Deployment Of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Optimal plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle performance management using decentralized multichannel network design

AbstractIn addition to providing mobility, plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) provide a two‐sided energy exchange opportunity which makes them highly flexible distributed energy storage systems for the future of energy systems. This paper analyzes PHEVs' performance from the perspective of urban traffic and energy using a decentralized multichannel blockchain network based on the hyperledger model. This network using a layered design and local management of energy sources can significantly contribute to urban management and optimal use of its infrastructures. Then, dynamic modelling of PHEVs in this network is performed, and their data is added to the network to evaluate the network performance compared with the current centralized networks. The results indicated that the proposed blockchain network could simultaneously optimize PHEVs' performance, urban traffic management, and energy systems. Furthermore, by utilizing smart contracts, it can consider and optimize multiple challenges, such as congestion in the electricity network, urban traffic, and limited fuel, simultaneously. Therefore, it gives a strong tool to study the impact of mass deployment of PHEVs and their value and role in the sustainable cities and communities of the future while helping to support the global efforts toward affordable and clean energy for all.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles using Vehicle Usage Data Collected in Shanghai, China

This paper investigates the economic viability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in Shanghai, China based on a real-world in-use PHEV dataset. To quantify PHEV drivers’ gross profit compared with internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) owners, a total cost of ownership (TCO) model is adopted taking account of vehicle retail price, tax credits, subsidies, insurance, maintenance, energy prices, and resale value. The impact of the determinants for gross profit are examined in relation to vehicle distance traveled (VDT) electrically, gasoline price, electricity price, and car-buying cost. It is found that: (1) only 10% of the deployment of PHEVs (i.e., BYD Qin) is economically viable if the benefit from a free license plate is exempt; (2) the 100-kilometer gross profit of PHEVs increases linearly with the electric driving distance, while the saving of energy cost per kilometer decreases with the total VDT; (3) PHEVs’ profit could be significantly improved by reducing the car-buying cost—a decrease of 10% in car-buying cost makes 80% of the PHEV deployment feasible; and (4) if switching the daytime charges to off-peak hours, 50% of the PHEV deployment will become feasible.

Co-benefits of large scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and solar PV deployment

A number of studies have found that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will have relatively small grid impacts if charged with overnight off-peak electricity. However the greatest petroleum displacement will occur if vehicles are allowed to charge during the day, maximizing all-electric range. Charging during the day also allows for a smaller, lower cost battery. Mid-day charging will add to peak electricity demands and may occur in locations where it is difficult to construct new generation and transmission capacity. Solar photovoltaics (PV) provide an option to provide mid-day peaking capacity. Mid-day charging of PHEVs also may absorb low value or even curtailed PV generation during periods of low demand. This study identifies possible co-benefits of large scale PV and PHEV deployment by simulating the Texas grid and identifying changes in peak capacity requirements and PV curtailment. A modest deployment of PV is able to avoid most of the increase in capacity requirements associated with very large PHEV penetrations. PHEVs are also able to reduce curtailment at high PV penetration, especially if charging can be controlled to improve the coincidence of consumer charging demand with normal PV generation patterns.

The impact of electric passenger transport technology under an economy-wide climate policy in the United States: Carbon dioxide emissions, coal use, and carbon dioxide capture and storage

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to be an economic means of reducing direct (or tailpipe) carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from the transportation sector. However, without a climate policy that places a limit on CO 2 emissions from the electric generation sector, the net impact of widespread deployment of PHEVs on overall U.S. CO 2 emissions is not as clear. A comprehensive analysis must consider jointly the transportation and electricity sectors, along with feedbacks to the rest of the energy system. In this paper, we use the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's MiniCAM model to perform an integrated economic analysis of the penetration of PHEVs and the resulting impact on total U.S. CO 2 emissions. In MiniCAM, the deployment of PHEVs (or any technology) is determined based on its relative economics compared to all other methods of providing fuels and energy carriers to serve passenger transportation demands. Under the assumptions used in this analysis where PHEVs obtain 50–60% of the market for passenger automobiles and light-duty trucks, the ability to deploy PHEVs under the two climate policies modelled here results in over 400 million tons (MT) CO 2 per year of additional cost-effective emissions reductions from the U.S. economy by 2050. In addition to investments in nuclear and renewables, one of the key technology options for mitigating emissions in the electric sector is CO 2 capture and storage (CCS). The additional demand for geologic CO 2 storage created by the introduction of the PHEVs is relatively modest: approximately equal to the cumulative geologic CO 2 storage demanded by two to three large 1000 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power plants using CCS over a 50-year period. The introduction of PHEVs into the U.S. transportation sector, coupled with climate policies such as those examined here, could also reduce U.S. demand for oil by 20–30% by 2050 compared to today's levels.

The impact of electric passenger transport technology on the demand for coal-fired power with CCS under a climate policy

Abstract Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to be an economic means of reducing direct (or tailpipe) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from the transportation sector. However, without a climate policy that places a limit on CO 2 emissions from the electric generation sector, the net impact of widespread deployment of PHEVs on overall US CO 2 emissions is not as clear. A comprehensive analysis must consider jointly the transportation and electricity sectors, along with feedbacks to the rest of the energy system. In this paper, we use the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory MiniCAM model to perform an integrated economic analysis of the penetration of PHEVs and the resulting impact on total US CO 2 emissions. Under the assumptions used in this analysis where PHEVs obtain 50–60% of the market for passenger and light-duty trucks, the ability to deploy PHEVs under the two climate policies modeled here results in 6000–7300 Mt CO 2 of additional cost -effective emissions reductions from the US economy over the period 2005–2050. The additional demand for geologic CO 2 storage created by the introduction of the PHEVs is approximately equal to the cumulative geologic CO 2 storage demanded by two to three large 1000 MW IGCC+CCS power plants over a 50 -year period. The introduction of PHEVs into the US transportation sector, coupled with climate policies such as those examined here, can also reduce US demand for oil by 20–30% by 2050 compared to today’s levels.

Emissions Impacts and Benefits of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-Grid Services

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been promoted as a potential technology to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants by using electricity instead of petroleum, and byimproving electric system efficiency by providing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. We use an electric power system model to explicitly evaluate the change in generator dispatches resulting from PHEV deployment in the Texas grid, and apply fixed and non-parametric estimates of generator emissions rates, to estimate the resulting changes in generation emissions. We find that by using the flexibility of when vehicles may be charged, generator efficiency can be increased substantially. By changing generator dispatch, a PHEVfleet of up to 15% of light-duty vehicles can actually decrease net generator NOx emissions during the ozone season, despite the additional charging load. By adding V2G services, such as spinning reserves and energy storage, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions can be reduced even further.