Deployment Of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Zone-based stable and secure clustering technique for VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a pivotal element of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and has gained significant attention in both academia as well as in the industry. The driving experience has been improved with the deployment of VANETs in the transportation system. In this scenario, accurate real-time traffic information is required to be forwarded to the correlated vehicles using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The V2V system is prone to the issue of communication overhead and security, whereas the V2I-based model for data dissemination faces the issue of scalability. In addition to this, wireless communication among vehicles is affected by potential attackers, that not only threaten the vehicle's security but also the commuter's life. An impersonation attack is considered the most common and dangerous attack in VANETs. In this paper, we propose a hybrid system that utilizes both V2V and V2I communications for secure data dissemination in urban scenarios. We use a zone-based stable and secure clustering mechanism to identify Cluster Heads (CH) as a message forwarding node to and from the Road Side Unit (RSU), which reduces the communication overhead and latency of the network. We utilize the concept of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and the monitoring mode of RSU for the detection and mitigation of impersonation attacks in VANETs. Finally, we validate our results using a network simulator (NS2).

A heterogeneous fault diagnosis approach to enhance performance of connected vehicles

SummaryEvolution of wireless access technology, availability of smart sensors, and reduction in the size of the set up of the communication system have engrossed many researchers toward vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). Vehicle‐to‐vehicle and vehicle‐to‐access‐point communication in a vehicular environment facilitates the deployment of VANET for many different purposes. The success of any application implemented in a VANET relies on timely and accurate data dissemination across the nodes of the network. Implementation of any application is not going to be fruitful if the communication unit transmits incorrect sensor data due to the presence of a fault. This article focuses on the automatic detection of hard and soft faults for vehicular sensors and the classification of faults into permanent, intermittent, and transient faults using cloud‐based VANET. For the cloud service, ThingSpeak cloud is used. At the RSU of the VANET, hard fault detection is performed, and for this purpose, a time‐out strategy is proposed. The observation center, after receiving sensor status data over a vehicular cloud, does soft failure detection. The soft fault is identified by utilizing a comparative‐based technique during soft fault diagnosis. Soft faults are categorized using two machine learning algorithms: Support vector machine and logistic regression. The effectiveness of the suggested work is assessed using performance metrics like fault detection accuracy, false alarm rate, false positive rate, precision, accuracy, recall, and F1 score.

SATMAC: Self-Adaptive TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for VANETs

Rapid development and deployment of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) require an efficient and scalable media access control (MAC) protocol to support high-priority safety applications and infotainment requirements. This paper proposes SATMAC, a self-adaptive time division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC protocol for VANETs. In order to improve the stability of the time slot scheduling in VANETs, a slot status updating strategy is carefully designed, which utilizes accurate information of the two-hop neighbors and the rough information of the three-hop neighbors to detect the potential packet collisions and avoids potential collisions by adjusting the occupied time slot. Besides, an adaptive frame length (the number of time slots contained in a frame) approach is proposed on the basis of the slot adjustment to support various densities of vehicles, where the frame length between neighbors can be inconsistent. We conduct theoretical analysis and extensive simulations in a realistic VANET environment to evaluate SATMAC. Simulation results show that compared with IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2X PC5 Mode 4, SATMAC significantly improves PDR of beacons over 60%. Moreover, our SATMAC design is further implemented and validated on our FPGA-based testbed.

A privacy-preserving mutual authentication scheme for group communication in VANET

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) represents a collection of vehicles that communicate among themselves and the road infrastructure for exchange of information through a wireless network. It provides services like road safety, infotainment, optimized traffic flow, location-based services and other on-demand services. However, due to its intrinsic ad-hoc nature, there are several challenges in the deployment of VANETs. One such challenging issue is ensuring security and privacy of the exchanged messages. Therefore, it is important that the vehicles are properly authenticated and necessary security associations are properly established. Most of the recent works in this area sends plain text messages while communicating, that results in compromise of message confidentiality. Moreover, in majority of these works, an active communication with a trusted authority is required during authentication that results in increased communication latency. This paper puts forward a privacy preserving mutual authentication scheme for group communication in VANET that does not require an active communication with a trusted authority. Furthermore, the proposed scheme use pseudonym for identity privacy and the messages exchanged in the scheme are encrypted before transmission. Formal and informal security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is robust against various security attacks. Through a performance analysis, the scheme is found to be efficient.

