities (sensed effects), making use of received social supports to transform oneself, finding out the position of recovery, and lastly, functioning peacefully for living, corresponds to the four dimensions of recovery. Drawing on Herbert Blumer's theory of social interactionism, the article examines how different individuals interpret their experiences of depression in unique ways and develop distinctive recovery strategies. The identified dimensions of recovery correspond to the need for unique approaches to recovery articulated by each of the narrators. The selected narratives reveal that the problems are unique, and for each of the unique problems, there has to be a distinctive support mechanism. The recovery narratives are centred around the unique problems wherein the individuals attempt to understand what happened to them and why it happened. The article concludes by suggesting that healthcare practitioners can utilise the dimensions and the subdimensions as a lead to understand fully how their clients conceptualise their problems and try to understand how each client defines the recovery itself.

Exploring the Impact of Cognitive Dysfunction During Recurrent Depression in a Sample of Mid-to-Older Age British South Asians: A Qualitative Study.

Depression is a major public health issue, increasing the risk of comorbidities. Some people with depression experience cognitive dysfunction, which can persist even after symptomatic recovery. British South Asians are at greater risk of developing depression and are less likely to seek treatment. It is important to understand their experience of subjective cognitive dysfunction in depression and how best to support them. This study explored subjective experience of cognitive dysfunction during recurrent depression, in a sample of 12 British South Asians aged between 45 and 60 years. We conducted semi-structured interviews to explore cognitive dysfunction during recurrent depression. We analysed the data using thematic analysis. Difficulties in attention and concentration resulted in lower quality of social relationships, including not feeling present and social isolation. Learning new information was difficult, thus impacting productivity. Participants found it difficult to engage in enjoyable activities that promoted brain health. The emotional, physical and spiritual impact negatively impacted on quality of life. Cognitive strategies used in therapies could improve brain health and functional recovery in people living with depression. Mental health nurses play a pivotal role in providing culturally appropriate information and strategies for managing cognitive dysfunction in recurrent depression.

Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors of perinatal depression among women living with HIV in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

IntroductionDepressive disorder is a common mental health issue among perinatal mothers living with HIV, potentially leading to significant despair and anxiety. This condition can hinder maternal-infant bonding and undermine efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Despite its importance, little is known about the factors associated with depression in this population. Main objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of perinatal depression among women living with HIV in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2022. MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 399 HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women, both with follow-up and newly diagnosed cases, who attended PMTCT services in the East Gojjam Zone Public Hospitals from May 28 to July 12, 2022. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through direct interviews and document reviews. The Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale was used to assess perinatal depression which demonstrated high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha of 0.93). Data were cleaned and analyzed using Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with perinatal depression, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. ResultsOut of 399 eligible women, 394 participated, yielding a response rate of 98.7 %. The prevalence of perinatal depression among these women was 34.3 % (95 % CI: 29.6–39.4). Factors significantly associated with perinatal depression included intimate partner violence (AOR = 4.24, 95 % CI: 2.507–7.168), internalized stigma (AOR = 4.93, 95 % CI: 2.912–9.560), poor social support (AOR = 4.0, 95 % CI: 1.693–9.560), and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (AOR = 3.65, 95 % CI: 1.774–7.519). ConclusionApproximately one-third of perinatal women living with HIV experienced depression. Key factors contributing to this included intimate partner violence, internalized stigma, low social support, and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Interventions should focus on enhancing social support, empowering women, counseling on drug adherence, and screening for depression among perinatal women living with HIV.

Association between emotional intelligence and mental health status based on sex differences among undergraduates in Vietnam

Public health concerns about mental health problems have recently received attention, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotional intelligence (EI) is a significant factor linked to mental health status, including depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS), with sex playing a significant role in both DAS and EI status. This study aimed to describe DAS and EI status and assess sex differences in the associations between EI and DAS among undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study was conducted across three educational institutions in Dong Thap province, southern Vietnam, using the validated Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify correlations between DAS and EI, and the sex differences in the associations between DAS and the four SSEIT constructs - emotion perception (EP), utilizing emotion (UE), managing self-relevant emotion (MSE), and managing others' emotion (MOE) - were examined using linear regression models. Among the 674 participants, 51.6% experienced mental health problems (64.1% for females, 35.9% for males), 47.0% experienced anxiety, 32.5% experienced depression, and 27.4% experienced stress. The average EI score was 119.3 ± 18.9 (120.0 ± 19.1 for females, 118.0 ± 18.5 for males), with 58.9% of participants having normal EI, while 29.2% and 11.9% had low and high EI, respectively. Negative correlations were observed between EI scores and depression (R=-0.16, p&lt;0.001) and anxiety (R=-0.09, p=0.020), especially among females. Findings indicated that MSE showed significant associations with DAS, especially in females (all β&lt;-0.318, all p&lt;0.001). Our study highlights the importance of considering sex in mental health prevention programs targeting EI skills to manage students' self-relevant emotions better.

Psychopathology in asthma patients: analysis of demographic and clinical associations.

