Deposition Behavior Research Articles

Abstract TMP113: Sex differences in the effects of social isolation on behavioral and metabolic parameters in a model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Introduction: The prevalence of social isolation (SI) increases with aging and contributes to poor health outcomes and increased risk of cognitive impairment, especially in Aβ-related diseases. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the cortical and leptomeningeal vessels, and is a leading cause of hemorrhagic stroke and age-related cognitive impairment. How social isolation affects vascular amyloid deposition, cognitive decline and social behavior in CAA is unknown. Methods: TgSwDI mice carrying Swedish, Dutch, and Iowa mutations of human amyloid precursor protein were used as a CAA model. Male and female C57BL/6 wildtype (WT) and CAA mice were randomly assigned to pair housing (PH) or SI at 3 months of age. Affective and social behaviors were assessed at baseline and every 3 months thereafter using the tail suspension test (TST) and three-chamber social interaction test. At 9 months post-SI, cognitive behaviors and general well-being were measured using fear conditioning (FC) and the nesting test, respectively. Body weights were recorded, and white adipocyte size was measured using immunostaining. Results: SI led to increased immobility in the TST at 3- and 6-months post-SI in both male and female WT and CAA mice, suggesting depressive-like behavior (n=5-8/grp, p<0.05). Isolated CAA mice displayed greater cognitive deficits in FC, while only male WT SI mice showed impaired cognition (n=5-12/grp, p<0.005). Sex differences in social behavior were observed in isolated CAA mice. Specifically, at 6 months post-SI, female CAA mice displayed deficits in sociability and social novelty (n=4-9/grp, p<0.05), which was not seen in male CAA mice. SI negatively impacts the general well-being in both male WT and CAA SI animals (n=5-12/grp, p<0.005). Preliminary findings showed increased white adipocyte size in male WT SI mice with a similar trend in male CAA SI animals, pointing to potential metabolic effects of isolation. Conclusion: SI induced cognitive decline in both male and female CAA mice. Behavioral differences between sexes were noted in CAA mice including nesting ability, sociability, and depressive-like behaviors. Further research is needed to determine the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying SI-induced metabolic changes in CAA.

Numerical investigation on droplet lateral movement in post-dryout region

This paper presents a numerical study of droplet lateral movement and droplet deposition behaviors in the post-dryout region using the Discrete Particle Model (DPM) in ANSYS FLUENT. The investigation focuses on the analysis of droplet lateral movement, including single droplet trajectory, the statistic distribution and average value of droplets radial velocity, and droplet transverse between central and near wall regions. The single droplet trajectory shows the droplet dynamic behavior in the near wall region vividly. The droplet radial velocities are plotted as histogram to display the droplets statistic characteristics. The average value of droplets radial velocities toward the wall are plotted along the radial distance. In addition, to quantitatively display the size and evaporation effect on droplet deposition, three new parameters presenting overall movement behavior, i.e. droplet deposition mass flux, droplet deposition velocity as well as droplet entrainment velocity are introduced and derived from the CFD results. The comparison of results with varying initial droplet size indicates that droplets with smaller sizes exhibit higher average velocities toward the wall. A smaller initial droplet size leads to a higher deposition velocity, lower entrainment velocity, and thus a higher droplet deposition mass flux. The histogram of droplet radial velocities reveals that the droplet evaporation significantly reduces the number of droplets with small radial velocities toward the wall, resulting in a decrease in overall droplet deposition mass flux. Furthermore, through the comparison of overall movement behavior parameters, evaporation not only inhibits droplet motion toward the wall but also noticeably enhances droplet movement away from the wall. This inhibition effect on droplet deposition and enhancement effect on droplet entrainment become more pronounced with increasing evaporation intensity.

