Pigment Deposition Research Articles

Gingival Depigmentation : a Review

A beautiful smile surely enhances the individual’s self-confidence. The harmony of smile is attributable to the shape, color, and position of the teeth in conjunction with the gingival tissue. Gingival pigmentation occurs in all races of man, varies from one race to another & caused by a variety of external and endogenous sources. Excessive deposition of melanocytic pigmentation has a significant impact on aesthetics and also produces psychological distress. A periodontal plastic surgery procedure called gingival depigmentation eliminates or reduces hyperpigmentation. Although there are numerous depigmentation procedures available to treat this problem, but there is a lack of research to aid clinicians in selecting the best effective approach. As a result, the goal of this review is to assess the existing depigmentation therapies. Cryosurgery, followed by lasers, has been reported by many studies to be superior procedures, with better aesthetic results and a low recurrence rates. However, additional randomized controlled long term studies are needed to better understand the efficiency and effectiveness of present approaches.

Report of an Unusual Case of Hemosiderotic Fibrohistiocytic Lipomatous Tumor with Systematic Review of Clinicopathological Characteristics and Differential Diagnosis

The spectrum of lipomatous lesions ranges from benign to highly malignant disease. Differentiation between these mesenchymal lesions is important for pathologist as well as clinician to indicate prognosis and choose the most appropriate treatment. Hemosiderotic firohistiocytic lipomatous tumor (HFLT) is a rare subtype of lipomatous tumor. The diagnosis is usually based on clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) information. We reported a case of 56 years old man with a painful mass in the dorsal aspect of the thigh showing an unusal clinical presentation but a characteristic histological and IHC features. In this article we have retrospectively reviewed the 67 cases of HFLT reported in literature so far along with one case reported at our institution. The review focuses on clinicopathological and histomorphological characteristics of HFLT and the related entities. The hallmark of HFLT and its related lesions is complex admixture of mature adipose tissue, spindle tumor cells with striking deposition of hemosiderin pigment. Even though HFLT shows marked predeliction for the distal extremeties especially the foot/ ankle with a female preponderance, they can occur at uncommon site such as thigh and also in males as seen in our case. Keywords: Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor, Hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor, Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma, Hemosiderin, Lipoma

The genetic basis of conspicuous coloration in the Guadeloupean anole: Evolution by sexual and ecological selection

AbstractUnderstanding how natural selection acts on the genome and contributes to the process of speciation is a primary aim of the study of evolution. Here we used natural variation in two subspecies of the Guadeloupean anole (Anolis marmoratus ssp.), from the island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, to explore the genomic basis of adaptation and speciation in Anolis lizards. These subspecies inhabit distinct ecological environments and display marked differences in adult male color and pattern. We sequenced the complete genomes of 20 anoles, 10 from each subspecies, at 1.4× coverage. We used genome‐wide scans of population differentiation, allele frequency spectrum, and linkage disequilibrium to characterize the genomic architecture within and between the subspecies. While most of the genome was undifferentiated, we observed five large divergent regions. Within these regions we identified blocks, 5 kb pairs in length, enriched for fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms. These blocks encompass 97 genes, two of which are candidate pigmentation genes. One is melanophilin (mlph), which helps transport melanosomes within melanocytes. The other is a cluster of differentiation 36 (cd36), which regulates carotenoid pigment sequestration. We used high‐pressure liquid chromatography to confirm that carotenoid pigments are significantly more abundant in the conspicuous orange‐pigmented skin of male A. m. marmoratus suggesting that cd36 may be regulating pigment deposition in this tissue. We identified for the first time a carotenoid gene that is a potential target of divergent sexual selection and may be contributing to the early stages of speciation in Anolis lizards.

Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria against Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity to Rat Organs.

