Depressed Persons Research Articles

Therapist reactions to patient personality: A pilot study of clinicians' emotional and neural responses using three clinical vignettes from in treatment series.

Therapists' responses to patients play a crucial role in psychotherapy and are considered a key component of the patient-clinician relationship, which promotes successful treatment outcomes. To date, no empirical research has ever investigated therapist response patterns to patients with different personality disorders from a neuroscience perspective. In the present study, psychodynamic therapists (N = 14) were asked to complete a battery of instruments (including the Therapist Response Questionnaire) after watching three videos showing clinical interactions between a therapist and three patients with narcissistic, histrionic/borderline, and depressive personality disorders, respectively. Subsequently, participants' high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) was recorded as they passively viewed pictures of the patients' faces, which were selected from the still images of the previously shown videos. Supervised machine learning (ML) was used to evaluate whether: (1) therapists' responses predicted which patient they observed during the EEG task and whether specific clinician reactions were involved in distinguishing between patients with different personality disorders (using pairwise comparisons); and (2) therapists' event-related potentials (ERPs) predicted which patient they observed during the laboratory experiment and whether distinct ERP components allowed this forecast. The results indicated that therapists showed distinct patterns of criticized/devalued and sexualized reactions to visual depictions of patients with different personality disorders, at statistically systematic and clinically meaningful levels. Moreover, therapists' late positive potentials (LPPs) in the hippocampus were able to determine which patient they observed during the EEG task, with high accuracy. These results, albeit preliminary, shed light on the role played by therapists' memory processes in psychotherapy. Clinical and neuroscience implications of the empirical investigation of therapist responses are discussed.

Prevalence of Depression and Predictors of Discharge to a Psychiatric Hospital in Young People with Hospital-Treated Deliberate Self-Poisoning at an Australian Sentinel Unit.

Hospital treated deliberate self-poisoning is common in young people. Internationally, estimates of rates of depression in this population are very wide (14.6% to 88%). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of depression and the independent predictors of referral for psychiatric hospitalisation in young people (aged 16 to 25 years) following an index episode of hospital treated deliberate self-poisoning. A retrospective cohort study design (n = 1410), with data drawn from a population-based clinical case register. Unadjusted and adjusted estimates of predictors of referral for psychiatric admission (after-care) used logistic regression models. Prevalence of any depression diagnosis was 35.5% (n = 500); and 25.4% (n = 358) were referred for a psychiatric admission. The adjusted estimates for predictors of psychiatric inpatient referral were: high suicidal level (OR 118.21: CI 95% 63.23-220.99), low/moderate suicidal level (14.27: 9.38-21.72), any depression (2.88: 1.97-4.22), any psychosis (4.06; 1.15-14.36), older age (1.12: 1.04-1.21), and number of support people (0.88: 0.78-0.98). Depression was diagnosed in more than a third and was an independent predictor of psychiatric inpatient referral, so service providers need to account for this level of need in the provision of assessment and after-care services. Evidence-based guidelines for psychiatric inpatient after-care for deliberate self-poisoning and/or depression in young people are limited. Our explanatory model included suicidal level, depression, psychosis, older age, and available support persons, suggesting that the treating clinicians were making these discharge decisions for admission in keeping with those limited guidelines, although the balance of benefits and harms of psychiatric hospitalisation are not established. Future research examining patient experiences, effectiveness of psychiatric hospitalisation, and alternatives to hospitalisation is warranted.