Influence of surface cooling on the deposition behavior of combusting Iron particles

Influence of surface cooling on the deposition behavior of combusting Iron particles

Experimental study on particle deposition behavior in air supply ducts of a high-speed train

Experimental study on particle deposition behavior in air supply ducts of a high-speed train

Neuro-computational simulation of blood flow loaded with gold and maghemite nanoparticles inside an electromagnetic microchannel under rapid and unexpected change in pressure gradient

ABSTRACT In cardiovascular research, electromagnetic fields generated by Riga plates are utilized to study or manipulate blood flow dynamics, which is particularly crucial in developing treatments for conditions such as arterial plaque deposition and understanding blood behavior under varied flow conditions. This research predicts the flow patterns of blood enhanced with gold and maghemite nanoparticles (gold-maghemite/blood) in an electromagnetic microchannel influenced by Riga plates with a temperature gradient that decays exponentially, under sudden changes in pressure gradient. The flow modeling includes key physical influences like radiation heat emission and Darcy drag forces in porous media, with the flow mathematically represented through unsteady partial differential equations solved using the Laplace transform (LT) method. Results, including shear stress (SS) and rate of heat transfer (RHT), are graphically detailed, demonstrating changes in blood velocity profile with modifications in the Hartmann number and the width of electrodes, and differences in temperature and RHT between hybrid nano-blood (HNB) and nano-blood (NB). The key results indicate an increase in blood velocity distribution with higher modified Hartmann number, and a decrease with wider electrodes. Temperature is elevated in both hybrid nano-blood (HNB) and nano-blood (NB). Notably, HNB with gold and maghemite enhances heat transmission in the flow. Furthermore, an artificial intelligence-driven methodology employing an artificial neural network (ANN) has been incorporated to facilitate rapid and precise evaluations of SS and RHT, demonstrating remarkable predictive accuracy. The proposed algorithm exhibits outstanding accuracy, achieving 99.998% on the testing dataset and 96.843% during cross-validation for predicting SS, and 100% on the testing dataset, and 95.008% during cross-validation for predicting RHT. The implementation of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence promises new tools for doctors and surgeons, potentially transforming patient care in fields such as oncology, cardiology, and radiology. This model also facilitates the generation of precise electromagnetic fields to guide drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles for applications in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, MRI contrast enhancement, blood flow monitoring, cancer treatment, and controlled drug release.

Dual‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots to Promote Long‐Life Aqueous Zn‐ion Batteries

ABSTRACTAs the next generation of advanced energy storage devices, aqueous Zn ions batteries (AZIBs) still face many challenges, especially dendrites on the Zn metal anode and side reactions. Although an interface modification strategy has been applied to optimize the stability of Zn metal anodes and has shown some improvement, they are still far from meeting the requirements for practical applications. There is a lack of consideration for designing a multifunctional solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) which modifies the solvation/desolvation structure of Zn ion at the interface of Zn metal anodes. Herein, we constructed an amphiphilic SEI with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties: N, S dual‐doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The N, S dual‐doped GQDs have been synthesized using a one‐step hydrothermal approach and were utilized for Zn anode surface modification. When regulating the solvation structure of the Zn ion interface by N, S dual‐doped GQDs, it also promotes its desolvation kinetics, optimizes the interfacial behavior of Zn ion deposition to prohibit Zn dendrite growth, and suppresses side reactions in the Zn anode surface. The Zn|Zn symmetric cell has achieved a long cycle life of more than 800 h at 5 mA cm−2. The Zn|V2O5 battery has achieved an excellent performance of more than 80% capacity retention after 1400 cycles at 1 A g−1. This provides another novel and cost‐effective path for the SEI design of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries.

Enhancing Li Deposition Behavior through Valence Gradient-Assisted Iron Layer.

Uncontrolled lithium (Li) dendrite formation presents major safety risks and challenges in the Li host design. A novel approach is introduced, using a valence gradient in iron nanoparticles (Fe0, Fe2+, Fe3+) to stabilize the anodes. An Fe0 component, with fast Li diffusion, ensures a steady supply of Li to Fe2+ and Fe3+ components, which have slower Li diffusion. This coordinated interplay between fast and slow diffusion uniformizes Li deposition near the substrate, effectively reducing the rate of dendrite growth. The as-prepared framework demonstrates uniform Li plating with a minimal hysteresis voltage after extensive cycling for 1200 h in symmetric cells. Integrated into a full cell with LiFePO4, it demonstrates outstanding cycling stability for almost 950 cycles with a capacity of 92.2 mA h g-1 at 1C with an ultralow N/P ratio of 1.19. This valence gradient design strategy broadens the design potential for transition-metal compounds in regulating Li deposition by mitigating interfacial Li+ behavior.

