Deployment Of Forces Research Articles

Determinants of the Root Causes and Success Factors for the East African Community Regional Force Intervention in Managing Intractable Intrastate Conflicts in the DRC

Globally, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has had one of the most intractable conflicts. Several attempts, ranging from global, continental, and regional levels, have been made to address these conflicts with little success. The deployment of the East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) in 2022, a period characterized by the emergence and intensification of the March 23 Movement (M23) — a rebel group that seeks to advance the interests of the Congolese Tutsi ethnic group within the DRC military and political system — was envisaged to change the fortunes regarding the conflicts in the DRC. This was because it would be the first localized attempt at intervention. However, since the intervention of the East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) in the DRC, there seems to have been little progress regarding the management of intractable conflicts. This paper sought to investigate the determinants of the success of the EACRF intervention in the management of the DRC’s intractable intra-state conflict. The study is underpinned by the interpretivism research philosophy, and the paper was anchored on Conflict Transformation Theory to sustain the study variables. The researcher adopted two research designs — descriptive survey and historical longitudinal research designs — to ensure valid research results. The target population was 297, from which a sample of 177 was derived, including EACRF ground personnel, military attachés, members of the local community, leaders of rebel groups, and refugees, who were sampled using census, simple random, snowballing, and purposive sampling techniques. The study findings established that EACRF's success was inhibited by a number of factors: 91 (60.66%) respondents acknowledged that institutional weaknesses in East African Community (EAC) states contribute to prolonged conflicts in the DRC. Additionally, 43 (28.66%) respondents stated that regional security competition, namely power rivalry, affects the management of the DRC conflict. Furthermore, 8 (5.33%) respondents cited the informal economy, and 8 (5.33%) respondents mentioned trans-border social networks as additional factors contributing to the complexity of internal conflict in the DRC. The paper concludes that the EACRF has had limited success due to several factors, thereby inhibiting its management of intractable intra-state conflicts in the DRC. The paper recommended that the EAC strategically focus on region-centric intervention in New Warfare in eastern DRC, especially in the Republics of Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, given that rebel groups originating from these nations frequently operate in the Eastern Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Strengthening good governance in these states, including the DRC, is necessary to quell ethnic unrest that fuels internal and regional conflicts within the EAC.

Blurring the Boundaries of Governance: China’s Work Teams in Comparative Perspective

A notable feature of Chinese Communist rule, from revolutionary days on, has been the blurred boundaries of its governance mechanisms. The lines separating formal from informal, legal from illegal, and state from societal have – at least until quite recently – proven exceptionally permeable. This paper focuses on an especially fluid and flexible means of Chinese Communist governance: the deployment of mobile task forces, or “work teams,” for both routine and crisis policy implementation. Directed by higher-levels of the party-state to advance a specific mission at the grassroots, work teams mobilize society in a manner that reflects the continuing influence of China’s revolutionary experience. The paper assesses the contributions and costs of this “campaign-style” of governance in comparison to the practices of other Communist and non-Communist systems, past and present.

ABU AL-ʿABBĀS B. TAYMIYYAH’S SOCIETAL SECURITY PARADIGM: A PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLORATION IN ISLAMIC POLITICAL HERITAGE

This research endeavors to scrutinize the hypothesis positing the existence of a well-defined theoretical model embedded within the Islamic political heritage, specifically aimed at safeguarding societal identity, commonly denoted as "social security" in contemporary discourse. The focus of this investigation centers on assessing the contributions of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, a pivotal figure in Islamic heritage. His era was marked by various internal and external challenges confronting the Muslim community, prompting him to respond actively through scholarly works, issuance of fatwas, and strategic measures to counter these threats. In an innovative methodological approach, the researchers have employed the "societal security" theory articulated by Bouzan, Waever, and De Wilde as a framework to elucidate the Taymiyyan model. This involved extrapolating, identifying, and analyzing the relevant texts authored by the Imam pertaining to the subject under scrutiny. The study's outcome presents a theoretically sound model derived from the principles and teachings of Islamic Sharia, in accordance with the perspective of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah. At its core, this model entails the provision of guidance through legal rulings and fatwas to safeguard the five necessities in Islam, namely Religion, life, Regeneration, intellect, and wealth, with a particular emphasis on the communal level. The defence of these communal necessities begins with the promotion of virtuous deeds and the discouragement of wrongdoing within society, employing mechanisms such as the "Hisbah apparatus". Ultimately, the preservation of the Muslim community's identity from potential disintegration or compromise in the face of encroaching civilizations or ideologies may necessitate resorting to the deployment of political and military force to repel aggressors.