Efficacy of computer- and/or internet-based cognitive-behavioral guided self-management for depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundDepression is a worldwide disease. CBT-based self-help treatment allows patients with mild to moderate depression symptoms to improve their depression or to bridge the waiting- or pandemic period until they receive further clinical treatment.ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy, acceptability and improvement in quality of life of computer-delivered and/or internet-based CBT self-help interventions with minimal guidance (up to 10 min) for depression. The second aim was to compare the effectiveness of reducing depression symptoms at post-treatment of treatment by the type of minimal guidance: (1) e-mail, (2) telephone calls, (3) e-mail and telephone together, or (4) face-to-face.MethodsThe Cochrane depression, anxiety, and neurosis review group’s specialized register electronic searches, grey literature, reference lists and correspondence were used to search for published and unpublished RCTs that reported efficacy of computer- and/or internet-based CBT self-help treatments for depression with minimal guidance up to 10 min per week. Methodological quality of included studies was evaluated with Cochrane Collaboration tools for assessing risk of bias. The meta-analysis was accomplished using the RevMen software.ResultsIn total, 2809 study abstracts were checked for eligibility. Out of these, 19 studies (21 samples) with a total of 3226 participants were included. The results showed that concerning efficacy, the treatment group is superior to the control group with a medium to large effect size of 0.65. Also, treatment groups with combined guidance by e-mail and telephone calls together had greater effects (SMD -0.76) than groups with other types of minimal guidance (guided by e-mail SMD -0.63; guided face to-face SMD – 0.66; guided by telephone calls SMD -0.49). Findings showed also, that iCBT with minimal guidance had small but statistically significant effect size of 0.28 in improving quality of life. Moreover, there were higher drop-out rates in the treatment condition (RR 1.36) than in the control groups.ConclusionsThe results of this meta-analysis support the efficacy of computer- and/or internet-based CBT self-help programs with minimal weekly guidance up to only 10 min for improving depression symptoms at post-treatment for adults.In addition, the results are pointing towards two practical implications. Firstly, depressed persons can use self-help treatment with minimal guidance at home to improve their symptoms or to bridge the waiting time – or pandemic period – before they receive professional face-to-face treatment. Secondly, it can help clinicians to make the decision about using CBT-based self-help treatments for patients that do not need urgent professional treatment, or to combine it with face-to-face therapy.

Fair and Explainable Depression Detection in Social Media

Detection at an early stage is vital for the diagnosis of the majority of critical illnesses and is the same for identifying people suffering from depression. Nowadays, a number of researches have been done successfully to identify depressed persons based on their social media postings. However, an unexpected bias has been observed in these studies, which can be due to various factors like unequal data distribution. In this paper, the imbalance found in terms of participation in the various age groups and demographics is normalized using the one-shot decision approach. Further, we present an ensemble model combining SVM and KNN with the intrinsic explainability in conjunction with noisy label correction approaches, offering an innovative solution to the problem of distinguishing between depression symptoms and suicidal ideas. We achieved a final classification accuracy of 98.05%, with the proposed ensemble model ensuring that the data classification is not biased in any manner.

The relationship between personality profile and self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes.

As a chronic disease, diabetes needs special self-care behaviors until the end of life. Personality traits are considered to be effective psychological factors in controlling diabetes and self-care in patients with diabetes. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality profile and self-care among people with type 2 diabetes. In this descriptive-correlational study conducted in 2021, 160 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Educational and Medical Center in Ardabil were selected by convenience sampling method. The data collection tools included the Diabetes Self-Care Activities questionnaire (SDSCA) and the short form of the Millon Multi-Axis Clinical Test (MCMI-3), which were completed through interviews with patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics (mean, SD, and frequency) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression). Based on the results, apart from the obsessive personality disorder, which had a positive relationship with self-care behaviors, a significant negative correlation was observed between schizoid, avoidant, depressed, dependent, antisocial, self-harming, borderline, and paranoid personality disorders with self-care behaviors (p < 0.01). The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between personality profile and self-care status of patients with type 2 diabetes. In other words, a person's personality profile can predict self-care behaviors. Accordingly, personality traits can be considered as one of the influencing factors on self-care in the educational programs of diabetic patients. Holding educational classes to empower patients using psychological interventions and teaching effective solutions can be an effective step toward increasing the level of mental-physical health and self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Determinants of Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up, and Abstinence Rates Among Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Prospective Study.