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the airways, significantly impacts both respiratory function and quality of life. Recent studies have highlighted the psychological dimensions of chronic diseases like asthma. Despite growing evidence linking asthma with various psychopathological conditions, comprehensive data remains scarce. This study aims to explore the psychopathological status of asthma patients and identify demographic and clinical factors associated with higher levels of psychopathological symptoms. Data were collected from 42 asthma patients attending the Asthma Outpatient Clinic at the University of Thessaly, Greece. Participants completed a detailed questionnaire on demographics and clinical parameters, along with the Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) to assess psychological symptoms. The sample included patients with varying asthma severity: 38% with severe asthma and 62% with mild-moderate asthma, with a mean age of 60.8 ± 15.6 years. Results indicated that 23.8% exhibited somatization symptoms, 23.8% showed compulsive behaviors, 33.8% reported interpersonal sensitivity, and 38.1% experienced depression and 38.1% aggressiveness. Additionally, 45.2% struggled with fearful anxiety, 4.8% showed paranoid ideation, and 11.9% had traits of psychoticism. Women had significantly higher psychopathology scores than men. Factors such as longer disease duration, uncontrolled asthma, severe asthma, and comorbid conditions like atopy and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were linked to higher psychopathological scores. The study found a high prevalence of psychopathological symptoms among asthma patients. Female gender, prolonged asthma duration, persistent symptoms, comorbid diseases (GERD, atopy) and greater disease severity were significantly associated with higher psychopathology, underscoring the need for integrated mental health care in asthma management.

Self-stigmatization and treatment preferences: Measuring the impact of treatment labels on choices for depression medications.

To collect evidence on the possibility that patients with depression experience self-stigmatization based on label information for medications. We developed a discrete-choice experiment (DCE) survey instrument that asked respondents to make choices between hypothetical treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). We also included treatment type (antidepressants versus antipsychotics) and approved indications for the medication. The choice questions mimicked the information presented in product inserts and required systematic tradeoffs between treatment efficacy, treatment type, and indication. We calculated how many patients were willing to forgo efficacy to avoid treatments with information associated with self-stigmatization, and how much efficacy they were willing to forgo. We also evaluated the impact of contextualizing the treatment information to reduce self-stigmatization by randomizing respondents who received additional context. A total of 501 patients with MDD were recruited to complete the DCE survey. Respondents had well-defined preferences for treatment outcomes. Over 60% (63.4%) of respondents were found to be significantly affected by treatment indication. These respondents were willing to forgo about 2.5 percentage points in the chance of treatment efficacy to avoid treatments indicated for schizophrenia. We also find that some level of contextualization of the treatment details could help reduce the negative impact of treatment type and indications. Product-label treatment indication can potentially lead to patient self-stigmatization as shown by patients' avoidance of treatments that are also used to treat schizophrenia. While the effect appears to be relatively small, results suggests that the issue is likely pervasive.

Contextualising Experiences of Co-Occurring Mental Ill-Health and Substance Use Among Trans, Non-Binary, and Gender Diverse Young People: Implications for Tailored Harm Reduction Approaches.

Though significant research highlights higher rates of mental ill-health and substance use among trans, non-binary and gender diverse (henceforth 'trans') young people, little research has considered patterns, contextual characteristics, and correlates of co-occurring experiences of mental ill-health and substance use among trans young people. Using data from the Trans Pathways study, we used prevalence ratios and age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression models to examine prevalence and differences of co-occurring substance use (past six-month cigarette use, alcohol use, and other drug use) and contextual characteristics of substance use (past six-month solitary alcohol and/or drug use, substance use for coping) by mental ill-health (depression disorder, anxiety disorder, past 12-month self-harm thoughtsand behaviours,suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempt/s). Age- and gender-adjusted models assessed associations between co-occurring depressive and anxiety disorders and recent cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use (six co-occurring items total) and 18 interpersonal stressors. Significantly increased odds of smoking or recentuse of cannabis or sedatives was observed among trans young people reporting depressive disorder, anxiety disorder (aORs ranging 1.8-3.1). Trans young people who reported recent smoking or use of cannabis, inhalants, or sedatives, had 40% to 80% reduced odds of past 12-month self-harm thoughts, self-harm behaviours,suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempt/s (aORs ranging 0.2-0.6). On the other hand, solitary alcohol and/or other drug use and substance use for coping was significantly associated with increased odds of all mental ill-health outcomes. Issues with school, secure housing, and intimate partner abuse were themost robust correlates of co-occurring mental ill-health and substance use. Trans young people using substances, especially cigarettes, cannabis, and sedatives, often so do with co-occurring experiences of depression and anxiety though limited substance use in more 'social' contexts may confer benefits for preventingself-harm and suicide thoughts and behaviours. Continued research in partnership with trans young people is warranted to conceptualise more nuanced and precise conceptualparameters of trans-affirming substance useharm reduction approaches.

Examining Transitions in Risk for Depression Among African Americans

ABSTRACT The Council on Social Work Education Minority Fellowship Program (MFP) (2015–2017) contributed to the development of my research agenda. This article is a product of the support I received as a minority fellow and illuminates heterogeneity in depression burden among African Americans. This study sought to identify distinct constellations of risk and protection for depression and investigate individual stability, or transitions, between risk types over time. Latent transition analysis was conducted using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of African Americans. Results suggest that there are two risk types, and eight distinct risk paths. Transition between risk types was associated with higher depressive symptoms. The results of this study can help social work educators understand variations in the experience of depression among African Americans to inform nuanced and antiracist clinical curricula. Ultimately, this study supports the need to develop depression interventions that are aimed at a moving target and tailored to the unique needs of subpopulations of African Americans likely to experience poor depression outcomes.