Deposition Of Polyaniline Research Articles

Additive Fabrication of Polyaniline and Carbon-Based Composites for Energy Storage

The growing demand for efficient energy storage systems, particularly in portable electronics and electric vehicles, has led to increased interest in supercapacitors, which offer high power density, rapid charge/discharge rates, and long cycle life. However, improving their energy density without compromising performance remains a challenge. In this study, we developed novel 3D-printed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes coated with polyaniline (PANI) to enhance their electrochemical properties. The rGO 3D-printed electrodes were fabricated using direct ink writing (DIW), which allowed precise control over thickness, ranging from 4 to 24 layers. A unique ink formulation was optimized for the printing process, consisting of rGO, cellulose acetate (CA) as a binder, and acetone as a solvent. The PANI coating was applied via chemical oxidative polymerization (COP) with up to five deposition cycles. Electrochemical testing, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealed that 12-layer electrodes with three PANI deposition cycles achieved the highest areal capacitance of 84.32 mF/cm2. While thicker electrodes (16 layers and beyond) experienced diminished performance due to ion diffusion limitations, the composite electrodes demonstrated excellent cycling stability, retaining over 80% of their initial capacitance after 1500 cycles. This work demonstrates the potential of 3D-printed PANI/rGO electrodes for scalable, high-performance supercapacitors with customizable architectures.

Analysis of Electrochemical Deposition of Polyaniline and Polyaniline Composites in Sodium Tungstate and Sodium Molybdate Solutions

Although polyaniline has a high electroactivity in environments below pH 5, it loses its electroactivity in neutral and basic environments. In addition, polyaniline film does not give physically stable film when it becomes thick. For these reasons, polyaniline has been synthesized in the presence of other monomers or inorganic/organic species, leading to the obtaining of composite polymers with some new electrochemical and physical properties. In this study, novel composite polymer films of polyaniline were synthesized electrochemically in the presence of different concentrations of Na2MoO4.2H2O and Na2WO4.2H2O, and these composite polymer films were examined in monomer-free solutions for electrochemical investigation. As a result, the cathodic charge of polyaniline increased from 0.25 mC to 1.50 mC in the presence of 0.05 M Na2MoO4.2H2O. Also, the polyaniline/WO3 composite achieved a charge transfer of 0.42 mC in the presence of 0.25 M NiSO4.2H2O, 0.05 M NiCl2.6H2O, Na2WO4, Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.4 M Na3C6H5O7.2H2O and 0.05 Na2WO4.2H2O as a metal source. These prove the better charge transfer during the redox reaction of the polyaniline composite film.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel through electrochemical deposition of polyaniline coatings in acidic environments

Stainless steel is widely used because of its excellent corrosion resistance in typical environments. However, it is susceptible to corrosion in acidic media, therefore, to address this issue, the electrochemical deposition of polyaniline coatings on 316L stainless steel was investigated using cyclic voltammetry at different potential windows and scan rates. The successful polymerization and surface morphology were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Moreover, thermal stability of the PANI coating was assessed through thermo gravimetric analysis while the corrosion behavior of bare and coated steels immersed in 1M H2SO4 was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS revealed that the corrosion resistance of the PANI coating improved significantly with a decrease in scan rate and by limiting the upper potential, especially during longer exposure times up to 72 h. Results suggest that controlling the deposition parameters and optimizing the electrochemical conditions can lead to even greater improvements in the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. These findings offer valuable insights for researchers and engineers in the field of materials science and corrosion protection, enabling them to develop more precise and efficient strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of stainless steel in acidic environments.

Ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors with extended gate.

Anultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors (vOECT) with extended gate was proposed. The vOECT, which exhibited high transconductance (gm), was forthe first time used in the preparation of apH sensor. The extended gate was modified by electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were used to optimize the scan rate, showing a super-Nernstian sensitivity at all scan rates. The pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate was investigated at different pH levels, and it exhibited an ultra-high sensitivity of 3363.6 µA/pH in the pH range 5-9, which was about 36 times greater than the maximum current sensitivity (91 µA/pH) of other transistor-based pH sensors, to the best of our knowledge. This pH sensor performed excellently in terms of reversibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. To confirm the reliability of the pH sensor, we conducted measurements on real samples using this pH sensor and compared the results with those obtained from a standard pH meter. The ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate offers a sensitive and promising alternative in environmental monitoring, food safety, chemistry, clinical diagnostics, and bio-sensing applications.