Background The treatment of alcohol use problems needs to have a multidimensional approach for early recovery and better outcome. Objective The study aimed to study the socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological factors associated with the three-month clinical outcomes among patients with alcohol use disorder treated in a tertiary care general hospital psychiatric unit in southern India. Methods This is a prospective three-month follow-up study. Patients fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder were selected for the study. The baseline severity of alcohol use was assessed by the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire, alcohol craving by Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ), impulsivity by Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, anxiety and depression by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and personality traits by Personality inventory for DSM-5. Craving was assessed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-discharge. Results A total of 110 patients participated in the study. After 3 months of follow-up, 75.5% of the patients remained abstinent throughout the follow-up period. The sample was divided into two groups based on the abstinent status at 12 weeks. Both the abstinent and relapsed users were compared based on socio-demographic, marital, family, illness-related, alcohol-usage, and psychological characteristics, the baseline and follow-up craving indices. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups based on socio-demographic characteristics. Compared to the relapsed group, the abstinent individuals displayed increased adherence to follow-up visits and attended more frequent individual therapy sessions, however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of group therapy sessions attended.Also, the abstinent group demonstrated lower subjective craving at both the baselineand during follow-up. The relapsed users had reported a significantly greater proportion of history of suicide in the family. Further correlational analyses were done to find the direction of associations between psychological characteristics and alcohol-usage characteristics. High attentional impulsivityand motor impulsivitywere associated with early age of first use. High attentional impulsivity, motor impulsivityand impulsive planningwere associated with early age of dependence. Early age of dependence was associated with increased levels of antagonism and psychoticism. Younger onset of alcohol use was associated with increased levels of craving at baseline. The baseline alcohol use severity and the baseline craving towards alcohol were positively correlated with follow-up craving indices as per ACQ and craving index (CI) scales. Conclusion The patients who were abstinent displayed reduced subjective craving towards alcohol at baseline and were more adherent in attending individual and group therapy sessions. Among the relapsed users, most relapsed before four weeks and had a family history of alcohol dependence, family history of psychosis, and suicide, which is indicative of high genetic loading of substance abuse leading to early initiation and early onset of alcohol dependence. The effects of genetic loading could be possibly mediated by traits of high impulsivity, psychoticism, and antagonism.

Different aspects of dissociative symptoms in practice with transgender clients

Objectives Dissociation is a psychological defense mechanism against traumatic experiences, acute or long-term stressful events. Dissociation can affect self-concept, identity, memory, or perception of the external world. There is emerging evidence of a link between trauma and dissociation, and different mental health conditions other than trauma-related conditions. A wide range of defense mechanisms can be used in coping with painful, stressful, and traumatic life events. Dissociation is one of the defense mechanisms that transgender people who struggle with gender dysphoria may use. The goal of this case presentation is to recognize the importance of trauma history and dissociative symptoms during the assessment process of transgender clients. It is important to be aware of mental health issues to ensure a safer individualized process of transition (gender affirmation through desired medical interventions). Methods Three transgender participants that are presented were assessed by a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals. Diagnostic procedures included quantitative and qualitative methodology. Informed consent was obtained. We focused on the plethora of dissociative symptoms presented by transgender clients with depression, borderline and schizoid personality structure. Results Various manifestations of dissociation which emerged during assessment led us to probe for traumatic events of different origins and address them through the psychotherapy process. Addressing dissociative symptoms in psychotherapy treatment resulted in better clinical outcomes, improved quality of life, better functioning, and satisfaction with partnership and sexuality for transgender clients who present dissociative symptoms. Conclusions Results comply with the concept of dissociation as a coping mechanism to overwhelming stressors. Focusing on childhood and adult trauma history and consequent dissociative symptoms should be included in differential diagnostic procedures and assessment with transgender clients with mental health issues. It is important to distinguish between those dissociative symptoms related to trauma or other mental health conditions and those that are used to cope with gender dysphoria. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Dissociation is a psychological defense mechanism against traumatic experiences, acute or long-term stressful events. Dissociation can affect self-concept, identity, memory, or perception of the external world. There is emerging evidence of a link between trauma and dissociation, and different mental health conditions other than trauma-related conditions. A wide range of defense mechanisms can be used in coping with painful, stressful, and traumatic life events. Dissociation is one of the defense mechanisms that transgender people who struggle with gender dysphoria may use. The goal of this case presentation is to recognize the importance of trauma history and dissociative symptoms during the assessment process of transgender clients. It is important to be aware of mental health issues to ensure a safer individualized process of transition (gender affirmation through desired medical interventions). Three transgender participants that are presented were assessed by a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals. Diagnostic procedures included quantitative and qualitative methodology. Informed consent was obtained. We focused on the plethora of dissociative symptoms presented by transgender clients with depression, borderline and schizoid personality structure. Various manifestations of dissociation which emerged during assessment led us to probe for traumatic events of different origins and address them through the psychotherapy process. Addressing dissociative symptoms in psychotherapy treatment resulted in better clinical outcomes, improved quality of life, better functioning, and satisfaction with partnership and sexuality for transgender clients who present dissociative symptoms. Results comply with the concept of dissociation as a coping mechanism to overwhelming stressors. Focusing on childhood and adult trauma history and consequent dissociative symptoms should be included in differential diagnostic procedures and assessment with transgender clients with mental health issues. It is important to distinguish between those dissociative symptoms related to trauma or other mental health conditions and those that are used to cope with gender dysphoria.