UN Peacekeeping Forces and Peace Negotiations in Africa

Abstract The aim of this article is to identify the factors underlying the success of peace negotiations in Africa, with particular emphasis on the role of UN peacekeepers. We analyze African Peace Processes (APP) data over the period 1989–2019 using the binary logistic model. Our results show that the deployment of UN peacekeepers is associated with the success of mediation efforts, both in intra-state and non-state conflicts. On the other hand, the presence of peacekeepers is detrimental to the success of bilateral negotiations. These results thus highlight that the ambiguity surrounding the effectiveness of UN forces in the peaceful management of conflicts depends on the presence or absence of a mediator. Consequently, political decision-makers should combine the deployment of peacekeeping forces with mediation initiatives to achieve peaceful conflict management. On the other hand, this should not be envisaged within the framework of bilateral negotiations, at the risk of producing opposite effects.

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Multipronged Approach to the Repression of Kurds

Since the establishment of the modern Iranian nation-state in 1923, successive regimes and governments of Iran have pursued an intricate policy of suppressing and persecuting its Kurdish people, presenting a significant threat to the Kurdish national identity, culture, and society. The successive Iranian regimes have, along with military means, employed the state’s cultural, educational, religious, and economic institutions to accomplish their goals of assimilating and conquering the Kurds. An examination of Kurdish history and politics in Iran reveals that while the international community has some knowledge of the Iranian state’s extensive deployment of military force and explicit militarization of Iranian Kurdistan (Rojhelat/East Kurdistan), the broader psychological and nonmilitary (soft power) practices employed to suppress the Kurdish movement, identity, and culture are lesser known to the outside world. By focusing on mass media and policies of “divide-and-rule” as measures and mechanisms used by the Iranian state to subdue its Kurdish citizens, this article aims to provide an analysis of the post-1979 state-Kurdish relationships in Iran.

Модель специфічних факторів виробництво: загальна концепція і часткові наслідки

The specific factor model is interesting for its partial consequences in crisis economies. The distribution of factors according to the levels of inter-branch and international mobility allows us to assess the extent to which the movement of homogeneous factors can replace the lack of specific ones in a separate field. Modeling the distribution of specific and homogeneous factors will allow to optimize the structure of export industries and to determine how the change in the global situation will affect the level of real wages in the industries and the cost of their capital. This will improve the planning of budgets at different levels and the deployment of productive forces. The purpose of the article is to study the possibility of applying the specific factor model to optimize Ukraine’s international trade and develop its export potential. The main research methods were theoretical generalization, economic-statistical analysis, graphic-analytical method. The information base of the research was Heckscher-Ohlin theory, factor price equalization theorem, the theory of specific factor, Jones magnification effect and a wide statistical database of Ukraine’s exports. To achieve the set goal, the following tasks were completed: an analysis of the structure of Ukraine’s export industries and individual products was carried out; the most appropriate pair of industries (goods) for modeling the distribution of specific factors was identified; formalized the basic concept of the classical specific factor model, taking into account the export structure of Ukraine; the partial effects of the distribution of specific factors between export industries and/or individual groups of goods are described; tools for the application of the specific factor model and its partial consequences in the process of post-war economic recovery of Ukraine were formed. The structure of Ukraine’s exports changed greatly in 2000–2021. Until 2012, the main export income was provided by metallurgy (31,15 % on average), and by 2021 its share fell to 18,31 %. Instead, the share of agricultural exports increased from 12,2 % to 36,35 %. The share of exports of the chemical industry decreased from 9,53 % to 4,5 %, exports of mechanical engineering and electronics almost completely disappeared. There were also significant changes in the structure of export of services: the IT sector took first place (14,19 %), the export of transport services decreased from 15,41 % to 5,38 %, and the tourism industry, after the peak of development in 2004–2013 (6,02 % of exports an average), was practically destroyed by the war and the epidemic of COVID-19 (0,53 % of exports in 2020). The use of the specific factor model in the conditions of the post-war development of Ukraine will allow to optimize the distribution of scarce resources between industries. At the same time, the criteria of export potential should be taken into account: 1) statistically significant indicators of the growth of physical and monetary volumes of exports; 2) the existence of a correlation between price indicators of the domestic and world markets and changes in demand indicators; 3) the possibility of quick involvement of additional factors in the event of increase in demand on the world market; 4) the existence of a relationship between the prices of export goods and the cost of factors; 5) comparison of growth rates of real wages and interest rates in export industries with average growth rates of commodity prices; 6) relatively low elasticity of demand in foreign markets compared to domestic. It is quite possible that we will have to temporarily abandon the export development of certain industries. In the future, it will be necessary to develop specific tools for the application of this model in practice, namely: 1) to carry out an audit of existing production factors; identify those of them that can be transformed from specific to universal by liquidating individual capital assets and retraining engineering and technical personnel; 2) identify the most promising industries and groups of goods within them, where it will be appropriate to direct scarce resources; 3) to build correlation dependences of changes in price levels and production volumes of selected industries and changes in real factor prices; 4) calculate changes in macroeconomic indicators that will occur as a result of using the tools of the specific factor model.