Aflatoxin (AF), a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus, is injurious to vital body organs. The bacterial defense against such mycotoxins has attracted significant attention. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known to ameliorate AF toxicity. Thirty adult male rats were divided into six groups (five each) to perform the experiments. The control (Co) group was fed a basal diet and water. Each of the following periods lasted 21 days: the milk (MK) group orally received milk (500 µL); LAB suspension (500 µL) containing 107 cfu/mL was orally provided to the LAB group; AF (0.5 mg/kg) was orally given to the AF group; and a combination of AF and LAB was administered to the AF + LAB group. The AF/LAB group was initially given AF for 21 days, followed by LAB for the same period. Finally, the rats were dissected to retrieve blood and tissue samples for hematological, biochemical, and histological studies. The results revealed a significant decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes, total proteins, eosinophil count, albumin, and uric acid, whereas the levels of WBCs, monocytes, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine kinase significantly increased in the AF group in comparison to the control group. The histological examination of the AF group revealed necrosis and apoptosis of the kidney's glomeruli and renal tubules, nuclei vacuolization and apoptosis of hepatocytes, congestion of the liver's dilated portal vein, lymphoid depletion in the white pulp, localized hemorrhages, hemosiderin pigment deposition in the spleen, and vacuolization of seminiferous tubules with a complete loss of testis spermatogenic cells. Meanwhile, protective and therapeutic LAB administration in AF-treated rats improved the hematological, biochemical, and histological changes. The study revealed LAB-based amelioration to AFB1-induced disruptions of the kidney, liver, spleen, and testis by inhibiting tissue damage. The therapeutic effects of LAB were comparatively more pronounced than the protective effects.

CERKL-Associated Retinal Dystrophy: Genetics, Phenotype, and Natural History

To analyze the clinical characteristics, natural history, and genetics of CERKL-associated retinal dystrophy in the largest series to date. Multicenter retrospective cohort study. Forty-seven patients (37 families) with likely disease-causing CERKL variants. Review of clinical notes, ophthalmic images, and molecular diagnosis from 2 international centers. Visual function, retinal imaging, and characteristics were evaluated and correlated. The mean age at the first visit was 29.6± 13.9 years, and the mean follow-up time was 9.1± 7.4 years. The most frequent initial symptom was central vision loss (40%), and the most common retinal feature was well-demarcated areas of macular atrophy (57%). Seventy-seven percent of the participants had double-null genotypes, and 64% had electrophysiological assessment. Among the latter, 53% showed similar severity of rod and cone dysfunction, 27% revealed a rod-cone, 10% a cone-rod, and 10% a macular dystrophy dysfunction pattern. Patients without double-null genotypes tended to have fewer pigment deposits and included a higher proportion of older patients with a relatively mild electrophysiological phenotype. Longitudinal analysis showed that over half of the cohort lost 15 ETDRS letters or more in ≥ 1 eye during the first 5 years of follow-up. The phenotype of CERKL-retinal dystrophy is broad, encompassing isolated macular disease to severe retina-wide involvement, with a range of functional phenotypes, generally not fitting in the rod-cone/cone-rod dichotomy. Disease onset is often earlier, with more severe retinal degenerative changes and photoreceptor dysfunction, in nullizygous cases. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

A novel pathogenic variant of CEP164 in an infant with Senior-Loken syndrome.

A novel pathogenic variant of CEP164 in an infant with Senior-Loken syndrome.

Presumed Unindicated Implantation of Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens.

BACKGROUND Refractive surgery is one of the most frequently performed ocular surgeries worldwide. Implantation of the posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens has advantages over laser vision correction, especially in high refractive error cases. We present a case of a young adult women with poor vision who underwent bilateral posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens explantation due to high vault, shallow anterior chambers, and a picture of cone-rod dystrophy. CASE REPORT A 23-year-old woman was referred for poor vision following an implantation of bilateral toric implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation when she was 18 years old for high myopic astigmatism and anisometropia. On presentation, the best corrected visual acuity was 4-6/200 and 2-3/200 in the right eye and left eye, respectively. Slit lamp examination indicated a clear cornea with pigment deposition on the endothelium, high ICL vault, shallow anterior chamber, and bowing of the iris bilaterally. The patient underwent bilateral removal of the ICLs on separate visits, yet the vision remained unchanged. Diagnostics revealed that the patient had bull's eye maculopathy with atrophy due to her cone-rod dystrophy, which caused the poor vision. CONCLUSIONS This report emphasizes the need for careful and appropriate patient and intraocular size selection for refractive surgery. It indicates the importance of thorough medical examination, including genetic testing, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography when retinal dystrophy is suspected. Generally, close follow-up is crucial in the setting of high vaulting following ICL implantation to prevent secondary complications.