Trusted Blockchain-Based Signcryption Protocol and Data Management for Authentication and Authorization in VANETs

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the industrial cornerstone of intelligent transportation system (ITS), which are widely used in traffic management, automatic driving, and road optimization. With the expansion of the scale of the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and smart vehicles (SV), VANETs will produce a large amount of data. In the open access environment of VANETs, the security of information transmission and the authenticity of user identity need to be considered when different vehicles communicate. In order to solve the cybersecurity risks of large-scale deployment of VANET, this paper proposes a trusted blockchain-based signcryption protocol and data management (TB-SCDM) for authentication and authorization (A&A) in VANETs. In the existing attack model, TB-SCDM can ensure the confidentiality and undeniability of information, as well as can effectively resist 51% attacks, eclipse attacks and double-spending attacks, etc. Through benchmark analysis, this scheme has higher computing efficiency and lower storage cost compared with other existing schemes.

An Improved Harmony Search Algorithm for Proactive Routing Protocol in VANET

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is the direct application of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which the nodes represent vehicles moving in a city or highway scenario. The deployment of VANET relies on routing protocols to transmit the information between the nodes. Different routing protocols that have been designed for MANET were proposed to be applied in VANET. However, the real-time implementation is still facing challenges to fulfill the quality of service (QoS) of VANET. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on the well-known MANET proactive optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol. The OLSR in VANET gives a moderate performance; this is due to its necessity of maintaining an updated routing table for all possible routes. The performance of OLSR is highly dependent on its parameter. Thus, finding optimal parameter configurations that best fit VANET features and improve its quality of services is essential before its deployment. The harmony search (HS) is an emerging metaheuristic optimization algorithm with features of simplicity and exploration efficiency. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an improved harmony search optimization (EHSO) algorithm that considers the configuration of the OLSR parameters by coupling two stages, a procedure for optimization carried out by the EHSO algorithm based on embedding two popular selection methods in its memory, namely, roulette wheel selection and tournament selection. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed approach has achieved the QoS requirement, compared to the existing algorithms.

Security and Privacy Schemes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network With Identity-Based Cryptography Approach: A Survey

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) broadcast messages regarding road and environmental conditions. Due to its design, VANET inadvertently introduced security and privacy issues. Many researchers have suggested various approaches to address these shortcomings as the deployment of VANET becomes more widespread. Nevertheless, these solutions could not address all the security and privacy shortcomings in VANET. Furthermore, the proposed approaches incur high costs in terms of computation due to the complexity involved in doing so sequentially. One of the significant approaches used in VANET security and privacy mitigation is identity-based schemes. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on VANETs and the entities involved, attack models, and an analysis of the security and privacy requirements for identity-based security and privacy schemes for VANETs.

On the Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Testbed for Distributed TDMA-Based MAC Protocols in VANETs

Rapid development and deployment of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) require an efficient and scalable media access control (MAC) protocol to support high-priority safety applications. To meet the requirements, researchers have proposed many distributed TDMA-based MAC protocols for VANET in recent years. Despite the superior performance shown in the simulations, few of the proposed protocols have been evaluated in the real-world environment. However, according to the measurement-based works, the extremely unstable wireless communication of VANETs in the real world challenges the performance of the MAC protocols. Hence it may deteriorate if the protocol is implemented in real vehicles. In this paper, we design and implement a real-time testbed for distributed TDMA-based MAC protocols in VANETs. The testbed utilizes the collaboration of hardware (FPGA) and software (Linux) to handle the high-priority and low-priority tasks, and high-accuracy GPS receiver for time synchronization. Results of the measurements show that the transmission delay of the high-priority packets is bounded and the TDMA access is functional.

Security schemes based on conditional privacy-preserving vehicular ad hoc networks

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been garnering significant inter-est from the people involved in transportation field. Nowadays automotive manufactur-ers have already supplying vehicles with multitude of road sensors that provides many useful characteristics. VANET communication not only offers the drivers and passen-gers with the various safety related services but also provides a wide range of valuable applications. However, the inherent openness of the wireless communication medium used by VANETs exposes vehicles to various security and privacy issues. Researchers have proposed many security schemes to solve the issues mentioned above for the widespread deployment of VANETs. However, these schemes failed to fulfill all as-pects of security and privacy requirements. Besides, these schemes have not provided the performance parameters such as computation and communication costs. The pri-mary emphasis of this paper is on the taxonomy of security schemes based conditional privacy-preserving with respect to strengths and limitations. Besides, a comparison be-tween these schemes related to the model of security and privacy requirements, attacks, and performance parameters is provided. Finally, this paper critically reviews the re-lated works by taking into consideration the design and development of all VANETs security and privacy schemes, this paper could serve as a guide and reference.

An Efficient Identity-Based Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Secure Communication in a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

The security and privacy issues in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are often addressed with schemes based on either public key infrastructure, group signature, or identity. However, none of these schemes appropriately address the efficient verification of multiple VANET messages in high-density traffic areas. Attackers could obtain sensitive information kept in a tamper-proof device (TPD) by using a side-channel attack. In this paper, we propose an identity-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme that supports a batch verification process for the simultaneous verification of multiple messages by each node. Furthermore, to thwart side-channel attacks, vehicle information in the TPD is periodically and frequently updated. Finally, since the proposed scheme does not utilize the bilinear pairing operation or the Map-To-Point hash function, its performance outperforms other schemes, making it viable for large-scale VANETs deployment.

An Efficient and Provably Secure Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for Fog-Based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

The maturity of cloud computing, the Internet of Things technology, and intelligent transportation system has promoted the rapid development of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). To keep pace with real-world demands (mobility, low latency, etc.) in a practical VANETs deployment, there have been attempts to integrate fog computing with VANETs. To facilitate secure interaction in fog-based VANETs, we design a new authenticated key agreement protocol without bilinear pairing. This protocol achieves mutual authentication, generates a securely agreed session key for secret communication, and supports privacy protection. We also give a strict formal security proof and demonstrate how the proposed protocol meets the security requirements in the fog-based VANETs. We then evaluate the efficiency of the proposed protocol, and it shows the practicality of the protocol.

A Q-Learning Approach With Collective Contention Estimation for Bandwidth-Efficient and Fair Access Control in IEEE 802.11p Vehicular Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless networks formed of moving vehicle stations, that enable safety-related packet exchanges among them. Their infrastructure-less, unbounded nature allows the formation of dense networks that present a channel sharing issue, which is harder to tackle than in conventional WLANs, due to fundamental differences of the protocol stack. Optimizing channel access strategies is important for the efficient usage of the available wireless bandwidth and the successful deployment of VANETs. We present a Q-learning-based approach to wirelessly network a big number of vehicles and enable the efficient exchange of data packets among them. More specifically, this work focuses on a IEEE 802.11p-compatible contention-based medium access control protocol for efficiently sharing the wireless channel among multiple vehicular stations. The stations feature algorithms that “learn” how to act optimally in a network in order to maximize their achieved packet delivery and minimise bandwidth wastage. Additionally, via a collective contention estimation mechanism, which we embed on the Q-learning agent, faster convergence, higher throughput, and short-term fairness are achieved.