Breaking the Strategic Glass: The Carter Administration and Oman, 1977–1980

Abstract When Jimmy Carter became the U.S. president in January 1977, the United States and Oman did not have any formal security arrangements, apart from occasional landings of U.S. military aircraft on Oman's Masirah Island. Although Oman's leader, Sultan Qaboos bin Said, hoped to establish closer security ties with the United States, the Carter administration chose to continue President Richard Nixon's policy of relying on the “twin pillars” of Iran and Saudi Arabia to reinforce Western security in the Persian/Arabian Gulf region. Oman remained mostly a strategic afterthought until a series of crises unfolded in the greater Middle East: a Communist coup in Afghanistan in April 1978, the fall of the Shah of Iran in January 1979, and a war between Marxist South Yemen and North Yemen shortly thereafter. In November 1979, Iranian terrorists backed by the Islamic regime stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and seized dozens of hostages. This was followed a month later by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. With the fall of the Shah and the collapse of the “twin pillars” policy, the Carter administration began a sustained effort to create a Rapid Deployment Force for the Middle East and to gain access to Oman's strategic military facilities. After several months of arduous negotiations, Carter and his team were able to conclude a Facilities Access Agreement with Oman in June 1980, a transformative process that gave Washington the ability to insert U.S. military personnel into the Gulf and Indian Ocean on a contingency basis. The Carter administration's effort stands as a significant achievement, converting Oman into the most reliable U.S. ally in the Gulf region in the 1980s.

THE ROLE OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES (TNI) IN ADDRESSING TERRORISM AS AN EFFORT TO SAFEGUARD THE SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRITY OF THE UNITARY STATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Acts of terrorism carried out systematically and massively create an atmosphere of widespread terror for citizens, effectively and efficiently, that the involvement of the TNI in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism, which is part of acts of terrorism, is not in the realm of law enforcement. Therefore, it is interesting to examine the position of the Indonesian National Army in the National Defense System of the Republic of Indonesia and the role of the Indonesian National Army in dealing with acts of terrorism as an effort to maintain the sovereignty and integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. To answer these problems, normative legal research methods (normative juridical) are used with a statutory approach, case approach, conceptual approach, using secondary data obtained from primary, secondary and tertiary legal material sources. The research found that the position of the Indonesian National Army in the National Defense System of the Republic of Indonesia and the Role of the Indonesian National Army in Handling Acts of Terrorism as an Effort to Maintain Sovereignty is regulated in Article 30 Paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, apart from that in Paragraph (2) and Paragraph (3) This is confirmed in Article 3 and Article 4 of Law 34/2004 or the TNI Law, which states that in the deployment and use of military force, the TNI is subordinate to the President. Then the role of the Indonesian National Army in handling acts of terrorism as an effort to maintain the sovereignty and integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as intended in Article 5 jo. Article 7 Paragraph (2) letter b number 3 which relates to the main tasks of the TNI in military operations other than war gives the TNI the authority to deal with acts of terrorism, based on state policies and political decisions. The position of the TNI in the state administration system is the main component of the state defense system to protect sovereignty, territorial integrity and the safety of the nation. To provide legal certainty and justice, it needs to be strictly regulated in ministerial regulations and/or Commander-in-Chief regulations regarding the role and duties of the TNI in dealing with acts of terrorism.