Remembering Gorbachev.

Since the middle of last century the so-called "rational actor" models in international and domestic affairs (von Rochau, 1853) supported the assumption that a political leader's decision-making is logical and unaffected by psychological factors. In 1993 eight psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists formed a team to study political leaders' personality characteristics and the psychodynamics of their decision-making processes. They met twice a year for five years and studied political leaders with obsessional, paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic and depressive personality organizations (Volkan, Akhtar, Dorn, Kafka, Kernberg, Olsson, Rogers, & Shanfield, 1998). Today academicians dealing with political issues are more aware that the personality of a political leader plays a crucial role in his or her attempts to maintain a stable relationship with his or her "followers" as well as in dealing with domestic and international issues. On February 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine. Vladimir Putin's psychological issues in starting this invasion already have been examined through psychoanalytic angles (Ihanus, 2022; Volkan & Javakhishvili, 2022). On August 30, 2022, Mikhail Gorbachev died. A political leader with Gorbachev's personality would not start a new war, a new horrifying event with brutality against civilians, children and innocent.

Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, and Personality Traits in Syrian Refugee Adolescents.

PurposeRefugee adolescents’ quality of life (Qol) was not investigated during the Covid-19 pandemic which have a potential impact on refugee adolescents’ Qol. In this study, it is planned to investigate refugee adolescents’ Qol and its association with depression and quality of life.Methods301 refugee adolescents aged between 14 and 18 who immigrated from Syria was included in the study. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5 BF), Beck Depression Scale, and Life Quality Scale was used as assessment tools. The data were tested using structural equation modeling.ResultsBoth depressive symptoms and personality traits are associated with low Qol. Also, depression mediated the relationship between personality disorder and Qol.ConclusionThis is the first study that investigates Qol in Syrian refugee adolescents during the pandemic. This study draws attention to the importance of depressive symptoms and personality traits management for improvement of Qol in Syrian refugee adolescent population.Highlights• Depressive symptoms are associated with low Qol in refugee adolescents.• Personality traits are associated with low Qol in refugee adolescents.• Depressive symptoms have a mediator role between personality traits and Qol.

How Will You Feel on Valentine's Day? Affective Forecasting and Recall Biases as a Function of Anxiety, Depression, and Borderline Personality Disorder Features.

The prediction of affective experiences, also known as affective forecasting, is an integral component of individuals' decision-making processes. Yet, research consistently demonstrates that affective forecasts (AF) and recollections (AR) are generally inaccurate. Recent research has demonstrated distinct patterns of AF/R bias related to psychopathology. The present study examined the relationship between AF/R and features of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), anxiety, and depression using Valentine's Day as the target event. Undergraduate students (N=263; 33% white; 63% female; Mage=19.08) predicted their affective states a week before, and then reported their actual affective states on Valentine's Day and the two days after, and recalled Valentine's Day affect two days later. Results indicate that higher BPD symptomatology predicted a significant overestimation of negative affect (B=.17, p=.02), even after controlling for anxiety and depression. Additionally, individuals' levels of depressive, anxious, and BPD symptomatology were significant predictors of AF of positive affect when entered into regression analyses separately, however when entered together, only depressive symptoms remained significant. Specifically, higher depressive symptoms predicted a significant underestimation of positive affect (B=-.21, p=.01). Results were in line with prior research indicating that unique patterns of AF biases are associated with symptoms of psychopathology. However, results failed to support prior research linking AR biases to symptoms of psychopathology. Implications for future studies of affective biases and psychopathology more generally are discussed.