Impact of CeO2 modified cathode and PANI modified anode on tannery wastewater fed microbial fuel cell performance

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is getting acceptance as an emphatic, sustainable and energy efficient alternative of conventional wastewater treatment strategies. MFCs utilize exoelectrogens as biocatalysts to degrade the complex organic substances present in wastewater with simultaneous power generation. The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of MFC electrode’s modification with CeO2 nanoparticles and polyaniline (PANI) on its performance characteristics. The hydrothermal approach was employed for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles followed by their deposition on carbon cloth (CC) as MFC cathode, whereas MFC’s anode i.e., CF/NF was modified by in-situe deposition of PANI. The synthesized material was characterized with FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and BET analysis. The experiments were performed using dual chambered MFC fed with leather tannery wastewater using modified and unmodified electrodes. The highest outcomes of power density and corresponding current density were observed with PANI@NF composite anode and CeO2@CC as cathode i.e., 279.3 mW/m2 corresponding to the current density of 581.8 mA/m2. The same MFC electrode configuration resulted in highest COD reduction, i.e., 80 % and coulombic efficiency of 19.86 %. On the other hand, MFC equipped with PANI@CF anode and CeO2@CC cathode also displayed comparable results. It was ascertained that modification of NF/CF anode with PANI (conductive polymer) and CC cathode with CeO2 nanoparticles have significantly improved the overall MFC operational performance regarding tannery wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation.

Low-Cost Optical pH Sensor with a Polyaniline (PANI)-Sensitive Layer Based on Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Components.

In this paper, we presented a novel, compact, conceptually simple, and fully functional low-cost prototype of a pH sensor with a PANI thin film as a sensing layer. The PANI deposition process is truly low-cost; it performs from the liquid phase, does not required any specialized equipment, and comprises few processing steps. The resulting PANI layer has excellent stability, resistance to solvents, and bio- and chemical compatibility. The pH sensor's sensing part includes only a few components such as a red-light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source, and a corresponding photodiode (PD) as a detector. Unlike other PANI-based sensors, it requires no sophisticated and expensive techniques and components such lasers to excite the PANI or spectrometry to identify the PANI color change induced by pH variation. The pH sensor is sensitive in the broad pH range of 3 to 9, which is useful for numerous practical applications. The sensor requires a tiny volume of the test specimen, as little as 55 µL. We developed a fully integrated packaging solution for the pH sensor that comprises a limited number of components. The pH sensor comprises exclusively commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and standard printed circuit boards. The pH sensor is assembled using standard surface mounting technology (SMT).

Preparation and Characterization of Extruded PLA Films Coated with Polyaniline or Polypyrrole by In Situ Chemical Polymerization.

Conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, have been extensively studied for their notable intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivities, rendering them suitable for a range of diverse applications. In this study, in situ chemical polymerization was employed to coat extruded PLA films with PPy and PANi. Morphological analysis reveals a uniform and compact deposition of both polyaniline and polypyrrole after polymerization periods of 3 and 1 h, respectively. Furthermore, the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, with values of 0.042 and 0.022 S cm-1, respectively. These findings were in agreement with the XPS results, as the polyaniline-coated film showed a higher proportion of charge carriers compared to the polypyrrole composite. The elastic modulus of the coated films showed an increase compared with that of pure PLA films. Additionally, the inflection temperatures for the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites were 368.7 and 367.2 °C, respectively, while for pure PLA, it reached 341.47 °C. This improvement in mechanical and thermal properties revealed the effective interfacial adhesion between the PLA matrix and the conducting polymer. Therefore, this work demonstrates that coating biopolymeric matrices with PANi or PPy enables the production of functional and environmentally friendly conductive materials suitable for potential use in the removal of heavy metals in water treatment.

3D Hierarchical Ti3C2TX@PANI-Reduced Graphene Oxide Heterostructure Hydrogel Anode and Defective Reduced Graphene Oxide Hydrogel Cathode for High-Performance Zinc Ion Capacitors.