Имплантация интраокулярной линзы при травматической катаракте: сроки и перспективы

A prospective randomized clinical trial included 30 patients (60 eyes) with traumatic cataract after open eye injury. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the time of the operation. The first (n = 15, 30 eyes) was an early operation (1–3 days after the injury). The second (n = 15, 30 eyes) is a late operation (6 or more days after the injury). Research methods – measurement of visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), assessment of inflammation of the anterior chamber, position of the intraocular lens (IOL), etc. The study period was 1, 3, and 6 weeks after surgical treatment. It was revealed that visual acuity with the best correction was noted 6 weeks after the early operation. Also in the group of early cataract surgery, the frequency of postoperative complications (rupture of the posterior capsule, increased IOP, inflammation of the anterior chamber, IOL opacity, posterior synechia, IOL subluxation and pigment deposition on the IOL) was significantly lower than in the late surgery group (p < 0.05). It is recommended to perform cataract surgery and IOL implantation after open eye injuries at an early stage. Keywords: surgery, traumatic cataract, vision, intraocular lens implantation

Edge Creep: Increased Pigmentation at the Border of Choroidal Melanomas Treated with Plaque Brachytherapy

Introduction: There is an increase in pigmentation that occurs in many tumors following plaque brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma. Correctly distinguishing between increased pigment at the tumor border versus true growth is imperative. We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with I-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma at our institution to study this phenomenon. Methods: Records were reviewed for all patients undergoing plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma for a 5-year period (N = 195). Patients with iris and anterior tumors were excluded. Tumors treated more than 31 days after presentation were excluded. Fundus images for patients with increased pigmentation at any of the borders of the tumor at 6-month follow-up that extended beyond the initial pigmented margin were included (N = 20; 8 F, 12 M). Imaging at the last follow-up was reviewed, and it was confirmed that all tumors involuted appropriately with no evidence of local recurrence. The date of initial exam, time to treatment, and follow-up interval were recorded for each included patient. Results: Twenty patients (10%) exhibited increased pigment deposition at any of the borders of the tumor at 6-month follow-up that extended beyond the initial pigmented margin. Average tumor thickness was 3.2 mm (1.3–5.1); average largest tumor basal diameter was 11.6 mm (7–15.5). Average time from diagnosis to treatment was 25 days (17–31). Average length of follow-up was 35 months (16–68). No patient developed recurrence during the duration of follow-up, and 1 patient had developed metastasis. Conclusion: We describe the phenomenon of increased pigment deposition, “edge creep,” at the borders of choroidal melanomas treated with plaque brachytherapy that gave the appearance of initial tumor growth but then subsequently remained stable over time. It is important that treating ocular oncologists be aware of this phenomenon to avoid unnecessary diagnosis of local recurrence.

Tolerance with High Yield Potential Is Provided by Lower Na+ Ion Accumulation and Higher Photosynthetic Activity in Tolerant YNU31-2-4 Rice Genotype under Salinity and Multiple Heat and Salinity Stress.

The yield-reduction effect of abiotic stressors such as salinity and heat stresses with the growing world population threatens food security. Although adverse effects of salinity and heat stress on plant growth and production parameters have been documented, in nature, abiotic stresses occur sequentially or simultaneously. In this study, the stress tolerance and yield capacity of Yukinkomai, YNU31-2-4, and YNU SL rice genotypes tested under control (26 °C, 0 mM NaCl), salinity (26 °C, 75 mM NaCl), heat (31 °C, 0 mM NaCl), and heat and salinity (31 °C, 75 mM NaCl) stress combinations at vegetative and reproductive stages with six different scenarios. The results show that salinity and the heat and salinity combination stresses highly reduce plant growth performance and yield capacity. Heat stress during reproduction does not affect the yield but reduces the grain quality. The YNU31-2-4 genotype performs better under heavy salt and heat and salinity stress then the Yukinkomai and YNU SL genotypes. YNU31-2-4 genotypes accumulate less Na+ and more K+ under salt and multiple stresses. In the YNU31-2-4 genotype, low Na+ ion accumulation increases photosynthetic activity and pigment deposition, boosting the yield. Stress lowers the glucose accumulation in dry seeds, but the YNU31-2-4 genotype has a higher glucose accumulation.