Temperament, parenting, mental disorders, life stressors and help-seeking behavior of Asian adolescent suicide attempters: A case control study.

PurposeThe need to elucidate risk factors for adolescent suicide is urgent, as suicide consistently ranks among the top causes of death globally. Understanding suicide risk factors could inform more effective interventions. Previous studies have identified certain risk factors associated with suicide, but there is a paucity of research among adolescent and multi-ethnic Asian populations.Materials and methodsThis case-control study sampled 13-to-19-year-old Asian adolescents who had attempted suicide (N = 60) and controls (N = 58) matched by age, ethnicity and gender at group-level (73.7% female). Life stressors, temperament, parenting style, mental health conditions and help-seeking behavior were examined.ResultsAll domains of life stress apart from emerging adult responsibility were higher among cases than controls, especially home life, peer pressure and romantic relationships. Suicide attempters tended to avoid new situations, be less adaptable to changes, have a negative outlook and irregular sleep-wake cycle. Additionally, they perceived their parents to be significantly more aggressive, neglecting, rejecting and cold, while parents’ perceptions of their own parenting were only significantly different in the domain of parental neglect. Cases were more likely to exhibit disorders of disruptive behavior, eating, mood, anxiety, symptoms of schizophrenia and experience of disturbing events. Significant differences were also found for 10 out of 12 Axis II disorders, particularly borderline, depressive, and avoidant personality disorder traits. No significant case-control differences were found regarding overall rates of help-seeking.ConclusionFindings from this study may help in suicide prevention efforts through more tailored interventions.

A Systematic Review on Strategies of Depression Detection from Social Media

Depression is considered as one of the severe global challenges of our current society. Millions of people suffer from depression each day. Beside feeling sad and lose of interests, depressed person may face various heath complexities or may commit suicide. Therefore, depression is said to be a “Global Burden”. Traditionally, psychiatrists conduct face to face interviews with a patient referring to depression criteria. Unfortunately, many patients feel shy to consult doctor which deteriorates their mental health even more. Additionally, everyday large number of people are sharing their thoughts and feelings on various social media platforms. Since people are spending huge amount of time online, researchers are actively linking online system with depression detection to understand the mental health of the individuals or even the entire population. So far, various efforts have been made to detect depression in users through their posts, tweets and messages on different social media platforms which generated successful outcomes. This paper reviews recent theories which were developed to detect depression from different social media. This survey aims in providing information about current depression detection methods, highlighting their core features, data source, findings and certain drawbacks, promoting further research in the field of depression detection and prevention.

Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels and Five-Factor Personality Traits as Predictors of Clinical Medical Students' Migration Intention: A Cross-sectional Study of Brain Drain

Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels and Five-Factor Personality Traits as Predictors of Clinical Medical Students' Migration Intention: A Cross-sectional Study of Brain Drain

Psychopathology among anabolic-androgenic steroid using and non-using female athletes in Norway