The practical application of supercapacitors (SCs) has been known to be restricted by low energy density, and zinc ion capacitors (ZICs) with a capacitive cathode and a battery-type anode have emerged as a unique technology that can effectively mitigate the issue. To this end, the design of electrodes with low electrochemical impedance, high specific capacitance, and outstanding reaction stability represents a critical first step. Herein, we report the synthesis of hierarchical Ti3C2TX@PANI heterostructures by uniform deposition of conductive polyaniline (PANI) polymer nanofibers on the exposed surface of the Ti3C2TX nanosheets, which are then assembled into a three-dimensional (3D) cross-linking framework by a graphene oxide (GO)-assisted self-convergence hydrothermal strategy. This resulting 3D Ti3C2TX@PANI-reduced graphene oxide (Ti3C2TX@PANI-RGO) heterostructure hydrogel shows a large surface area (488.75 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1), outstanding electrical conductivity, and fast reaction kinetics, making it a promising electrode material. Separately, defective RGO (DRGO) hydrogels are prepared by a patterning process, and they exhibit a broad and uniform distribution of mesopores, which is conducive to ion transport with an excellent specific capacitance (223.52 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1). A ZIC is subsequently constructed by utilizing Ti3C2TX@PANI-RGO as the anode and DRGO as the cathode, which displays an extensive operating voltage (0-3.0 V), prominent energy density (1060.96 Wh kg-1 at 761.32 W kg-1, 439.87 Wh kg-1 at 9786.86 W kg-1), and durable cycle stability (retaining 67.9% of the original capacitance after 4000 cycles at 6 A g-1). This study underscores the immense prospect of the Ti3C2TX-based heterostructure hydrogel and DRGO as a feasible anode and cathode for ZICs, respectively.

Enhancing infrared electrochromic properties of the poly(styrene sulfonate) doped polyaniline composite film by morphology regulation

Infrared electrochromic device based on polyaniline (PANI) possesses the ability to regulate infrared radiation, which has a great application prospect in the field of satellite intelligent thermal control. However, it is still challenging to efficiently fabricate uniform and dense PANI functional layer with excellent infrared electrochromic properties. Here, we demonstrate the use of polymer additive to promote deposition of PANI with smooth and dense morphology by inducing uniform electrochemical deposition rate on the electrode surface and inhibiting the growth of PANI in three-dimensional direction through adsorption mechanism. By adding a low concentration of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) to the electrodeposition solution, the PANI film with uniform and compact micromorphology was prepared with excellent infrared electrochromic property, which can realize the modulation of emittance more than 0.4 and 0.45 in the range of 8 ∼ 14 μm and 2.5 ∼ 25 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the infrared electrochromic device that employ the optimized PANI functional film and adsorbing ionic liquid porous gel electrolyte was constructed. Through high and low temperature cycle test (1000 cycles) and vacuum environment test, the device exhibits wonderful durability and can achieve large emissivity modulation in the wavelength range of 2.5 μm ∼ 25 μm (Δε = 0.38). Meanwhile, the transient thermal analysis of the heat dissipating plate attached with the infrared electrochromic device exhibits that the device has an excellent potential for the purposes of efficient thermal management of the satellite.

The Application of Permanent Magnets for High Capacitance Polyaniline-Modified Electrodes

Supercapacitors are energy storage devices useful for their rapid charging and discharging but held back by poor energy density. Electrode conductivity and surface area are often increased to improve the energy storage of supercapacitors. Polyaniline (PANI) is an electroactive polymer used in supercapacitors for its high conductivity and ease of electrochemical deposition. It has also been shown that the application of a constant magnetic field can alter both the morphology of electrodeposited polymers and the rates of radical-based reactions. Additionally, the application of a strong magnetic field over a net movement of ions, such as is induced by an electric field or concentration gradient, induces rotational convection via the Lorentz force. In this work, we used a permanent magnet as a zero-energy-input method to influence the deposition of PANI for high capacitance electrodes with improved energy storage. The polymer was deposited onto glassy carbon or platinum electrodes using cyclic voltametric, potentiostatic, and pulsed potential techniques, and the capacitance of the fabricated electrodes was measured by cyclic voltammetry. With an optimized method, the application of a magnetic field increased the electrodes’ capacitance by more than 50% over the control. This presents a method for the fabrication of higher energy density supercapacitors with no additional energy input.