On the behavior of a granular soil deposit subjected to horizontal vibration. A discrete element modeling

On the behavior of a granular soil deposit subjected to horizontal vibration. A discrete element modeling

Mechanism of stable lithium plating and stripping in a metal-interlayer-inserted anode-less solid-state lithium metal battery

To reliably operate anode-less solid-state Li metal batteries, wherein precipitated Li acts as the anode, stabilizing the interface between the solid electrolyte and electrode is crucial. The interface can be controlled by a metal interlayer on the electrolyte to form a Li alloy buffer that facilitates stable Li plating/stripping, thereby mitigating the loss of physical contact and preventing short circuits. However, the mechanism governing stable Li plating/stripping in the metal interlayer without degrading battery materials remains unclear owing to an incomplete understanding of the dynamic and complex electrochemical reactions in the solid state. Through multiple operando and post-mortem analyses of the Li deposition behavior in the morphology, chemistry and microstructure, a close correlation is found between the Li-metal alloying process with the microstructural evolution and electrochemical performance when Ag, Au, Zn, and Cu interlayers were adopted on the garnet-type solid electrolyte Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12. The Ag interlayer improved the interfacial stability enabled by Ag-dissolved Li, which inhibited dendritic growth, passing through the phase-separated Li-Ag alloy microstructure, while the other metals did not because of the Li plating at the Li-metal alloy/solid electrolyte interface. This work provides fundamental guidance for material selection and interface design, advancing the development of anode-less solid-state batteries.

In Situ Copolymerizing ZrO2 with Hydrogel Electrolytes toward High‐Rate and Long‐Life Quasi‐Solid‐State Zn–Ion Batteries

AbstractHydrogel is adopted as a promising alternative electrolyte for the zinc–ion batteries (ZIBs) due to its water‐retaining capacity and high ionic conductivities. However, the high content of free water molecules will affect the operation of electrolytes in ZIBs, resulting in the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and related side reactions. Herein, a functional hydrogel electrolyte is developed by in situ copolymerizing the ceramic ZrO2 with acrylamide and 2‐Acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid to adjust the ion transport behavior, further improve zinc ions' depositional behavior. The interaction between ZrO2 and ─SO3H groups within the hydrogel is capable of inducing the free migration of zinc ions, resulting in a novel transport pathway, thereby enhancing the diffusion rate of zinc ions with an ionic conductivity of 38.3 mS cm−1. The hydrogen bonding between ceramic particles and free water molecules of the hydrogel electrolyte enables it to achieve stable operation under large current densities (8 mA cm−2, 4 mAh cm−2). Moreover, a full battery with polyaniline (PANI@ZrO2) displays excellent stability (1500 cycles) with a capacity retention rate of 79.2%. The proposed work provides an insightful design of high‐performance electrolyte materials for energy storage by manipulating the zinc behavior.

Experimental measurements of particle deposition in the human nasal airway.

Intranasal drug delivery is a promising non-invasive method for administering both local and systemic medications. While previous studies have extensively investigated the effects of particle size, airflow dynamics, and deposition locations on deposition efficiency, they have not focused on the thickness of deposited particles, which can significantly affect drug dissolution, absorption and therapeutic efficacy. This study investigates the deposition patterns of dry powder particles within the nasal airway, specifically examining how factors such as flow rates, particle size, and particle cohesiveness influence deposition patterns and their thickness. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), this study assessed the deposition behaviour of three different lactose powders in a reconstructed nasal airway model at three key anatomical locations under varying flow rates (15, 35 and 55 L/min). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to complement the experimental data, demonstrating the airflow dynamics in the nasal airway and highlighting recirculation zones that impact deposition patterns. The results revealed that the anterior section of the nasal airway is particularly effective at capturing particles, with localised flow patterns playing a critical role in particle accumulation. These flow patterns, combined with particle size and cohesiveness, are key factors in determining where and how particles cluster, leading to thicker deposition in specific areas of the nasal airway. This study addresses the gap in understanding how these factors influence deposition thickness and spatial distribution, ultimately contributing to the optimisation of nasal drug delivery systems.