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are primarily used to improve physical appearance and increase lean muscle mass. Due to their masculinizing properties, the majority of people using AAS are men; however, AAS use among females may increase with changing body ideals trending towards a more muscular appearance. AAS use among males have been associated with risk-taking behavior, and increased prevalence of personality disorders and psychopathology. As a result of low perceived prevalence and stigma among females who use AAS, the relationship between AAS use and psychopathology in this population is not well-known. AAS using women (n = 16) and weight-lifting controls (WLC) (n = 16) completed questionnaires regarding AAS use, health and training information. Psychopathology was evaluated using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Group differences on demographic variables and scores on MCMI-III scales were evaluated with Mann-Whitney U tests. The clinical cut-off was then applied to all MCMI-III scales and groups were compared using Fisher's exact test. AAS consumers demonstrated significantly greater psychopathology than WLC on several scales. Externalizing personality disorder scales were elevated among those who use AAS relative to controls, such as borderline (p < 0.001), antisocial (p = 0.007) and sadistic (p = 0.002), and in addition depressive (p = 0.012), negativistic (p = 0.001) and masochistic (p = 0.029) personality disorders scales. Furthermore, all clinical syndromes were elevated among AAS consumers. AAS consumers thus demonstrated multi-pathology, and 56% (n = 9) of the group met the clinical criteria for six or more disorders. Females who use AAS experience in general increased levels of psychopathology compared to WLC. Clinicians should be aware of these traits and the challenges they present in providing care to this population.

Stigmatizing attitudes towards depression among university students in Syria.

BackgroundDepression is a prominent cause of mental disability globally, having a severe impact on mental and physical health. Depression rehabilitation and treatment, whether through psychiatric management or counseling therapy, is hampered by stigmatizing attitudes regarding psychiatric illness patients impacted by societal and cultural factors. However, little is known about the stigma toward people with depression among the students in Syria.MethodologyA total of 1,056 students in Syria completed a questionnaire that included a case narrative illustrating depression. A total of 1,056 students in Syria completed a questionnaire that included a case narrative illustrating depression. The survey looked at attitudes toward depression, the desire to keep a safe distance from depressed people, stigma attitudes toward people with depression among college students, perceived beliefs about depressive people, gender (male and female), and the major section (medical and medical and non-medical) differences.ResultsFour questionnaires have refused to finish the survey, out of 1259 issued. Around 47.80% of respondents, most of whom were females, felt that sad people might snap out of it. 14.60 percent believe depression isn’t even an actual medical condition. Surprisingly, 2% of respondents with a medical background thought the same thing. Regarding more extreme stigmatization, 16.80% of respondents thought depressed persons were harmful. People with depression will be avoided by 19.50 percent of respondents, and people with medical backgrounds will be avoided by 5.20 percent of respondents. Nearly one-fifth of those polled said they would not tell anyone if they were depressed. Only a tiny percentage of respondents (6.90 percent) said they would not hire or vote for a politician who suffers from depression (8.40 percent).ConclusionAccording to the study, Syrian college students had a significant level of stigma and social distance toward mentally ill patients. Female students and non-medical students had a higher stigma in most subscale items for people with depression.

Personality and occupational correlates of anxiety and depression in nurses: the contribution of role conflict, core self-evaluations, negative affect and bullying

BackgroundThe work environment and the fatiguing nature of nursing are risk factors that cause psychological disorders. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between role conflict, core self-evaluations, negative affect, and bullying with anxiety and depression in nurses.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on the nurses working in hospitals of Bandar Abbas, Iran over 4 months (August 2019–November 2019). Data were collected using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scale, Role Conflict Questionnaire, Core Self-Evaluations Scale, Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised, Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 22 software and the significance level was considered 0.05.ResultsThe findings revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between role conflict (r = 0.422, p < 0.01), negative affect (r = 0.715, p < 0.01), and bullying (r = 0.443, p < 0.01) with anxiety. Moreover, there was a significant negative relationship between core self-evaluations with anxiety (r = − 0.482, p < 0.01). Also, the findings indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between role conflict (r = 0.382, p < 0.01), negative affect (r = 0.672, p < 0.01), and bullying (r = 0.433, p < 0.01) with depression. There was a significant negative relationship between core self-evaluations and depression (r = − 0.603, p < 0.01). Moreover, regression analysis results revealed that negative affect, role conflict, and core self-evaluations predicted 54.3% of anxiety variance significantly. And lastly, negative affect and core self-evaluations predicted 53.3% of depression variance significantly.ConclusionsFindings indicated that having high negative affect, low core self-evaluations, high role conflict, and exposure to bullying at work enhances the rate of depression and anxiety in nurses. Hence, it is essential to improve the mental health of nurses and thus the quality of care provided by them through recognizing suitable supportive strategies and interventions.

Physical inactivity links depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning among individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by disruption of dopamine-producing cells. PD is associated with motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms including depression and cognitive impairment. Past research suggests an association between depression and cognitive impairment in PD. Physical activity may have a therapeutic effect on both depression and cognitive impairment. The present study investigates if physical activity mediates the association between depressive symptoms and cognition in a longitudinal sample of individuals with PD. Participants include individuals newly diagnosed with PD (N = 487) enrolled in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Participants completed an array of neuropsychological tests over the course of 5 years, as well as questionnaires of depression and physical activity. Between-person and within-person effects of depression and cognition mediated through physical activity were analyzed using structural equation modeling. A significant direct effect demonstrated depression was associated with worse global cognitive functioning. Furthermore, there was a significant indirect within-person effect, indicating that physical activity fully mediated the association between depression and cognition. Individuals who became more depressed over time became less physically active and subsequently experienced cognitive decline over the 5-year period. Findings have implications for prognostic detection and/or the role of physical activity interventions to buffer effects of depression on cognitive impairment among individuals diagnosed with PD. Physical interventions may potentially be implemented among depressed persons to preserve cognitive functioning. Worsened depression early during PD may be a risk factor for inactivity and cognitive diminishment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Effectiveness of Adolescent-Based Mindfulness Treatment in the Mind Wandering and Depression

Aim and Background: Depression is a common disorder in adolescence that has wide cognitive and social consequences; One of the cognitive consequences is mental confusion, which hurts the depressed person by exacerbating dysfunctional thoughts. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Adolescent-Based Mindfulness Therapy on mind wandering and depressive symptoms.

The impact of women's off-farm employment on depressive symptoms: Evidence from rural China

While China's economy has grown rapidly in recent decades, urban-rural inequalities in mental health have persisted, and depression is more prevalent among rural women. Using a nationally-representative survey data in China, this paper investigates the impact of women's off-farm employment on their depressive symptoms. Results from instrumental variable and individual fixed effects estimation show that women's participation in off-farm employment leads to a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. We further take into account the confounding effects of working conditions, and the main results are robust. Moreover, off-farm employment enhances women's mental health mainly through pathways including increased absolute income, higher self-perceived relative income, more frequent healthy behaviors, increased likelihood of health investment, and obtaining more formal social support. Further evidence suggests that the depression-reducing effect of off-farm employment is more effective for those with more severe depressive symptoms, middle-aged and elderly persons, and women with lower body mass index. The findings have important implications for preventing depressive disorders and improving mental health in China and other developing countries.

Comparing cardiovascular disease incidence and prevalence between depressed and non-depressed older persons over time: Cohort differences in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

ObjectivePrevious studies suggest that prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more difficult in depressed persons. Although the prevalence and incidence of CVD decreased over the past decades, it is uncertain whether this is also true for depressed persons. This study examined whether changes in the prevalence and incidence of CVD differ between depressed and non-depressed older persons. MethodsLongitudinal data from three community-based representative birth cohorts aged 55–65 years of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used; N = 1070 born in 1926–1937, N = 995 born in 1938–1947, N = 1019 born in 1948–1957. The outcome included fatal and non-fatal CVD. Depression was defined as ≥16 points on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale or a general practitioner's diagnosis of depression. Data were analysed with for age and sex adjusted logistic regression and cox regression models. ResultsComparing cohort 2 and 3 with cohort 1 in the complete sample, the prevalence of CVD decreased by 2% (OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.76–1.26) and 32% (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.52–0.89), respectively, and the three-year incidence of CVD decreased by 6% (OR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.63–1.41) and 26% (OR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.48–1.15), respectively. The 13-year incidence of CVD decreased by 19% (HR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.67–0.99) in cohort 2 compared to cohort 1. These decreases did not differ statistically significantly between depressed and non-depressed respondents (p-values of interaction terms: 0.35–0.98). ConclusionSubstantial decreases in the prevalence and incidence of CVD were observed in depressed and non-depressed older persons. Although this is encouraging, cardiovascular risk remained higher in depressed persons over time, warranting tailored prevention programs for depressed older persons.