Flexible polyaniline/MXene/CNF composite nanofibrous mats as high‐performance supercapacitor electrodes

AbstractIn this study, we presented a facile synthesis of ternary composite by depositing polyaniline (PANI) onto electrospun MXene‐embedded carbon nanofibers (CNF) using in situ polymerization. Polymerization duration was varied between 2 and 8 hours to tune fiber diameter and surface area. The physicochemical properties of binary and ternary composites were characterized, such as surface morphology and chemical functional groups and surface area and pore volume. Results indicated that the fiber diameter and micropore volume increased with the deposition of PANI. In order to examine the effect of PANI deposition and other electrode properties on electrochemical performance, electrochemical impedance, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and cyclic voltammetry tests were performed. Flexible binder‐free PANI/MXene/CNF composite electrode with maximum PANI deposition exhibited the maximum specific capacitance of 356 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1. Further, this electrode demonstrated excellent capacitance retention after 5000 cycles, with 91%. The ternary composite's outstanding performance is primarily related to PANI's enhanced surface area and micropore volume as well as pseudocapacitive charge storage.Highlights Synthesis of a flexible binder‐free novel ternary composite electrode. In‐situ PANI deposition to enhances the ternary electrode surface area and wettability. Flexible ternary composite electrodes with maximum PANI loading exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. Comparison of binary and ternary electrode performance with pristine carbon nanofibers.

Photoinduced deposition of AuCu cocatalyst and polyaniline conducting layer on graphitic-C3N4 for enhanced CO2 photoreduction

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion into solar fuel is of great significance for addressing energy crisis and climate change, but this process is generally hampered by insufficient electron deliverability and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, polyaniline (PANI) conducting layer and AuCu alloy cocatalyst are successively deposited on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanoflakes via a two-step photoinduced process, to fabricate an AuCu/PANI/g-C3N4 heterostructure photocatalyst. The presence of PANI layer improves electron deliverability and CO2 adsorption capacity of photocatalyst. The AuCu cocatalyst affords efficient active sites for accelerating the reaction kinetics of CO2 photoreduction, and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au further enhances light utilization and charge separation. Benefiting from these merits, the AuCu/PANI/g-C3N4 photocatalyst exhibits a superior performance toward CO2 reduction with 100% CO selectivity, affording a CO production rate of 9.2 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 under simulated sunlight, which is 1.3 times that from AuCu/g-C3N4 and 2.3 times that from PANI/g-C3N4, respectively. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanism of AuCu/PANI/g-C3N4 catalyst is investigated by a series of control experiments and in-situ infrared spectroscopy. This study demonstrates a rational construction of heterogeneous photocatalysts and highlights the synergistic effect of multiple components in enhancing CO2 photoreduction.

Stretchable all-in-one supercapacitor enabled by poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel electrolyte with low-temperature tolerance

Hydrogel electrolytes are crucial components of stretchable energy storage devices due to their flexibility and excellent ion transport ability. However, most hydrogels lose their stretchability in subzero-temperature environments. Herein, a stretchable all-in-one supercapacitor that can work at low temperatures was developed by designing an anti-freezing polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel incorporated with polyethylene glycol (PEG)/H2O solvent. PEG endowed the hydrogel with anti-freezing property while avoiding the instability of low-molecular organic solvents. The all-in-one supercapacitor was prepared through the in-situ polymerization and deposition of polyaniline on the faces of the anti-freezing hydrogel electrolyte. The obtained supercapacitor exhibited high capacitive performance, good stretchable capacity, and excellent cycling stability. Moreover, benefiting from the outstanding low-temperature tolerance capacity, the all-in-one supercapacitor can maintain an area specific capacitance of over 63.1% even at −25 °C. This work presents an innovative polymer-solvent system for developing an anti-freezing stretchable all-in-one configured supercapacitor for use as a portable energy storage device in wearable electronics.