Effect of Vegetable Oil Adjuvant on Wetting, Drift, and Deposition of Pesticide Droplets from UAV Sprayers on Litchi Leaves

The spatial transportation of pesticide spray droplets and their deposition and retention on plant leaf surfaces are critical factors contributing to pesticide loss. Adding adjuvants to pesticide solutions to improve their wettability and deposition behavior can enhance the targeted deposition efficiency of pesticides sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers. In this study, Maifei(MF), a prevalent vegetable oil adjuvant, was selected to analyze its effects on the physicochemical properties of water and 10% difenoconazole water-dispersible granules (D) and the wetting performance of droplets on litchi leaves. The changes in the drift and deposition of the spray solutions with or without MF were tested using a UAV sprayer, DJI T40. The results indicated that the addition of MF to water or D significantly decreased the surface tension (by 58.33% and 23.10%, respectively), wetting time (by 97.81% and 90.95%, respectively), and contact angle (by 40.95% to 70.75% for the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of litchi leaves), achieving the best effects at a 1% MF addition. Moreover, during the drift test, the addition of 1% MF to the solutions significantly reduced the cumulative drift rate (CDR) (by 48.10%). Finally, owing to the weakened spray drift risk and improved wettability of the droplets on litchi leaves with a 1% MF addition, the droplet deposition and penetration in the litchi canopy significantly improved, demonstrating an increased droplet density of 38.17% for the middle layers of the litchi and 15.75% for the lower layers, corresponding to increased coverage by 59.49% and 12.78%, respectively. Hence, MF can improve the interfacial properties of the spray solution on litchi leaves, reduce the drift risk, and promote deposition, thereby facilitating the efficient transfer and deposition of pesticide droplets from UAV sprayers.

Functional Alloy Collector Capable of Sustainable Lithium Compensation for Anode‐Free Batteries by a Controlled Lithium‐Prestorage Technology

AbstractWith higher energy density and reduced cost, anode‐free battery has attracted great attention from both academic and industry. However, the development of anode‐free batteries is hindered by their poor cycle life due to the continuous irreversible lithium (Li) consumption at the anode side. Here, a surface‐functionalized alloy foil, which can gradually release active lithium to the cell upon cycling, used as the collector for anode‐free batteries is proposed. The alloy foil is prestored with a certain amount of active lithium via a simple wet contacting reaction between the metal foil and liquid lithium source reagent. The prestored lithium amount can be precisely controlled by reagent concentration and contact time. When the foil is used as the anode, its alloyed surface demonstrates a low nucleation barrier for lithium deposition and a more uniform deposition behavior. More importantly, the alloy collector can rationally release active lithium to sustainably compensate for the irreversible Li consumption upon the cycling of a full cell, thus greatly prolonging the cycle life of the anode‐free battery by 10 times. Besides, this technique can be extended to diverse metal collectors demonstrating its broad applicability.

Nano-Zinc Sulfide Modified 3D Reconstructed Zinc Anode with Induced Deposition Effect Assists Long-Cycle Stable Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries are often adversely affected by the poor stability of zinc metal anodes. Persistent water-induced side reactions and uncontrolled dendrite growth have seriously damaged the long-term service life of aqueous zinc ion batteries. In this paper, it is reported that a zinc sulfide with optimized electron arrangement on the surface of zinc anode is used to modify the zinc anode to achieve long-term cycle stability of zinc anode. The effective active sites of the zinc metal anode surface are first significantly improved by a simple ultrasound-assisted etching strategy, and then the in situ zinc sulfide interface phase further guides the zinc ion deposition behavior on the surface of the zinc metal anode. The zinc sulfide protective layer well regulates the interfacial electric field and the migration of Zn2+, thereby significantly promoting the homogenization of zinc ion flux to achieve dendrite-free deposition. In addition, the aqueous zinc ion full cell assembled based on ZnS@3D-Zn anode achieves better output performance in long-term cycles. In summary, this work sheds light on the importance of reasonable interfacial modification for the development of dendrite-free and stable zinc anode chemistry, which opens up a new path for promoting the development of zinc-based batteries.

An Over 30-Year Analysis of Heavy Metal Deposition in Daya Bay Sediments.

Sediment cores were collected from the nearshore to bay mouth region in Daya Bay, aiming to describe the historical patterns of heavy metals deposition in the sediment. During the last 40 years, the heavy metals exhibited significant different deposition behaviors in the sediment, in which As, Zn, Cr were more enriched and contributed to metals pollution in this area. Moreover, heavy metals deposition exhibited completely opposite behaviors from the nearshore to bay mouth region. An increasing of pollution level and ecological risk was observed in the nearshore, whereas a decreasing trend was detected in the bay mouth. Principal component analysis suggested that heavy metals were possibly derived from anthropogenic activities in the nearshore, whereas natural sources were the main sources in bay mouth. The results indicated the urgency of implementing efficient measures to mitigate heavy metals contamination in the adjacent sea.

Comparative analysis of cavitation erosion behavior in wire-arc directed energy deposition and cast nickel-aluminum bronze alloys.

In this study, the cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED) nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys is compared with that of cast alloys, and the synergistic effect between corrosion and CE is investigated. The CE resistance of the wire-arc DED NAB alloy is better than that of the cast alloys. The CE of NAB alloys preferentially occurs at the boundaries of the α-Cu and residual β phases, and in the matrix around the κ phase. The residual β phase exhibits greater damage than the α-Cu phase. Throughout the CE, the alloys are dominated by local corrosion characteristics (selective-phase corrosion), while the wire-arc DED NAB alloys exhibit superior uniform corrosion characteristics. Notably, the uniform corrosion characteristics of all alloys are enhanced after CE. The mass loss caused by the synergistic effect of the cast NAB alloy and wire arc DED NAB alloy accounts for 56% and 52% of the total mass loss, with the corrosion-induced CE increment exceeding that of the CE-induced corrosion increment.

Sustainable Release of LiNO3 from a Fluorine‐Decorated Metal–Organic Framework Separator to Enable High‐Performance Li‐Metal Batteries in Carbonate Electrolytes

AbstractHigh‐voltage Li‐metal batteries hold great prospects for boosting energy density, while the Li‐metal anodes show poor compatibility with high‐voltage tolerant carbonate electrolytes, leading to unstable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) and uncontrolled Li dendrites growth. Herein, a F‐decorated UIO‐66/polyimide (PI) functional separator encapsulated with LiNO3 (LNO@UIO‐66F/PI) is rationally designed to regulate the interfacial chemistry and Li deposition behavior. Specifically, the UIO‐66F nanoparticles in situ grown on the PI fibers form continuous electronegative nanochannels, which promote rapid and uniform Li+ flux while repelling the anion migration. Furthermore, the LiNO3 encapsulated in the UIO‐66F nanopores sustainably releases to form a thin and conductive Li3N‐rich SEI. This synergy effect induces a dense and spherical Li deposition behavior, effectively inhibiting the growth of Li dendrites. Consequently, this LNO@UIO‐66F/PI separator demonstrates highly reversible Li plating/stripping over 1000 h at an extremely high current density of 10 mA cm−2 in carbonate electrolytes, and also enables the stable cycling of Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cell over 1000 cycles under a high cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V, paving the way for practical application of high‐energy‐density Li‐metal batteries.

Understanding Mg-ion deposition behavior on MgBi alloy in solid-state form

Mg alloys have frequently been studied as anodes for Mg-ion batteries due to their high specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. In the present study, we investigated the interfacial stability of MgBi alloy anodes with solid-state electrolytes. The bubble-like solid electrolyte interface (SEI) was observed between the MgBi alloy anode and Mg(BH4)2·1.9NH3 solid-state electrolyte, leading to the unstable Mg stripping/plating on the MgBi alloy. Theoretical simulations suggest that the bubble-like SEI originates from the different Mg-ion dynamics on the eutectic region (e.g. , Mg + Mg3Bi2 phases) and the Mg matrix. The addition of MgBr2·2NH3 nanoparticles in Mg(BH4)2·1.9NH3 suppresses the formation of a bubble-like SEI through the etching effect of Br- ions. Consequently, interfacial resistance is lowered and the interfacial stability is drastically enhanced, e.g., Mg stripping/plating for over 1,200 cycles at 0.1 mA cm-2 with a low overpotential around 0.05 V.

Deposition behaviors and interfacial interaction mechanism between carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoplastics and magnetite in aquatic environment.

In aquatic environments, the deposition behaviors of nanoplastics (NPs) are closely associated with interfacial interaction between NPs and iron (hydr)oxides minerals, which are typically coupled with solution chemistry and organic matter. However, the roles of solution chemistry and organic matter in the deposition behavior of NPs with iron (hydr)oxides minerals and related interfacial interaction mechanism are still poorly understood. In this study, the deposition behaviors of carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoparticles (COOH-PSNPs) with magnetite were systematically investigated. The results showed that electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond, and charge-assisted hydrogen bond (CAHB) were the main forces for the deposition and interfacial interaction mechanism between COOH-PSNPs and magnetite. Increasing pH could significantly inhibit the deposition of COOH-PSNPs with magnetite. At pH 6.5, phosphate and dichromate significantly inhibited the deposition of COOH-PSNPs since their competitive adsorption for the surface sites on magnetite led to a potential reversal of magnetite, resulting in the strong electrostatic repulsion between COOH-PSNPs and magnetite. Moreover, when the concentration of phosphate exceeded 0.01 mM, the deposition of COOH-PSNPs was completely hindered. Organic macromolecules (OMs) markedly inhibited the interfacial interaction and deposition of COOH-PSNPs with magnetite by enhancing the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance between COOH-PSNPs and magnetite due to the formation of magnetite-OM associations. The inhibition abilities followed the order sodium alginate (0.1 mM) > humic acid (0.2 mM) > bovine serum albumin (5 mM). This study may provide insights for better understanding of environmental behaviors of COOH-PSNPs associated with magnetite and organic matter in natural environments at the molecular level.

Deposition behavior of the gas-atomized 7075Al and TiB2/7075Al composite powders during cold spraying

To fabricate high-quality coatings or components of high-strength 7075Al alloy by cold spraying, it is essential to understand the impact behavior and bonding mechanisms of the feedstock powder particles. For providing a general comparison, 7075Al powder and TiB2/7075Al composite powder (7075Al alloy matrix reinforced with in-situ formed and uniformly dispersed nano-TiB2 particles) produced by gas-atomization were used as feedstocks in the present study. Single particle impact tests combined with finite element analysis (FEA) were performed on the pure Al and 7075Al-T6 substrates under different process parameter sets. To provide a more realistic description, the real powder strength and plastic parameters obtained by single-particle compression tests were used as input data in the FEA model. The results show that the presence of nano-TiB2 particles has significant strengthening effects on the composite powder, thus resulting in different plastic deformation behavior upon impact compared to 7075Al powder. When the composite particles impacted the soft material (pure Al), the substrate experienced a high degree of deformation, which led to high deposition efficiency due to the embedding effect. Comparatively, the hard substrate (7075Al-T6) was less deformed, whereas the composite particle was highly deformed. Compared to the composite particle, the 7075Al particle presented a slightly higher plastic deformation and pronounced metal jets, which led to a lower critical impact velocity for successful bonding. Interestingly, a fracture was observed at the grain boundaries of both 7075Al and TiB2/7075Al composite particles in the case of a high gas temperature regime, which probably revealed that the high shock energy associated with high-velocity impact led to such intergranular fracture.