Depreciation Deductions Research Articles

METHODOLOGY AND EXAMPLE OF CALCULATING THE RATIONAL RESOURCE OF AXIAL-PISTON HYDRAULIC MACHINES OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT

The article analyzes approaches for creating models for optimizing the durability of mobile machine units. On the basis of the selected model, in which the target function is the total specific costs of purchasing the machine and the costs of maintaining its working condition, a method of calculating the rational resource of axial-plunger hydraulic machines has been developed for the condition when the resource of the hydraulic machine is limited by the resource of only its plunger pairs. The methodology, built on the basis of the chosen model for optimizing the durability of simple technical systems, takes into account the patterns of wear of plunger pairs under certain operating conditions, and also takes into account the proposed dependencies for calculating their total wear limit. The methodology consists of five consecutive operations, namely: determining the total marginal wear; obtaining experimental patterns of wear of plunger pairs over time in the form of regression equations; calculation of the number and periodicity of technical maintenance of the hydraulic machine for the inter-repair cycle; calculation of the rational resource of the hydraulic machine.The results of the comparative calculation of the rational resource of the adjustable axial-plunger pump 321.224 of the hydraulic system of the single-bucket excavator EO-3323 according to the developed method are also given.The total marginal wear of the pump was determined according to the criterion of reducing its efficiency, namely from the condition of a drop due to the wear of its volume coefficient of useful action by 30 %.To obtain the patterns of wear of the pump's plunger pairs, the results of previous operational tests of the pump were used for two variants of its lubrication: lubrication with ordinary hydraulic oil and lubrication with oil whose anti-wear properties are activated by an external electric field. Specific costs for the purchase of the pump, which are included in the durability optimization model in the form of depreciation deductions, were calculated for the inter-repair cycle. The specific costs of maintaining the working condition of the pump were equal to the costs of its maintenance, during which hydraulic oil and filters are replaced, that is, the pattern of wear of plunger pairs is returned to the starting point.

A STUDY ON FIXED ASSET MANAGEMENT

Fixed assets management is an accounting process that seeks to track fixed assets for the purposes of financial accounting, preventive maintenance, and theft deterrence. According to International Accounting Standard (IAS), Fixed Assets are assets whose future economic benefit is probable to flow into the entity, whose cost can be measured reliably. Fixed Asset management is crucial to the accounting process in any business. It can be difficult to find the time and the tools to devote the needed attention to assets that they deserve. The truth is that a company’s assets are the largest investments most companies make. Sound management of assets can yield substantial tax savings in depreciation deductions. Without thorough management of assets, the accuracy of financial reports will be threatened and there will be a negative impact on your bottom line. Establishing the highest standards of depreciation accuracy and best practices in fixed asset management will pay off in the form of savings and efficiency.

Methodological aspects of financial support investment and innovation development of agricultural enterprises

With the change in the geopolitical and economic situation, the emergence of new threats and challenges for domestic agricultural enterprises, the problem of increasing the efficiency of development, implementation, practical implementation of innovations and investment support of this process is becoming increasingly important. It has been established that the investment climate in Ukraine is extremely unfavorable for investors due to military actions on the territory of our country. Although, the indicator of the investment climate in 2021 acquired a "rather unfavorable" value by 53%, despite the fact that this year Ukraine reached the highest level of income from investments. The main groups of external and internal threats (at the state and enterprise level) to the innovative and investment development of agrarian enterprises are systematized and the system of financial support for their investment development is presented. Among the methods used to finance the investment and innovative development of agricultural enterprises, the following are distinguished: self-financing, equity, loan, state financing, financing at the expense of free assistance and charitable contributions, mixed financing, leasing, project financing. The principles of the functioning of the investment mechanism of agricultural enterprises are developed and the most important positive and negative aspects of investment financing sources are presented in a generalized form. With the help of rational formation and distribution of limited resources to obtain the necessary result, it is possible to achieve investment efficiency. In turn, improving the quality of investment becomes the basis of the effective process of development and implementation of innovations, innovative development of the economic system. An innovative approach to determining the investment and innovation mechanism of agricultural enterprises is proposed. The list of principles of the investment and innovation mechanism (as an interacting set of methods, forms, sources of investment) is supplemented by the principles of scientificity and priority. The advantages and disadvantages of the main sources of investment financing (state financing; public-private partnership; profit; depreciation deductions; insurance reimbursements; bank credit; leasing; issue of shares; project financing; bond loans; public funds; funds of foreign investors) are revealed. The main factors affecting the choice of specific sources of investment resources formation of agricultural enterprises are noted. A system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of innovation implementation by types of effect is provided.