Rational construction of hierarchical nanocomposites by growing dense polyaniline nanoarrays on carbon black-functionalized carbon nanofiber backbone for freestanding supercapacitor electrodes

Designing freestanding electrodes for supercapacitors has attracted tremendous attention since avoiding the use of inactive additives is cost-effective and process-efficient for the industrialization and commercialization of supercapacitors. To accommodate the vigorous electrochemical process and facilitate charge transfer, robust and conductive backbones are required to fabricate freestanding electrodes. Herein, a carbon black (CB)-functionalized electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF) backbone is fabricated for growing redox-active dense polyaniline (PANI) nanoarrays to construct hierarchical carbon black/carbon nanofiber/PANI nanocomposites (CCNFP) as freestanding supercapacitor electrodes. The CB particles act as nanofillers to functionalize the CNF backbone, not only providing additional conductive networks and pores inside each nanofiber but also increasing the surface roughness to facilitate PANI deposition; whereas PANI nanoarrays offer pseudocapacitive properties and improve the wettability of the electrodes. The synthesized CCNF7P24 electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1062.7 F g−1 and excellent retention of 72.2 % at current densities of 1 and 20 A g−1, respectively. A symmetric supercapacitor constructed from two freestanding CCNF7P24 electrodes delivered a maximum energy density of 54.3 Wh kg−1, benefiting from the excellent electrochemical performance of the electrodes. This work provides a reliable approach to fabricating nanofiber-based hierarchical composites for freestanding electrodes.

Morphological analysis of Polyaniline (PANI) integrated cotton fabric

With the exponential growth of flexible electronics, conductive polymer Polyaniline has been acting as a protagonist since its discovery. Polyaniline is endowed with optical and electrical conductivity, a low-cost synthesis process, and environmental stability. However, the irregular, rigid form and specific choice of solvents often hinder its widespread application. The conductive fabric can be used in the field of flexible energy harvesting, sensing, electromagnetic shielding or many more functional applications. In this study, conductive cotton fabric was fabricated using a facile in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of Aniline on a Cotton fabric surface. Doping was performed using HCl, maintaining three different concentrations levels (1M, 2M and 3M). The color of Polyaniline turned from Blue (Emeraldine Base) to Emerald Green (Emeraldine Salt) upon its successful formation. Visual analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis were performed to justify the homogeneity and bonding adhesion with the fabric surface. It is observed that, the deposition of Polyaniline is much uniform and homogenous with the increase of dopant concentration.

A Synergistic Dual-Channel Sensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by DNA Nanostructure and G-Quadruplex

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the foodborne pathogenic bacteria that greatly threatens human health. An ultrasensitive technology for P. aeruginosa detection is urgently demanded. Herein, based on the mechanism of aptamer-specific recognition, an electrochemical-colorimetric dual-mode ultrasensitive sensing strategy for P. aeruginosa is proposed. The vertices of DNA tetrahedral nanoprobes (DTNPs), that immobilized on the gold electrode were modified with P. aeruginosa aptamers. Furthermore, the G-quadruplex, which was conjugated with a P. aeruginosa aptamer, was synthesized via rolling circle amplification (RCA). Once P. aeruginosa is captured, a hemin/G-quadruplex, which possesses peroxidase-mimicking activity, will separate from the P. aeruginosa aptamer. Then, the exfoliated hemin/G-quadruplexes are collected for oxidation of the 3,3',5',5'-tetramethylbenzidine for colorimetric sensing. In the electrochemical mode, the hemin/G-quadruplex that is still bound to the aptamer catalyzes polyaniline (PANI) deposition and leads to a measurable electrochemical signal. The colorimetric and electrochemical channels demonstrated a good forward and reverse linear response for P. aeruginosa within the range of 1-108 CFU mL-1, respectively. Overall, compared with a traditional single-mode sensor for P. aeruginosa, the proposed dual-mode sensor featuring self-calibration not only avoids false positive results but also improves accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, the consistency of the electrochemical/colorimetric assay was verified in practical meat samples and showed great potential for applications in bioanalysis.