UAV-Assisted Supporting Services Connectivity in Urban VANETs

To keep the services and applications of intelligent transportation system stable and active, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are considered as an essential building block to maintain and manage its features. A wide deployment of VANETs is possible only after addressing numerous research challenges. One of the most complicated issues consists of designing a routing strategy, taking into consideration several serious constraints, and especially in a network such as VANET. The severity of these issues would be increased significantly when a VANET is deployed over an urban area, where we distinguish the high mobility of nodes and existing obstructions (e.g., buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.). In this paper, an efficient routing solution based on a flooding technique is conceived to make the data delivery more reliable and to guarantee robust paths. Vehicles can cooperate in ad hoc fashion with existing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This kind of collaboration provides reliable routing paths and ensures alternative solutions in the case of path failures. Furthermore, a prediction technique is used to expect the expiration time of each discovered path. To limit the overhead over the network, all control packets are characterized by their static size making the originality of this work. Based on the simulation outputs, we discuss the performances of the proposed approach as compared with other dedicated previous schemes in terms of several metrics. The obtained results demonstrate that the hybrid communication between vehicles and UAVs based on the proposed flooding technique is perfectly suited to improve the data delivery process.

LTE efficiency when used in traffic information systems: A stable interest aware clustering

SummaryLong‐term evolution (LTE) technology is critical for the envisioned usage scenarios in the Internet of Vehicles. An important usage scenario is traffic information systems (TIS) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) that depend on LTE for the delivery of non‐safety information to vehicles. TISs are centralized data warehouses that collect and process traffic information and subsequently allow vehicles to receive such information before and during a road trip. Considering the extensive deployment of VANETs, the LTE demand for TIS is expected to increase. Therefore, we explore and quantify the inefficiency of LTE when used in TIS. By envisioning basic test case scenarios, we establish the trends of data usage while commuting and providing insights into how LTE usage in TIS may lead to the inefficient use of the available wireless spectrum during road trips. To reduce identified inefficiency in LTE usage and cluster instability due to the high speed of the vehicles, we proposed a novel stable interest‐aware clustering (SIAC) mechanism. SIAC consider VANETs mobility constraint, LTE link quality, and exploit interest of the vehicles, in cluster formation phase. Resulting in the reduction in the data demand of the vehicles and frequency of link failures among the vehicles and provides transmission path stability. SIAC performs well as compared with the existing approaches shows more cluster stability and reduces the LTE usage for driving assistance and route planning applications.

A lightweight authentication scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks based on MSR

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) has become a promising technology for nowadays' intelligent transportation system (ITS). Secure communications in VANETs can help improve safe and comfortable driving environment for drivers. In order to guarantee secure communication, security, privacy, and efficiency should be carefully considered during the deployment of VANETs. In this paper, we propose a lightweight privacy-preserving authentication scheme to enhance the communication security in VANETs. The proposed scheme employs the modular square root (MSR) technique to achieve the design goals. The security analysis demonstrates that our scheme achieves more advantages on supporting mutual authentication and other security requirements by comparing with existing schemes. We also provide the authentication proof using BAN logic and analyze the security validation using ProVerif. Additionally, compared with existing schemes, our scheme significantly reduces the computation delay on message signing and verification by at least 150 times. Meanwhile, the communication cost of our scheme achieves a reduction of nearly 25%.

A Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by the high mobility of vehicles. In this article, first of all, we give a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Then, we propose a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF). The novelty of our protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and the shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to the occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through computer simulations. Simulation outcomes specify the gains of the proposed routing scheme as compared to the earlier significant protocols like GSR (Geographic Source Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing), E-GyTAR (Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing), and TFOR (Traffic Flow-Oriented Routing) in terms of routing metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

Security in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) using Trusted Platform Module (TPM): A Survey

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are gaining more attention from automobile industries due to user safety on highway. However, security and safety critical issues need to be resolved before deployment of VANET in real environment. In this paper, we are providing a comprehensive survey on the usage of trusted platform module (TPM) in VANET. VANET is a open wireless environment where vehicle can communicate with other vehicles and also with roadside unit where any infected rogue vehicle can perform malicious actions on fellow vehicles. Security threats caused by rogue vehicles can endanger life of passengers. Trust is an important key factor and it can be introduced inside VANET environment using TPM hardware. The core purpose of this survey is to highlight the security threats in VANET and provide security architecture built upon TPM to mitigate all discussed threats.

A Traffic Aware Segment-based Routing protocol for VANETs in urban scenarios

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) offer a diverse set of applications and therefore gain more and more attention from both academic and industrial communities. However, the deployment of VANETs is not very straight-forward. One challenge is highlighted by an uphill task of establishing and subsequently sustaining a robust communication. The need to obviate extra relay infrastructure in dynamically fluctuating topologies plus concurring shielding obstacles only magnifies this arduous task. In this context, information about traffic-density and about its estimated progress are valuable assets to tackle this issue. This paper proposes a novel routing protocol called Traffic Aware Segment-based Routing (TASR) protocol. The proposed protocol comprises two major parts: 1) Real-time vehicular traffic information for route selection allows for calculating the Expected Connectivity Degree (ECD) on different segments, and 2) a new forwarding method based on geographical information transfers packets from source to destination node. The new metric ECD takes vehicle densities into account, estimating the connectivity on each segment and thus the connectivity of nodes and data delivery ratio for transmitting packets. Furthermore, extensive simulations help analyzing the efficiency of TASR, indicating that it outperforms competing routing protocols.

A Network-Based Seamless Handover Scheme for VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) standards, including IEEE 1609 WAVE and ETSI C-ITS, use IPv6 to interconnect VANET with the Internet. Considering the high vehicle speeds and short communication ranges of road side units (RSUs), such vehicles may suffer from frequent service interruptions. Several VANET IP mobility schemes have been proposed in order to mitigate this problem. However, these only support L3 handover, as the RSUs act as IPv6 access routers (ARs) for vehicles. Some VANET IP mobility schemes reduce the handover latency of the L3 handover but do not fundamentally mitigate the frequency of the L3 handover. As L3 handover indicates that the default router of the vehicle is changing, the vehicle must perform IPv6 configuration, including router discovery and neighbor unreachability detection. Since most L3 handover latency is caused by this IPv6 configuration, the L3 handover involves a higher signaling cost and longer handover latency than the L2 handover. We propose a network-based L2 extension handover scheme for VANET. It decouples the AR functions from the RSU. An AR connects several RSUs via L2 links within its coverage. In this configuration, most inter-AR handovers are replaced with intra-AR handovers, so that the frequency of the L3 handover is decreased substantially. Therefore, the service disruption time caused by default router switching is also reduced, and the deployment of VANET can be made more flexible by decoupling the RSU and the AR. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is adopted in order to support inter-AR handover in the proposed scheme. Furthermore, the scheme supports seamlessness in both the intra-AR and inter-AR handovers with buffering at the AR. The performance analysis and the simulation result reveal that the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost and handover latency and also shows seamless packet delivery for vehicles.

A Survey on Pseudonym Changing Strategies for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

The initial phase of the deployment of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) has begun and many research challenges still need to be addressed. Location privacy continues to be in the top of these challenges. Indeed, both of academia and industry agreed to apply the pseudonym changing approach as a solution to protect the location privacy of VANETs'users. However, due to the pseudonyms linking attack, a simple changing of pseudonym shown to be inefficient to provide the required protection. For this reason, many pseudonym changing strategies have been suggested to provide an effective pseudonym changing. Unfortunately, the development of an effective pseudonym changing strategy for VANETs is still an open issue. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey and classification of pseudonym changing strategies. We then discuss and compare them with respect to some relevant criteria. Finally, we highlight some current researches, and open issues and give some future directions.