The relation between the depth of pigment disposition and men's skin thickness, the age and tattoo locations on the body.

The most important function of the skin is to protect the body against harmful mechanical, physical and chemical factors. Its regenerative capacity is sufficient for self-repair in the event of damage, for example, during tattooing, which can be treated as an invasive procedure introducing pigment molecules into skin layers. In the present research on tattoo pigment deposition, the structure of the dermis and epidermis was evaluated using the standard histological technique with hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, statistically significant differences between the depth of pigment deposition on the one hand and age, dermis and epidermis thickness and tattoo location on the other were demonstrated.

Lizards exploit the changing optics of developing chromatophore cells to switch defensive colors during ontogeny

Many animals undergo changes in functional colors during development, requiring the replacement of integument or pigment cells. A classic example of defensive color switching is found in hatchling lizards, which use conspicuous tail colors to deflect predator attacks away from vital organs. These tail colors usually fade to concealing colors during ontogeny. Here, we show that the ontogenetic blue-to-brown tail color change in Acanthodactylus beershebensis lizards results from the changing optical properties of single types of developing chromatophore cells. The blue tail colors of hatchlings are produced by incoherent scattering from premature guanine crystals in underdeveloped iridophore cells. Cryptic tail colors emerge during chromatophore maturation upon reorganization of the guanine crystals into a multilayer reflector concomitantly with pigment deposition in the xanthophores. Ontogenetic changes in adaptive colors can thus arise not via the exchange of different optical systems, but by harnessing the timing of natural chromatophore development. The incoherent scattering blue color here differs from the multilayer interference mechanism used in other blue-tailed lizards, indicating that a similar trait can be generated in at least two ways. This supports a phylogenetic analysis showing that conspicuous tail colors are prevalent in lizards and that they evolved convergently. Our results provide an explanation for why certain lizards lose their defensive colors during ontogeny and yield a hypothesis for the evolution of transiently functional adaptive colors.

Primary observations of EVO ICL implantation for high myopia with concave iris

PurposeTo investigate the morphological changes of concave iris in myopic patients after EVO implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation.MethodsEVO ICL candidates with posterior bowing iris were observed using ultrasound biometric microscopy (UBM) in this prospective nonrandomized observational study. Forty patients were enrolled, with 20 patients in the concave iris group and the other 20 patients in the control group. None of the patients underwent laser peripheral iridotomy. All patients received preoperative and postoperative examinations, which included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), subjective manifest refraction and intraocular pressure. UBM was used to observe iris curvature (IC), irido-corneal angle (ICA), posterior chamber angle (PCA), iris-lens contact distance (ILCD), iris-zonule distance (IZD) and ciliary process length (CPL). Anterior chamber angle pigment was observed by gonioscopy. The preoperative and postoperative data were analyzed using SPSS.ResultsThe average follow-up period was 13.3 ± 5.3 months. The mean efficacy indices were 1.10 ± 0.13 and 1.07 ± 0.11 (P = 0.58), and the safety indices were 1.19 ± 0.09 and 1.18 ± 0.17 in the control group and the concave iris group (P = 0.93), respectively. The IOP postoperatively were 14.13 ± 2.02 mmHg and 14.69 ± 1.59 mmHg in control and concave iris groups (P = 0.37). Preoperatively, the concave iris group was presented with greater IC (P < 0.0001), longer ILCD (P < 0.0001), wider ICA (P = 0.004), narrower PCA (P = 0.01), and shorter IZD (P = 0.03) than the control group. In the concave iris group, IC, ILCD and ICA were significantly decreased after ICL implantation (P < 0.0001), while PCA and IZD were significantly increased (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). Postoperative IC, ILCD, ICA, PCA and IZD were not statistically different between groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in pigment deposition grades between the two groups (P = 0.37).ConclusionAfter EVO ICL implantation, the morphology of concave iris was significantly improved, which may reduce the risk of intraocular pigment dissemination caused by iris concavity. The concave iris has no impact on the safety of EVO ICL surgery during the follow-up.

Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: a brief primer for general practitioners, ophthalmologists, optometrists and urologists.

Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: a brief primer for general practitioners, ophthalmologists, optometrists and urologists.

Esophageal anthracosis occurred after treatment of esophageal tuberculosis secondary to mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis: a rare case report

BackgroundAnthracosis is a disease generally considered to be in the lungs resulting from exposure to industrial dust in the workplace. Esophageal anthracosis is a fairly rare phenomenon and shows a strong correlation with tuberculosis. Moreover, esophageal involvement in tuberculosis is also rare. We here present an extremely rare case in which follow-up gastroesophageal endoscopy revealed a mass with a sunken, black area in the center and raised ring-like pattern in the surrounding mucosa resembling malignant melanoma. Uncovering the patient’s tuberculosis history finally avoided a misdiagnosis or overtreatment.Case presentationA 67-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to “repeated chest pain for 1 month”. Endoscopic ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT scans revealed a mass adjacent to the esophageal wall with unclear boundaries. Aspiration biopsy confirmed that esophageal tuberculosis was caused by nearby mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis. After a standard anti-tuberculosis treatment regimen, the patient achieved a favorable prognosis. The follow-up gastroesophageal endoscopy showed a sunken black lesion with elevated peripheral mucosa replacing the original tuberculous mass, which was thought to be anthracosis, a disease that rarely occurs in the esophagus.ConclusionThe diagnosis of tuberculosis should be taken into consideration when a submucosal mass appears in the middle part of the esophagus. Endoscopic ultrasonography can effectively contribute to a definite diagnosis. Moreover, this is the first case of esophageal anthracosis observed only 1 year after the treatment of tuberculosis, indicating esophageal anthracosis can be a short-term disease. The traction of the reduction of tubercular mediastinal lymph nodes after anti-tuberculosis treatment may create a circumstance for pigmentation or dust deposition.

Transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed the key genes and pathways involved in the fiber quality formation in brown cotton

Colored cotton is also called eco-cotton because of its natural color fiber. It is inferior in yield and quality than white cotton. The underlying regulatory genes involved in fiber quality and pigment synthesis are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic and proteomic changes during fiber development in a brown cotton cultivar (Z161) and a white cotton cultivar. The differential proteins with the same expression trend as genes were significantly and positively correlated with corresponding fold changes in expression. Enrichment analysis revealed that Z161, enriched in fiber elongation genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and many more genes (proteins) are up-regulated. Moreover, 164 glycosyltransferases genes, 15 MYB-bHLH-WD40 genes, and other transcription factors such as C2H2 (12), ERF (11), and NAC (7) were preferentially expressed in Z161. Weighted correlation network analysis identified fatty acid synthesis and energy metabolism as the principal metabolic pathways in both cotton genotypes during fiber development. Identified 15 hub genes will provide important insights for genetic manipulation of fiber quality and pigment deposition balance in brown cotton fibers.

Genome editing of the vermilion locus generates a visible eye color marker for Oncopeltusfasciatus

Insects display a vast array of eye and body colors. Genes encoding products involved in biosynthesis and deposition of pigments are ideal genetic markers, contributing, for example, to the power of Drosophila genetics. Oncopeltusfasciatus is an emerging model for hemimetabolous insects, a member of the piercing-sucking feeding order Hemiptera, that includes pests and disease vectors. To identify candidate visible markers for O.fasciatus, we used parental and nymphal RNAi to identify genes that altered eye or body color while having no deleterious effects on viability. We selected Of-vermilion for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, generating three independent loss-of-function mutant lines. These studies mapped Of-vermilion to the X-chromosome, the first assignment of a gene to a chromosome in this species. Of-vermilion homozygotes have bright red, rather than black, eyes and are fully viable and fertile. We used these mutants to verify a role for Of-xdh1, ortholog of Drosophilarosy, in contributing to red pigmentation using RNAi. Rather than wild-type-like red bodies, bugs lacking both vermilion and xdh1 have bright yellow bodies, suggesting that ommochromes and pteridines contribute to O.fasciatus body color. Our studies generated the first gene-based visible marker for O.fasciatus and expanded the genetic toolkit for this model system.