Facile preparation of water-dispersible carboxylated polyaniline

Polyaniline (PANI), containing carboxylic groups, was prepared by covalent modification of PANI base, using various amounts of thiolactic acid (TLA). It was found that using the excess of TLA, compared to the stoichiometric amount required for modification of emeraldine form of PANI, did not lead to increase of substitution degree. Elemental analysis showed that in all studied conditions ≈6.5 wt% of carboxylic groups were introduced into PANI backbone. Change of PANI chemical structure as a result of modification by TLA was studied by electronic, vibrational and photoelectron spectroscopy. It was shown that TLA is covalently bound to PANI without significant amount of free TLA and the initial PANI base also becomes partially protonated. Conductivity of PANI-TLA materials (≈5 ×10–7 S cm–1) increased by 4 orders of magnitude, compared to PANI base (5 ×10–11 S cm–1). Due to the presence of carboxylic groups, TLA-modified PANI is dispersible in alkaline aqueous medium, which can enable eco-friendly ways of PANI deposition for the applications in sensors and anticorrosive coatings.

Composite Cathodes Based on Lithium-Iron Phosphate and N-Doped Carbon Materials

The effect of different nitrogen-doped carbon additives (carbon coating from polyaniline, N-doped carbon nanotubes, and N-doped carbon nanoparticles) on electrochemical performance of nanocomposites based on the olivine-type LiFePO4 was investigated. Prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA-MS, CHNS-analysis, IR-, Raman, and impedance spectroscopies. Polyaniline deposition on the LiFePO4 precursor with following annealing lead to the formation of a LiFePO4/C nanocomposite with a carbon coating doped with nitrogen. Due to nitrogen atoms presence in carbon coating, the LiFePO4/N-doped carbon nanocomposites showed enhanced conductivity and C-rate capability. The discharge capacities of the synthesized materials in LIBs were close to the theoretical value at 0.1 C and retained high values with increasing current density. At high C-rates, the best results were obtained for a more dispersed LiFePO4/C composite with carbon coating prepared from polyaniline previously in situ deposited on LiFePO4 precursor particles. Its discharge capacity reached 96, 84, 73, and 47 mAh g−1 at 5, 10, 20, and 60 C-rates, respectively.

Growth behavior and substrate selective deposition of polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline by oxidative chemical vapor deposition and molecular layer deposition

Bottom-up self-aligned area-selective deposition (ASD) plays an important role in patterning of advanced electronic devices. Specifically, ASD of organic materials can be utilized for nucleation inhibitors, sacrificial layers, and air-gap materials for next-generation nanoscale processing. This work introduces fundamental growth behavior of various conjugated polymers including polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline via oxidative molecular layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition. Effects of process parameters on film properties are described, and ASD behavior of different polymers are quantitatively characterized. These findings expand fundamental understanding of conjugated polymer deposition and provide new perspectives for ASD of organic thin films.

Electrodeposition of polyaniline on high electroactive indium tin oxide nanoparticles-modified fluorine doped tin oxide electrode for fabrication of high-performance hybrid supercapacitor

In this study, hierarchical polyaniline (PANI) nanosheets were electrochemically deposited on indium tin oxide nanoparticles coated fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (ITONPs-FTO) substrate from an aqueous solution containing 0.5 M aniline and 1 M H2SO4. The ITONPs provide efficient support with high electroactive surface area in the electrochemical deposition of PANI and produce excellent PANI films. The developed PANI film deposited on the ITONPs-FTO electrode was characterized via field-emission scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was fabricated using the developed PANI deposited ITONPs-FTO as a positrode and the jute sticks derived activated carbon nanosheets coated FTO (JAC-FTO) as a negatrode. Because of its high capacitive performance, unique structures of electrode materials, and optimum operating potential window, the fabricated PANI-ITONPs-FTO//JAC-FTO HSC performed excellently in 0.1 M HCl aqueous electrolyte, delivering a high areal capacitance of 318 mF/cm2 at a 1.0 mA/cm2 current density and exhibit a high energy density of 28 µWh/cm2 at a high power density of 400 µW/cm2. Moreover, the HSC exhibits excellent cyclic stability with ∼ 87% Coulombic efficiency and ∼ 91% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles.