Deposition Time Research Articles

An efficient strategy to boost photoelectrochemical water oxidation of g-C3N4 films modified with NiO as cocatalyst

The successful synthesis of carbon nitride films plays a crucial role in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation reactions. However, a significant technical challenge is that the contact between the g-C3N4 layer and the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate is suboptimal, as well as the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes is grievous, directly affecting the effective charge transport and the overall photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, we fabricated a g-C3N4 thin photoanode through simple chemical vapor deposition, NiO cocatalyst was modified on the surface of g-C3N4 thin photoanode via electro-deposition and followed by calcination, aiming at improving the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. As expected, the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes is effectively suppressed the g-C3N4 thin photoanode after introducing NiO cocatalyst. Moreover, the superior electrical conductivity of NiO reduces charge transport resistance and allows photogenerated holes to be rapid injected into the electrolyte to participate in the water oxidation reaction. As such, the NiO-60s (the deposition time of NiO is 60 s) photoanode exhibits a higher photocurrent density and much negative onset potential than g-C3N4. which is of great benefit to designing effective g-C3N4 based photoanode for PEC water oxidation reaction.

A Cobalt-based Nanostructured Electrode Prepared by a Fast Chemical Method

The demand for nanomaterials is rapidly increasing in most applications, such as energy storage devices. Many nanomaterial synthesis methods are energy-consuming methods requiring high temperatures, prolonged reaction time, complicated steps, or expensive equipment. Herein, nanostructures of cobalt hydroxide chloride, Co2(OH)3Cl, have been directly deposited on carbon cloth microfibers by a fast and simple step of chemical bath deposition. Co2(OH)3Cl nanoparticles appear in only 10 minutes of the deposition time, then the nanoflakes are grown in 60 minutes, as imaged by scanning electron microscope. The crystal structure of Co2(OH)3Cl is characterized using X-ray diffraction, while the results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirm the elemental analysis. The electrochemical energy storage mechanism of Co2(OH)3Cl electrode in potassium hydroxide electrolyte depends on the semi-reversible redox reactions as investigated by the cyclic voltammetry and by the galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. As a result, the prepared electrode in 60 min exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 313 F/g versus 293 F/g for the prepared electrode in 10 min, both at 1 A/g. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to several features, including the nanoflakes morphology that enables electrolyte ions to penetrate the electrode freely, the well-crystallized structure, and the solid electronic path between the current collector and the active material indicated by the Nyquist plot of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Our cost-effective synthesis of cobalt hydroxide chloride nanostructures on woven substrates offers flexible binder-free electrodes in alkaline electrolytes. This research opens up the potential for these materials to be used as a power source in smart textiles and wearable electronics, thereby contributing to the advancement of these fields.

Morphological and structural characterization of reduced graphene oxide films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films deposited via radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering to advance the development of high-quality graphene-based materials for industrial applications. Key growth parameters—RF power, argon flow rate, and deposition time—were systematically optimized to achieve controlled film quality and targeted morphological and electrical properties. Raman spectroscopy provided insights into vibrational characteristics, with the ID/IG ratio indicating favorable graphitization levels at optimized argon flow rates. Morphological assessments through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) revealed uniform film structure and minimal surface roughness, enhancing the films’ suitability for applications requiring smooth surfaces. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the presence of few-layer and multilayer rGO sheets, with consistent lattice structures validated through high-resolution TEM and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. This research establishes a robust framework for synthesizing high-quality rGO films with tailored characteristics, paving the way for potential applications in energy storage, sensors, and electronic devices.

A novel physical vapor deposition setup applying high-frequency currents: Deposition of Cu thin films

A pioneering laboratory apparatus of physical vapor deposition (PVD) for thin film fabrication is herein introduced. This innovative setup harnesses high-frequency currents (Eddy currents) and a Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) heater to sublimate the sacrificial material. The as-fabricated system offers low energy consumption and fast deposition time, leading to the formation and growth of thin films in various thicknesses. To reveal its effectiveness, Cu thin films were deposited on Si wafers. Morphological, structural, and surface profile characterizations confirmed the growth of thin films consisting of Cu nanoparticles. Also, a parametric study of deposition time was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the thin film fabrication.

Apatite Lu − Hf dating of late Archean banded iron formations

Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) preserve unique records of the oxygenation of Earth’s oceans but have proven challenging to date robustly. U−Pb dating of authigenic phosphate minerals has been attempted but, given the generally low U and high common Pb contents of these minerals and the propensity for Pb mobility during post-depositional hydrothermal and/or metamorphic events, the U−Pb isotope system is not robust in BIF phosphates and largely produces (partial) reset dates. We employ the newly developed in situ apatite laser ablation−inductively coupled plasma−reaction cell−mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS/MS) Lu−Hf dating technique to constrain the depositional age of late Archean BIFs in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton that have experienced greenschist-amphibolite facies metamorphism. Petrographic observations combined with major element and trace rare earth element (REE) fingerprinting demonstrate that the targeted apatite grains are of marine authigenic origin. The apatite Lu−Hf inverse isochron age of 2501 ± 28 Ma (MSWD = 2.1; n = 62) is within uncertainty of previously reported zircon U−Pb dates from interbedded volcanic rocks, which we interpret as the primary apatite crystallization age. In contrast, the U−Pb system in apatite records reset dates of ca. 2.1 Ga with large uncertainties. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that precise authigenic apatite 176Lu/176Hf ages can be obtained for Precambrian metamorphic BIFs, providing a new tool to robustly and directly date the timing of BIF deposition, regardless of amphibolite-grade metamorphic overprints.

Localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticle thin films deposited by direct-current magnetron sputtering

This study investigates the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ag nanoparticle (NP) thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering on an alkaline-free aluminosilicate-glass substrate at a substrate temperature of 600 °C. The equivalent film thickness was controlled to be 5, 10, 20, and 50 nm by adjusting the deposition time. The deposited Ag thin films formed NPs with uniform diameter and spacing for all Ag thicknesses. The NP diameters ranged approximately from 16 to 88 nm, corresponding to the equivalent film thickness. Due to the formation of isolated NPs, all Ag thin films exhibited a singlet LSPR peak in their extinction spectra. The LSPR peak position in the extinction spectra shifted with the refractive index of the environmental solvent media when the Ag NP thin films were immersed in these media. In addition, the insertion of a MgO, Nb2O3, or TiO2 underlayer shifted the LSPR peak position in the extinction spectra according to the refractive index of each underlayer material. A peak shift corresponding to the refractive index of the environmental solvent media was also observed for Ag NP thin films deposited on underlayers. The relatively low sensitivity of the LSPR peak shift to the refractive index of the environmental solvent media suggests that the solvent media only covered the top surface of the Ag NPs distributed on the substrate but did not infiltrate the spaces between them. The results of this study demonstrate the applicability of sputter-deposited Ag NP thin films to solid LSPR devices.

Controllable properties of NiO nanostructures fabricated by plasma assisted-chemical vapor deposition.

An original plasma assisted vapor phase route is proposed for the low-temperature fabrication of supported NiO nanostructures on conductive glasses. The sole deposition time variation enables to tailor material properties, modulating, in turn, the system wettability and functional performances in the photodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants.

Robust, Fluorine-Free Superhydrophobic Films on Glass via Epoxysilane Pretreatment.

Durable and fluorine-free superhydrophobic films were fabricated by a simple two-step process involving the pretreatment of glass substrates with an epoxysilane, which acted as an adhesive. The next step involved the aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of a simple mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Various parameters were studied, such as deposition time as well as PDMS and SiO2 loadings. The optimum film generated was with a 1:1 loading of PDMS and SiO2, deposited at 360 °C for 40 min. The resultant film demonstrated excellent water repellency with a water contact angle of 165 ± 3° and a sliding angle of 2°. The epoxysilane underlayer provided the adhesion between the film and substrate. The films maintained superhydrophobicity and durability after being exposed to solvents such as diethyl ether, toluene, and ethanol for up to 5 h, 400 tape peel cycles, UV exposure, and heat exposure at 400 °C. The robustness results indicated enhanced durability relative to the superhydrophobic film without the epoxysilane underlayer.

Boron atoms migration during epitaxial growth of boron-doped single-crystal diamond

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) films are essential for the fabrication of electronic devices with P+ or P− layers. However, the boron atoms in the intrinsic diamond substrates due to the concentration gradient may affect the height of the Schottky barrier based on these BDD films. BDD films with different concentrations of boron atoms were deposited on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond seeds by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Laser confocal Raman spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the migration of boron atoms during the CVD deposition process. The results indicate that the diffusion depth is below 20 μm with a boron atom concentration of 1020 cm−3 at a deposition time of 10 h. The boron atom diffusion depth is below 8 μm at a fixed CH4/H2 ratio of 2% after 5 h deposition. The characteristic peak of boron atoms is not detected by Raman spectroscopy after 3 h deposition, while the infrared spectrum indicates that the boron atom concentration is more than 1018 cm−3. Consequently, the boron atom concentration and the diffusion depth in CVD seeds can be regulated by controlling the CH4/H2 ratio and the deposition time. Planar diamond-based Schottky diodes based on the prepared P+ or P− layer exhibit distinct rectification characteristics.

Deposition of VS2/MoS2 bilayer layers of 2D material on nickel inverse opal structural substrates by SILAR and ECD processes as supercapacitor electrodes

The composition, microstructure, and electrochemical properties of the two kinds of thin film electrode materials, namely VS2/MoS2/Ni-IOS and VS2/MoS2/Ni-foam, were analyzed. The research results indicate that the self-assembled photonic crystal (PhC) templates with adjusted electrophoretic self-assembly processing parameters (100 V cm-1; 7 min) would lead the specimen to a face-centered closely packed structure. Metallic nickel inverse opal structure (IOS) PhCs whose thickness can be freely regulated simply by electrochemical deposition time. VS2and MoS2are 2D materials with excellent electrochemical properties. We employed them as the electroactive material in this study and deposited them onto nickel IOS (Ni-IOS) surfaces to form a composite of The specimens exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (2180 F g-1) at a charge-discharge current density of 5 A g-1. After the 2000 cycles during the life test, the sample can still retain the original specific capacitance value by 72.3%. The IOS PhC substrate produced in this work is designed as VS2/MoS2/Ni-IOS supercapacitor electrode materials, which is proved to offer a significant technical contribution to the application of 2D materials in high-performance supercapacitors currently.

Rate capability and electrolyte concentration: Tuning MnO2 supercapacitor electrodes through electrodeposition parameters.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a well-known pseudocapacitive material that has been extensively studied and highly regarded, especially in supercapacitors, due to its remarkable surface redox behavior, leading to a high specific capacitance. However, its full potential is impeded by inherent characteristics such as its low electrical conductivity, dense morphology, and hindered ionic diffusion, resulting in limited rate capability in supercapacitors. Addressing this issue often requires complicated strategies and procedures, such as designing sophisticated composite architectures. This study introduces a straightforward and cost-effective approach to tune and enhance the rate capability of MnO2 pseudocapacitor electrodes fabricated via the electrodeposition method. Among the electrodeposition parameters, the deposition time and electrolyte concentration, which influence the mass loading, electrode thickness, microstructure, and electrochemical properties, were the primary focus. Various electrodes were prepared potentiostatically in a two-electrode cathodic electrodeposition setup on a Ni foam substrate in a KMnO4 aqueous electrolyte, with bath concentrations (in terms of Mn ion) of 0.01 and 0.1M, and electrodeposition times ranging from 1 to 15min. Optimal rate capabilities were achieved at low bath concentrations and deposition times, primarily due to the structural properties of electrodes prepared under such circumstances. While electrodeposition at a 0.1M electrolyte concentration resulted in the formation of electrolytic MnO2 with high supercapacitive rate sensitivity, reducing the bath concentration to 0.01M primarily led to the formation of birnessite δ-MnO2, capable of maintaining a reasonable specific capacitance in the range of approximately 90-100 Fg-1 with almost no sensitivity to the charging/discharging rate, as confirmed by galvanostatic charge-discharge (1-10 Ag-1) and cyclic voltammetry (10-100mVs-1) examinations. Along with the positive structural impacts of the layered birnessite with large interlayer spacing, the porous morphology (vertically aligned two-dimensional interconnected columns) and low thickness (≈2μm) of the electrode prepared at the lowest bath concentration and electrodeposition time (0.01M in 1min electrode) contributed to its fast ionic diffusion kinetics for pseudocapacitive charge storage and the consequent high rate capability.

REMOVAL OF DEPOSITS AND IMPROVEMENT OF SHELF LIFE IN CO2-RICH MINERAL WATER BY OZONE MICROBUBBLES

The aim of this study was to effectively remove Fe2+ by using ozone microbubbles in bottled mineral water to prevent sediment from occurring during storage and increase shelf life. By considering the characteristics of mineral water with low solubility of ozone and high CO2 content, a suitable ozone injection step was chosen and a new mineral water treatment method using microbubbles was proposed. As a result of the treatment of the bottled mineral water with ozone microbubbles, the concentration of the iron ion was reduced from 0.14 to 0.01 mg L-1, and the shelf life increased to 360 days. During the treatment, the concentrations of K+ and Na+ were almost unchanged, and the deposition time was reduced to one-third compared to the natural oxidation.

Polydopamine-assisted ion-mediated hyaluronic acid grafting for effective construction of hemocompatible platform with cancer cell recognition.

Surfaces capable of specific biomolecule recognition are essential for cancer theranostics, biosensing, and tissue engineering. However, current grafting methods, critical for dictating the recognition efficiency and biocompatibility of biomaterials, especially hydrophilic polymers, struggle to balance high grafting density with ease of implementation. In pursuit of a simple, effective, and versatile solution, we introduced a polydopamine (PDA)-assisted Ca2+-mediated grafting strategy using hyaluronic acid (HA) as a model material. By increasing the PDA amine group density through deposition time optimization and coiling HA conformation via Ca2+-mediation, the grafting density of aldehyde-bearing HA enhanced 13 folds and reached 2.4 ± 0.2 × 105 chains μm-2. After removement of Ca2+ ions, the dense HA grafting was highly stretched on PDA-coated substrates, close to the contour length of HA. Ca2+-mediated HA (CamHA) grafting was then implemented on versatile substrates with PDA assistance, demonstrating enhanced hemocompatibility by reducing protein adsorption and blood cell interference. Furthermore, the dense and stretched HA chains in CamHA enhanced interactions with CD44, enabling selective recognition of CD44-high cells under static and dynamic conditions. The PDA-assisted CamHA grafting presents a model system for studying the effects of regulated biomaterial grafting on biological functions, offering simplicity, versatility, and the flexibility to select diverse substrates, grafting materials, and targeting elements for customization in a range of biomedical applications.

Treatment of hospital wastewater by anodic oxidation using a new approach made by combining rotation with pulsed electric current on Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 rotating cylinder anode.

A high-efficiency, low-cost Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode was prepared using a novel approach that combines the effects of rotation with pulsed current. The effects of operating variables such as rotation speed (50-250rpm), pulsed current density (5-20mA/cm2), and electrodepostion time (30-60min) on the morphology and activity of Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode were investigated. The structure of Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode was examined by SEM, EDS, and XRD techniques. The results showed that using higher rotation speed combined with pulsed current gave better properties of Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode in terms of higher oxidation activity and longer service life time. The optimum conditions for preparing Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode were a pulsed current density of 10mA/cm2, rotation speed of 250rpm, and deposition time of 60min. The prepared anode has the ability to remove methylene blue (MB) with an efficiency of 99.7%. It has an excellent service life of 30h. Additionally, the prepared anode has the potential to remove COD from hospital wastewater with 85% efficiency by applying a current density of 10mA/cm2 for 120min at an initial pH of 3 where an energy consumption of 2.85kWh/kg was claimed. The novel approach of combining rotation with pulsed electric current in preparing Cu-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode offers enhanced methylene blue degradation efficiency and extended anode life, demonstrating potential for industrial-scale hospital wastewater treatment.

Reliable Atom Probe Tomography of Cu Nanoparticles Through Tailored Encapsulation by an Electrodeposited Film.

Nanoparticles are essential for energy storage, catalysis, and medical applications, emphasizing their accurate chemical characterization. However, atom probe tomography (APT) of nanoparticles sandwiched at the interface between an encapsulating film and a substrate poses difficulties. Poor adhesion at the film-substrate interface can cause specimen fracture during APT, while impurities may introduce additional peaks in the mass spectra. We demonstrate preparing APT specimens with strong adhesion between nanoparticles and film/substrate matrices for successful analysis. Copper nanoparticles were encapsulated at the interface between nickel film and cobalt substrate using electrodeposition. Cobalt and nickel were chosen to match their evaporation fields with copper, minimizing peak overlaps and aiding nanoparticle localization. Copper nanoparticles were deposited via magnetron sputter inert gas condensation with varying deposition times to yield suitable surface coverages, followed by encapsulation with the nickel film. In-plane and cross-plane APT specimens were prepared by femtosecond laser ablation and focused ion beam milling. Longer deposition times resulted in agglomerated nanoparticles as well as pores and voids, causing poor adhesion and specimen failure. In contrast, shorter deposition times provided sufficient surface coverage, ensuring strong adhesion and reducing void formation. This study emphasizes controlled surface coverage for reliable APT analysis, offering insights into nanoparticle chemistry.

Trace elements in feathers, pectoral plumage, and blood of griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from a captive environment of Southern Italy.

Heavy metals and metalloids are increasingly recognised as a threat to avian health, especially in species at the top of the food chain such as vultures. Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) are ideal bioindicators for studying environmental contamination due to their scavenging habits and territorial behavior. In this study, we analysed the concentrations of six trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cr, Sb, Ni, and Cu) in feathers, pectoral plumage, and blood samples of Griffon Vultures from a captive environment in Sicily, Southern Italy, using an ICP-MS method. Significant differences in the levels of trace elements were observed between different matrices (p < 0.05). The ramigal feathers were divided into rachis (basal, medial, apical), calamus, and barbs (basal, medial apical). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated a clear differentiation in metal accumulation between the sections of feather matrices and between pectoral plumage and blood, reflecting the diverse pathways and time of exposure and deposition. No significant differences in heavy metal concentrations were observed between sexes and age classes. This work highlights the effectiveness of using feather matrices for monitoring environmental exposure to toxic elements and highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of heavy metal contamination in reintroduced vulture populations.

Investigating Sensor Properties of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles Produced By Pulsed Laser Deposition

Plasmonic gold nanoparticles exhibit exceptional optical properties, particularly Lo-calised Surface Plasmon Resonance, which makes them ideal candidates for sensor applications. These nanoparticles are highly sensitive to changes in their surrounding environment, allowing for precise detection of molecular interactions and environ-mental shifts. In this study, we investigate the sensor properties of gold nanoparticles produced via Pulsed Laser Deposition, a clean and versatile method that allows for precise control over particle size, morphology, and distribution without the need for chemical reagents. Pulsed Laser Deposition process was optimized by adjusting laser fluence, pulse duration, and deposition time to produce gold nanoparticles with tuna-ble plasmonic properties. The structural and optical characteristics of gold nanoparti-cles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, confirming that the size and morphology of the particles were controllable through the deposition parameters. The sensor performance of gold nanoparticles was evalu-ated through localised surface plasmon resonance measurements, which demonstrated their sensitivity to small changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium. Specifically, the shift in localised surface plasmon resonance peak was measured up-on exposure to different analytes, including protein A where a wavelength shift of 50 nm measured, indicating the high sensitivity of these nanoparticles for biosensing ap-plications. The results suggest that Pulsed Laser Deposition-produced gold nanoparti-cles possess promising sensor properties for real-time detection and environmental monitoring, offering an efficient and reproducible platform for a wide range of sens-ing applications.

Addressing of Aluminum Anode Based Battery Challenges: Electrochemical Effect of Zn-Mn Electrodeposition

Aluminum (Al) has emerged to become one of the potential anode materials candidates in metal-based batteries due to its abundant resource, inexpensive cost, good safeness and high theoretical energy density. However, thoughtful challenges have been barrier towards huge progress, including easy aluminum hydroxide formation, low practical voltage, and high corrosion rate. To approach those problems, this article proposes to enhance the electrochemical performance of anode side through electrodeposition of Zn-Mn on aluminum surface. The deposition of Zn-Mn consists of citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as complexing agent to control the process rate. The effect of various deposition time, 0, 10, and 30 minutes, will be investigated by linear polarization, linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical measurement exhibits the deposition effect, minimized the impedance of Al surface and improved the electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the appearance of Zn-Mn layer has prolonged the discharge performance with battery analyzer measurements. Therefore, energy density increased from 1270.52 to 3327.68 mWh g-1Al and the specific capacity enhances from 2779.908 to 7291.651 mAh g-1. All the measurements applied 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl). These results pose the electrical performance enhancement from the anode side, but the development of other sides is also necessary.

Optimization of deposition time and temperature for high-quality PbS thin films via chemical bath deposition

In this study, lead sulfide (PbS) thin films were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) on glass substrates, employing lead nitrate and thiourea as source of Lead and Sulfur respectively, and triethanolamine was used as complexing agent. The research systematically examined the impact of two key parameters: deposition time (30-90 minutes) and bath temperature (55-90°C), revealing intricate relationships between deposition conditions and film characteristics. Deposition time analysis demonstrated a non-linear transmittance trend, with values changing from 20% at 30 minutes to 8% at 60 minutes, before recovering to 10% at 90 minutes. Additionally, the band gap changed from 2.00 eV at 30 minutes to 1.63 eV at 60 minutes and then increased to 1.70 eV at 90 minutes. Temperature variations showed a progressive decrease in transmittance from 23.75% at 55°C to 11% at 90°C, accompanied by a corresponding band gap reduction from 1.80 eV to 1.50 eV. The optimal conditions for producing high-quality PbS thin films suitable for p-type solar cell applications were determined to be a deposition time of 45 minutes and a bath temperature of 90°C, which effectively balance transmittance and band gap requirements. These findings provide crucial insights for enhancing PbS thin film performance in solar cell and infrared detection technologies, demonstrating the significance of precise parameter control in chemical bath deposition.

Electric Field Distribution in Bipolar Electrochemical Cells: Effects on the Wirefree Electrodeposition of Conducting Polymer Films.

Wirefree, or bipolar electrochemistry, is advancing key fields, including (nano)materials, human health, and energy. Central to these applications is an understanding of the potential distribution induced in the bipolar electrode, BPE. Here, the impact of the electric field distribution is reported for the wirefree deposition of the conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, in the absence of deliberately added electrolytes. PEDOT films with a gradient thickness are deposited, and the films formed at 10 V cm-1 for 20 min have an average film thickness of 350 nm. Significantly, the quantity of the polymer deposited increases proportionally to the deposition time up to approximately 20 min, suggesting that the presence of a thin PEDOT film does not change the interfacial potential distribution or driving force for heterogeneous electron transfer. For electric field strengths ≥5 V cm-1, PEDOT is deposited on regions of the BPE where the voltage is predicted to be insufficient to drive electropolymerization. This result demonstrates that local intensification of the field, e.g., at edges, and migration of the cationic radicals can significantly affect the electrodeposition profile. These results provide an enhanced understanding of the potential profiles for applications from multianalyte detection devices to wirefree electroceuticals.