Effect of VvLaeA on the growth and development of Beauveria bassiana

It is unclear how VvLaeA functions in regulating the growth and development of Volvariella volvacea (Bull. ex. Fr.) Sing.. Firstly, bioinformatics analysis of VvLaeA was carried out in this study. Subsequently, the Vvgpd promoter and the open reading frame (ORF) fragment of VvlaeA were amplified and fused by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fusion fragment was cloned into the pK2 (bar) plasmid. The recombinant construct pK2(bar)-OEVvlaeA was transfected into Beauveria bassiana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Finally, the growth and development of the transformants were examined. The results showed that VvLaeA shared a low homology with similar proteins in other fungi. Compared with the wild type, the colony diameter of the transformant was significantly increased. However, the pigment deposition, conidial yields and germination rates were significantly decreased. The overexpression strains were more sensitive to stresses than that of the wild type. Further studies showed the conidial cell wall properties of the transformants were altered, and the expressions of genes related to the conidial development were significantly down-regulated. Collectively, VvLaeA increased the growth rate of B. bassiana strains and negatively regulated the pigmentation and conidial development, which shed a light for the functional identification of straw mushroom genes.

A review of the presentations and treatment of oral pigmentation.

BackgroundOral pigmentation can be either normal or abnormal discolouration of the oral mucosa.&#x0D; Objective: To help clinicians establish a better approach towards the care of patients with pigmented oral lesions and to establish early diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.&#x0D; Data source: Works of literature concerning oral pigmentations, clinical features and treatment were reviewed thoroughly from renowned electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library and personal clinical experience in managing such conditions. The following words were used for the search: oral pigmentation, aetiology, and clinical presentations.&#x0D; Findings: Oral pigmentation presents in various clinical patterns that can range from just physiologic changes to oral manifestations of systemic diseases and malignancies. Oral pigmentation may be physiological or pathological. Knowledge of the different presentations of oral pigmented lesions is quite crucial to improve and mastering the skill of differential diagnosis, definitive diagnosis and prompt treatment. The deposition of pigments in oral tissues may be due to various etiological factors. It can arise from intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can be physiological or pathological.&#x0D; Conclusion: A good understanding of the various presentations of oral pigmented lesions would aid in the proper diagnosis and treatment of the condition.&#x0D;

Artifact-Removed Quantitative Analysis of Choriocapillaris Flow Voids.

To investigate choriocapillaris flow voids (FV) with a new optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) image processing strategy that can eliminate artifacts caused by vitreous opacities, sub-retinal pigment epithelium fluid and deposits, and subretinal fluid (SRF) by thresholding the en-face OCT image of the outer retina. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with drusen and patients with active central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). FV number (FVn), average area (FVav), and maximum area (FVmax) and the percentage of nonperfused choriocapillaris area (PNPCA) obtained using the proposed strategy were compared with those obtained by removing only artifacts caused by the superficial capillary plexus (SCP). The SRF group included 21 eyes with active CSC and the drusen group included 29 eyes with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. FVav, FVmax, FVn, and PNPCA obtained using the algorithm were significantly lower than those obtained by removing only SCP-related artefacts in both groups (all p<0.05). The algorithm was also able to remove 96.9% of artifacts secondary to vitreous opacities and all artifacts secondary to serous pigment epithelial detachments. Choriocapillaris nonperfusion areas on OCTA images may be overestimated in eyes with RPE abnormalities and SRF due to artifacts. These artifact areas on choriocapillaris OCTA images can be removed using thresholded images of the outer retina en-face OCT scans. Our new artifact-removal strategy is useful in the assessment of choriocapillaris FV in eyes with SRF, drusen, drusen-like deposits, and pigment epithelial detachment.