Serbia’s hybrid warfare: consequences for neighboring countries

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to analyze the consequences of Serbia’s hybrid warfare; Countries exposed to its hybrid warfare; The means and methods used by Serbia; The mechanisms subjects use to defend themselves; Factors and circumstances contributing to the success or failure of Serbia’s hybrid activities; The political, territorial, security, and economic consequences of hybrid warfare; The Future of Serbia’s hybrid warfare; And the future of relations and cooperation between Serbia and Russia. Hybrid warfare can be waged using conventional and unconventional warfare measures. Serbia is waging hybrid warfare in the 21st century, primarily with unconventional measures against Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, violating the sovereignty of these states, including Montenegro and North Macedonia. Serbia’s engagement in hybrid warfare is characterized by a combination of diplomatic maneuvers, propaganda campaigns, the deployment of irregular military forces near the Kosovo border, covert local criminal formations, and the use of military threats, primarily directed against Kosovo.

An Iterative Determination Method of an Axial Deployment Force of a Lanyard-Deployed Coilable Mast in Local Coil Mode

The axial deployment force is an indispensable parameter of a lanyard-deployed coilable mast, which reflects its load capacity in practical applications. However, research on the axial deployment force in the literature is very limited, and there are no mature numerical methods to determine this parameter in the design stage of coilable masts. In this paper, a numerical method for determining the axial deployment force of a lanyard-deployed coilable mast in the local coil mode is presented. Through this method, the designer can quickly obtain the estimated value of the axial deployment force in the design stage, which is convenient for the quantitative design of parameters. To verify the correctness of the proposed method, a dynamic simulation of the coilable mast is carried out, and a microgravity test is performed. The comparison results show that the error between the numerical method and the simulation and experimental results is less than 5%, which proves the correctness of the proposed method. In addition, the coilable mast studied in this paper has been verified by an actual microsatellite deployment in orbit.

Ensuring Nuclear Safety in Ukraine in Conditions of War

The ongoing war in Ukraine has significantly raised concerns about the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), especially in the context of the Zaporizhzhia NPP. This precarious situation has revealed substantial weaknesses in the existing global nuclear safety framework, emphasizing the need for sweeping reforms in international law. While the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has played a commendable role in advocating for nuclear safety through various resolutions, missions, and safety principles, the effectiveness of these efforts is compromised by Russia’s non-compliance and its ability to exercise veto power in the UN Security Council. Confronting these challenges requires a diverse and comprehensive approach from the international community. This includes revising international legal structures, conducting in-depth studies on nuclear safety in conflict zones, and considering diplomatic initiatives like establishing safety zones around nuclear facilities. Another possible strategy is the deployment of peacekeeping forces, though geopolitical factors currently limit its viability. Resolving the nuclear safety concerns intensified by the Russia-Ukrainian war demands robust legal and political actions, coupled with innovative solutions and global cooperation. Immediate and focused attention is crucial to avert any further escalation that risks a nuclear incident, posing dire threats not only to Ukraine but to the entire international community.

China's Response To Indonesia's Policies In The North Natuna Sea

Problems: The North Natuna Sea has emerged as a point of contention between China and Indonesia. This research delves into the ambiguity and potential conflict within China's response to Indonesia's actions in the region. Purpose: This research aims to examine China's response to Indonesia's North Natuna Sea policies. And also Investigate Indonesia's policy regarding North Natuna Sea map issuance. Methodology: Qualitative research methods are employed, primarily involving an extensive review of existing literature. The analysis relies on a descriptive approach, drawing from foreign policy theory and geopolitical theory. Results/Findings: Indonesia's bold move in 2017, Indonesia officially inaugurated the North Natuna Sea Map. Objectives were clear, demarcate territorial boundaries, maximize resource utilization, and advance maritime ambitions. There is China's Ambiguous Response that took three forms. Coercive Response, China asserted dominance via the controversial Nine Dash Line and military force deployment within Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the North Natuna Sea. Persuasive Response, Diplomatically, China argued for South China Sea sovereignty, including the Nansha Islands and their waters. President Xi Jinping advocated mutual respect among neighboring countries. Dialogic Response, China engaged in diplomatic dialogues through forums like ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) and ASEAN-China Political Consultative Mechanism (PCM) to reduce regional tensions, seeking mutual agreements.Bottom of Form Paper Type: Geopolitical Issue Keywords: North Natuna Sea, UNLCOS, ZEE