Improvement of the methodology for calculating depreciation deductions of fixed assets of agricultural organizations

The article deals with the problems of depreciation deductions for fixed assets in modern economic conditions. Special attention is paid to the calculation methodology and comparison of the results of the current methods of its accrual. An improved method of calculating depreciation in accordance with the performance and physical wear of fixed assets is proposed. Graphs and tables have been compiled justifying the recommended methodology from the practice of agricultural organizations. The assessment of the proposed new methods of depreciation is given on the basis of criteria selected for this purpose and reflected in the work. The results of the study made it possible to recognize the accrual of depreciation in accordance with physical wear and performance as a more acceptable method that does not have the disadvantages characteristic of the currently practiced methods of calculating depreciation charges. The approach chosen in the study is simple and easily assimilated by accountants, requiring compliance with the conditions of accounting support. The recommended method of depreciation calculation is proposed to be included in the federal accounting standard 6/2020 “Fixed assets” for practical use.

Посилення ролі амортизаційної політики у формуванні фінансового базису капітальних інвестицій та інвестиційної безпеки держави

In martial law conditions, the problem of making capital investments becomes even more tangible for business entities, given the limitation of their financial capabilities, which, accordingly, affects the investment security of the state. The situation is aggravated due to the lack of sufficient interaction between the state's investment security provision and depreciation policy. The article's purpose is to form conceptual directions for the development of depreciation policy as a tool for financial support of the state's investment security. The study results indicate that the current state of affairs with the allocation of depreciation deductions to finance current assets contradicts the laws of the circulation of individual capital and does not allow the restoration of fixed assets at the required level. This situation is caused by the improper reflection of the content of depreciation in Ukrainian legislation at various levels, which reduces its perception as a means of reducing tax liabilities. The economic content of depreciation as a source of capital investments should not change depending on the way to ensure the targeted use of these funds because depreciation deductions are costs from the point of view of the economic (accounting) concept and a source for investment – from the point of view of the financial concept. However, to ensure all functions (reproductive, financial, regulatory), the state must delegate to business entities the maximum rights to determine depreciation norms and methods. Accelerated depreciation should not be an exception, as it loses meaning in interpreting depreciation in the context of classical approaches to circling individual entrepreneurial capital. The proposed theoretical approaches, subject to the application of appropriate mechanisms, will increase the resource base of capital investments, including the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, ultimately improving the state's investment security.

Инвестиционный налоговый вычет (кредит): бухгалтерский учет и идентификация отложенных налогов

The article considers the features of investment tax deduction (credit) from the economic and accounting points of view. The research is based on the analysis of the US practice from 1962. The methodological approaches to accounting of investment tax credit developed by the Accounting Principles Board in 1962–1964 are analysed. Two forms of influence of investment tax credit on the financial position of the organisation are distinguished: (1) the tax credit is a supplement to the mechanism of depreciation deductions; (2) its application reduces the tax base of the asset by the amount of the investment tax credit or to zero. It is determined that investment tax credit is a special form of financial subsidy, the economic benefits of which lie in the part of the tax flow, as the state waives the taxes due to it for the sake of stimulating investments. Three approaches of investment tax credit accounting are characterised: (1) contribution to capital; (2) cost reduction; (3) tax reduction. The author’s approach to the recognition of investment tax credits is proposed for two situations: (1) the application of the tax benefit does not affect the tax base of the asset; (2) the tax base of the asset is reduced to zero or by the amount of the investment tax credit. It is determined that the investment tax credit is not a deferred tax; however, the realisation of the investment tax credit may affect the tax base of the asset, resulting in the need for interperiod allocation of tax effects at the initial recognition of the asset. It is concluded that a deferred credit account should be used to record a “liability” to the government until the full benefit of the investment tax credit has been realised by the entity; therefore, the deferred credit account should be amortised as the rights to the tax benefit become fixed. It is also emphasised that the specific nature of the investment tax credit does not allow the deferred credit account to be related to the deferred income account, as the deferred income account follows the principle of matching income and expenses, while the deferred credit account is used to reconcile the tax cash flow with the financial cash flow; therefore, the deferred credit is treated primarily as an accounting liability and not as deferred income.

ЗОЛОТАЯ СЕРЕДИНА В АМОРТИЗАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ: ПОИСК ОПТИМАЛЬНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ

The article is devoted to the problems of developing an effective depreciation policy in the context of the interaction of accounting and tax accounting. The authors analyze the current problems associated with the choice of depreciation methods and offer recommendations on finding a golden mean, accounting for depreciation deductions and optimizing tax liabilities. As a result of the analysis of the features of the depreciation policy, the factors influencing its formation in both types of accounting are determined.

Облік благодійної та гуманітарної допомоги в бюджетних установах в Україні

The article examines and systematizes the order and features of accounting for charitable and humanitarian aid in budgetary institutions of Ukraine. First of all, the essence of charitable assistance and its difference from humanitarian aid were studied, the key characteristics of each type of such assistance were provided with reference to the legislation of Ukraine. The normative and legal regulation of accounting for charitable and humanitarian aid is considered. The procedure for documenting and reflecting in the accounting of a State-based institution the procedure for receiving and using charitable and humanitarian aid is provided. The forms in which charitable and humanitarian assistance can be provided, in particular in the form of cash, tangible assets, such as stocks or fixed assets (reflecting depreciation deductions for received fixed assets), as well as in the form of works and services, are considered. For each form of charitable and humanitarian aid, appropriate accounting entries are provided, used to reflection in the accounting of a budgetary institution. Such correspondences are presented in accordance with the chart of accounts of budgetary institutions, which is currently used in budgetary institutions of Ukraine. The features of the preparation of accompanying documentation for the procedure for transferring and receiving charitable and humanitarian aid are also described. Based on the results of the study, information on the process of accounting for charitable and humanitarian aid is systematized. The importance and relevance of accounting in the receipt or use of charitable and humanitarian aid and its proper documentary support are also described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of such accounting in today’s conditions in which Ukraine finds itself, as well as on the importance of improvement of such accounting.

Accounting for the formation of a fixed-asset depreciation fund and its transformation into reproducible capital

Subject. This article considers the depreciation of fixed assets not only as the distribution and write-off of their cost, but also as the accumulation of funds by systematically including in the cost of production (work performed, services rendered) the amounts of depreciation deductions for these fixed assets. Objectives. The article aims to develop a methodology for accounting for the creation and use of a depreciation fund as a source of financing for the acquisition (creation) of fixed assets and other non-current assets. Methods. For the study, we used analysis and synthesis, modeling, systematization, and generalization. Results. The article covers the organizational and methodological aspects of accounting for the creation and use of the depreciation fund, as well as reproducible capital, which are the source of acquisition (creation) of fixed assets. The article presents the author-developed methodology for accounting for the reflection of transactions on recommended new accounts when creating and using a sinking fund, as well as reproducible capital. Conclusions and Relevance. The conducted theoretical and applied research, revealing modern problems of accounting for depreciation of the cost of fixed assets, reveals the need to make changes in accounting for the write-off of depreciation of fixed assets and the introduction of a methodology for the creation and use of a depreciation fund and reproducible capital as sources for the formation of fixed assets and other non-current assets in commercial organizations. The results of the study can be applied in the theory and practice of financial accounting and reporting.

ECONOMIC CATEGORIES AND THEIR REFLECTION IN LEGISLATION (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR S. M. KORNEEV)

Economic categories in civil and business law are quite common. However, over the years, disputes have not subsided about whether these categories should be present in law, how these categories should be reflected in the rules of law, whether they should fully reflect the economic essence of these categories, and most importantly, whether economic categories serve as the basis for making legal decisions. The article brought to the attention of readers reflects the position of the largest scientists in the field of civil law and business law on the issues under consideration: Doctor of Law, Professor Korneev S. M., Doctor of Law, Professor Gribanov V. P., Doctor of Law, Professor Bykov A. G., Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Laptev V. V. and other famous lawyers. Such economic categories as fixed and circulating assets, fixed and circulating assets, depreciation deductions, cost accounting, state property as an economic and legal category, enterprise, economic mechanism and others are considered. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between economics and law, the impact of economics on law and law on the economy. Attention is drawn to the close relationship between economics and law with the social factors of modern society.

On the theory of profit capitalization of a multifactorial manufacturing enterprise

The published article proposes new economic and mathematical models of the dynamics of development of multifactorial enterprises, the restoration of production resources of which is ensured by the capitalization of profits. The features of these models are that to calculate the profit of enterprises, multiplicative production functions with variable resource elasticities, functions describing proportional, progressive and digressive volumes of production costs, and functions describing proportional, progressive and digressive volumes of depreciation deductions are used. To predict the volume of production costs and the volume of depreciation deductions, systems of differential equations are established. It is shown that the effectiveness of the dynamics of the development of enterprises depends on the choice of values of capitalization coefficients. An unsuccessful choice of these coefficients does not allow the company to ensure its maximum profit. A system of equations has been obtained for calculating effective capitalization ratios, using which the enterprise is guaranteed to enter the operating mode with maximum profit. Variants of enterprise development dynamics for proportional, progressive and digressive costs and proportional, progressive and digressive depreciation charges are considered. Various modes of operation of enterprises are shown, which include stable output by enterprises, temporary suspension of work of enterprises during its technical re-equipment, and temporary partial curtailment of production.

ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ЗНАЧЕННЯ АМОРТИЗАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УМОВАХ КРИЗИ

This scientific article is dedicated to examining the concept and significance of depreciation policy in the context of an economic crisis. Amidst growing economic instability and uncertainty, depreciation policy plays a pivotal role in financial management for enterprises. The heightened uncertainty in financial markets, changes in the economic environment, and challenges associated with shifts in demand and supply underscore the relevance of analyzing and refining depreciation policies. Crisis conditions often lead to changes in strategic approaches in financial management, including depreciation expense planning. A well-planned depreciation strategy can aid enterprises in more effectively allocating financial resources, reducing potential financial risks, and ensuring long-term financial stability. Furthermore, in times of crisis, it is pertinent to consider depreciation policy as a tool for optimizing financial indicators for businesses. The appropriate allocation of depreciation expenses can positively impact liquidity and solvency, equipping enterprises to address escalating financial challenges. The article explores various methods of calculating depreciation, analyzes the determination of useful lives for assets and intangible assets during a crisis, and considers different rates of depreciation expense and their impact on a company’s financial position within resource constraints. Moreover, the tax implications of choosing different depreciation strategies are discussed. The interrelation between depreciation deductions and a company’s liquidity is examined, particularly in the context of economic instability. It is noted that the choice of depreciation strategy holds significant value for optimizing a company’s financial status, especially during economic instability. Flexible depreciation planning and its adaptation to changes in market situations are essential tools. The article delves into how depreciation policy can be employed to ensure a company’s financial stability during a crisis. Innovative methods for enhancing depreciation policy in crisis conditions are outlined.

ACCOUNTING OF COSTS FOR THE OPERATION OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF USING THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Introduction. Digitization of agricultural activities formed the prerequisites for the practical implementation of the philosophy of "precision agriculture" based on geo-information technologies in the functioning of agricultural enterprises. The use of modern geo-information technologies and the global positioning system optimizes not only the processes of cultivating land and growing agricultural products, but also fundamentally changes the methodology and organization of accounting. In particular, accounting of costs for the agricultural machinery operation based on information generated by GPS technology is subject to automation. The purpose of the article is to improve the accounting of operational costs in agricultural activities using the global positioning system and to automate the cost calculation of services provided by agricultural machinery to third-party customers. Results. The expediency of using information generated by GPS navigators about the location of motor vehicles and special equipment, travel routes, mileage, speed of movement, stops and parking lots for the digitization of accounting is substantiated. The methodology and organization of the accounting of costs for the agricultural machinery operation using GPS technology have been improved such as: fuel based on the comparison of the fuel indicators in the tank; lubricants and technological fluids after identifying the time (mileage) of the need for their replacement; salaries of drivers and support staff in proportion to the movement mileage of special equipment while performing production tasks; social insurance funds of employees of agricultural enterprises; depreciation deductions according to the proportional (production method); technical maintenance and current repairs at the end of the planned service life of spare parts, units and aggregates; forecasting the need for repairs to ensure the uninterrupted functioning of agricultural enterprises. Depending on the location of vehicles and special equipment, the order of accounting is proposed: general production costs for moving special equipment to the places of its operation; production costs within the spatial and territorial limits of the main agricultural activity of land cultivation; production costs for the provision of production services by special equipment to third-party customers; transport and procurement costs for transportation of agricultural products to places of their storage or processing. Based on the accumulated information about the costs associated with the agricultural machinery operation, a scheme for operational costing of services provided to third-party customers using the calculation unit - the kilometer of motor vehicles and special equipment movement was developed. Conclusions. The use of the global positioning system in combination with other geo-information technologies forms a significant information resource about the costs on the operation of agricultural machinery for the effective management of agricultural enterprises. Other geo-information technologies, the use of which transforms accounting and management of agricultural activities, are electronic cartography and aerial visual monitoring of agricultural works using drones, which are the subject of further scientific research.

ПЕРВОНАЧАЛЬНАЯ СТОИМОСТЬ ОСНОВНЫХ СРЕДСТВ И ЕЕ МОДИФИКАЦИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НОВЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ БУХГАЛТЕРСКОГО УЧЕТА

In order to maintain the technical condition of fixed assets in accordance with the requirements of production, it is important to form and implement projects to upgrade, modernize and restore existing production facilities. The valuation of the organization's fixed assets serves as the most important condition for the formation of objective accounting and reporting information on them. The correct assessment determines the formation of the real value of depreciation deductions, the total amount of expenses and calculation. The article discusses the accounting and economic problems of the formation of the valuation of fixed assets in the context of the introduction of the new FSB 6/2020 "Fixed assets". The importance of an objective assessment of the value of the property assets of the enterprise is substantiated, the types of valuation of fixed assets are systematized. Objective valuation of fixed assets, the methods of their revaluation, depreciation charges, and their reflection in accounting and reporting selected and approved in the accounting policy ultimately affect the efficiency of enterprises. The innovations in terms of the formation of the initial, fair and revalued value are shown. Conclusions are drawn regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the system of valuation of fixed assets that has been in place since 2022 in modern Russian accounting practice.

АМОРТИЗАЦІЙНА ПОЛІТИКА ЯК ПАРАДИГМА ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

Abstract. The article examines the depreciation policy as a paradigm of investment security of Ukrainian enterprises. It has been proven that the depreciation policy as a component of the state's investment policy is a specific lever aimed at the economic activity of separately functioning business entities. Its main goal is to create conditions for reproduction and renewal of fixed assets, activation of investment processes to accelerate innovation. A paradigm of investment security based on depreciation policy is proposed, which allows to systematize rational methods of distribution of the cost of fixed assets (minus the liquidation value) during the entire period of operation, taking into account the information-analytical and innovation-investment component. It is proved that the depreciation policy, as a component of the investment policy of enterprises in an institutional environment, forms a multiplier "domino" effect due to an increase in the value derivative of assets, which ensure a great accumulation of the depreciation fund. The method of assessing the investment security of enterprises on the basis of ensuring the depreciation policy has been determined. A graphic model of the digressive method of calculating depreciation deductions is given. The rates of growth of the cost of fixed assets and the degree of their wear and tear in Ukraine are analyzed. The growth index of capital investments in the fixed capital of Ukrainian enterprises by sources of financing in Ukraine was determined. The functional dependencies of costs for the improvement (reconstruction, modernization) of fixed assets on the amount of accrued depreciation of the enterprises of the Steppe zone of Ukraine were determined. The estimated amount and intervals of depreciation of fixed assets at enterprises are calculated. A forecast of the increase in depreciation rates on average for one enterprise is presented, provided that the enterprise's profit is directed to ensure investment security.

Accounting and analytical space of providing the depreciation policy of Ukrainian enterprises

The article considers the accounting and analytical space to ensure the deprecia-tion policy of Ukrainian enterprises. The paradigm of accounting and analytical support of depreciation policy is proposed, which allows to systematize rational ways of cost allocation or value of capital assets (minus liquidation value) throughout their life, taking into account accounting, information, analytical, con-trol and innovation and investment component. It is proved that the components of accounting and analytical support of depreciation policy of Ukrainian enter-prises in the institutional economy, determine the priorities of innovative renewal of assets based on accumulation and use of the depreciation fund. Methods of reporting and accounting support of depreciation policy are identified. A graphical model of the digressive method for determining depreciation deductions is present-ed. The growth rates of the value of fixed assets and the degree of their deprecia-tion in Ukraine are analyzed. The functional dependences of costs for improve-ment (reconstruction, modernization) of fixed assets on the amount of accrued depreciation of enterprises of the Steppe zone of Ukraine are defined. The forecast volume and intervals of depreciation of fixed assets at enterprises are calculated.

CALCULATION OF THE COST OF THE DEVELOPED FUNCTIONAL DRINK BASED ON MATCHA TEA

The purpose of the work is to calculate the cost of the developed functional drink based on mast tea. Matcha is a Japanese powdered green tea. At the first stage, the total investment volume is estimated: the prices for equipment and installation are summed up. The main stage is the calculation of the cost of the developed functional drink based on matcha tea. To obtain the cost index, the costs of raw materials, containers and packaging for the year are calculated. Next, the amount of water costs for various production needs is calculated, as well as the electricity consumed by the equipment. At the next stage, staff salaries are calculated, which consists of the main and additional wages of the workers of the enterprise. The calculation is made with respect to such concepts as: working time fund, working time balance. The payroll expenses per 1 liter of finished products were calculated. It was important to take into account mandatory social payments, social insurance contributions. Next, the amount of depreciation deductions was calculated. One of the most important indicators for calculating the cost price is rent. It is supposed to lease land with a production facility located on it. Then the indicator was calculated – other costs. These costs were approximately assumed to be equal to 2% of the cost of raw materials. The value of the production cost of products is revealed. The total cost of production was calculated as the sum of the production cost and, previously found, non-production costs. The structure of the total cost for a different volume of the drink is calculated and presented in tabular data. Next, the value of the profitability of the finished product was determined. In addition, the efficiency of the production of matcha tea drink was determined based on the assessment of the payback period. According to the results, it turned out that the company will pay off in less than 4 years. The calculation showed that the implementation of the investment project is expedient. The positive value of accumulated cash flows means that we have additional opportunities. Due to the fact that this investment project is financed by borrowed funds, the amount of cash income that the firm can use to repay the loan and pay interest on the loan was calculated. As a result of the feasibility study of the project, the following values were calculated: the cost of the annual finished product of 14,600,466 rubles; the selling price of the enterprise of the annual finished product of 2101,9700 rubles, or 57.5 rubles for one bottle of a 500 ml drink; the net profit of the enterprise for the year of 6419,230 rubles; the cost of 1 ruble of marketable products – 0.80 rubles. Thus, the developed project can be evaluated as effective. The product produced is a functional drink containing vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Due to the usefulness of the drink, it will be in demand among consumers. In addition, the profitability of the drink is 16%, which indicates the efficiency of the enterprise.

On the theory of interaction of related economic systems

In the published article the process of interaction of several related economic systems, which, on the one hand, compete with each other for fixed assets, the necessary human capital and natural resources is examined. On the other hand, they complement and develop each other and form a single complex within which joint goods are produced, goods, services and financial resources are exchanged, etc. An economic-mathematical model of the dynamics of development and interaction of related economic systems is proposed, taking into account both their competition for resources and their cooperation in the production of joint benefits. This model is a system of non-linear differential equations, which are used to calculate indicators of the dynamics of development of related systems of the economy. The values of these indicators depend on the ratio of investment investments in the production of economic systems and their depreciation deductions for the restoration of resources and costs. The peculiarity of the presented model is that the production function of each economic system containing as arguments not only its own production factors, but also the resources of all other considered related economic entities. It is shown that by controlling the choice of the rates of accumulation of internal investments of economic systems, it is possible to obtain various options for their interaction. With a certain choice of accumulation rates, economic systems can operate independently of each other. Under other norms, some systems of the economy become independent and backbone, while the rest of the systems are subsidized.

Amortization of intangible assets: innovations of Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 “Intangible assets”

Starting from the financial statements for 2024, all private organizations, including medical ones, will accrue depreciation of intangible assets in a new way in connection with the entry into force of the new Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 “Intangible Assets”. The article is devoted to the analysis of each of the three possible methods ща amortization — linear, the method of the reduced balance and in proportion to the amount of products (volume of works (services)). The peculiarities of amortization of intangible assets were revealed when using each of these methods, it was noted that the Federal Accounting Standard introduces a new concept for intangible assets — the liquidation value of an intangible asset object, the amount of which directly affects the amount of depreciation deductions. Practical examples of calculation of the depreciation amount according to Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 were considered.

Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 Intangible Assets:Basic Provisions

The article is devoted to the new Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 “Intangible Assets”, the use of which will be mandatory for private sector organizations, including medical organizations that own intangible assets, starting with the financial statements for 2024. The innovations that will occur in the accounting of intangible assets according to the adopted standard are considered — this concerns, first of all, the modification of the criteria for accepting this type of assets for accounting and the peculiarities of determining the amount of depreciation deductions, the emergence of a new concept of “liquidation value”, changing the content of depreciation methods. The features of accounting for intangible assets in accordance with Federal Accounting Standard 14/2022 were considered, starting from its recognition, subsequent valuation, depreciation and ending with its write-off from the accounting of the organization.