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ РОЗТАШУВАННЯ РАЙОНІВ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЯЙЦЯМИ ГЯНДЖІНСЬКО-ДАШКАСАНСЬКОГО ТА КАЗАХСКО-ТОВУЗСЬКОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ РАЙОНІВ

The purpose of the article. Most of the products of the main demand among livestock products are perishable products. Along with the requirements attributed to the quality of this category of products, the requirements for their storage distinguish them from other products. This feature is due to the need to maintain the required temperature regime throughout the entire period of existence of perishable products, from the moment of their manufacture to the moment of consumption. Thus, the quality of the transported product is ensured, on which the safety of the population directly depends. Thus, the process of transporting perishable products is considered actual in its essence. This makes it necessary to investigate, analyze and solve existing problems in the specified area. This article is devoted to the problem of transportation of eggs to the supply points of livestock products produced in farms. The methodology and methods used are the theoretical and methodological basis of the research, the works of local and foreign scientists dedicated to the deployment of production forces, the transport provision of cargo transportation, as well as the operation of the collector transport system, scientific literature on statistics, probability, graphs and management theories, economic mathematical modeling. The main scientific innovation put forward is the development of the methodology, mathematical model of the optimal location of supply and reception points in the territory according to the minimum cost of transportation and the maximum profit, and the determination of optimal centers. The result of the research is the determination of the optimal location centers by establishing a mathematical model of the supply points of the eggs belonging to livestock products in Ganja-Dashkasan and Gazakh-Tovuz economic regions. Based on the software developed in the MathCAD computer optimization system, it is possible to determine the coordinates of the optimal location centers of the supply points, which are considered relevant as a large-scale problem in a short period of time. The high accuracy and authenticity of the obtained results indicate the possibility and significance of the wide application of the developed methodology in agriculture.

Cross-institutional provision of medical care to social emergency casualties

Introduction. Current advances in war-waging strategies have imposed new demands on public medical care and civil defense forces amid social emergency settings. Elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies compels to explore new horizons in order to develop advanced approaches and strategies of medical care provided to victims at all stages of medical evacuation among affected population, emergency rescue personnel of various departmental affiliations, including military personnel of military rescue formations.The objective is to share the experience of cross-departmental medical forces providing medical care to victims amid disrupted and non-functional healthcare services due to biological and social emergency of regional scale.Results and analysis. The paper describes experience of medical aid efforts in the newly incorporated regions of Russia, suggesting a cross-institutional strategy of dedicated medical care provision to the population and military rescue personnel amid social emergency settings.Conclusion. Deployment of cross-institutional medical forces allows to reinforce the capacities of regular medical organizations in emergency areas, whereas advanced diagnostic, treatment and medical evacuation technologies allow to stabilize the condition of victims to carry out evacuation “as intended” within most optimal timeframes.

Analisis Yuridis Terkait Peran Tni Sebagai Pertahanan Keamanan Dan Bela Negara Dalam Menghadapi Kejahatan Siber

This journal writing discusses the role of the TNI as a security defense and national defense in dealing with cyber crime in the digital era. This research aims to understand and analyze juridical analysis regarding the role of the TNI as a security defense and state defense in dealing with cyber crime. In writing this journal, we used a library approach research method which took as its basis the legislation in force in Indonesia and used a descriptive analysis method, namely by analyzing existing problems and the role of the Indonesian National Army as a security defense and state defense. The role of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) as a security defense and state defense in the face of cyber crime is emphasized in Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army in chapter VI concerning the deployment and use of TNI forces. The TNI as a component of defense and security and state defense is correct in implementing existing regulations in Indonesia. However, the existence of cyber crimes that occurred in Indonesia has become an evaluation material to further improve military strategy in this case so that this conflict can be resolved quickly.

『雪窖酬唱集』에 수록된 曺漢英의 시 연구

This paper was attempted to examine the poetry of Cho Han-young found in the collection Seolgyosuchangjip. In 1639, after the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), the Qing Dynasty requested the deployment of naval forces(水軍) from Joseon for their war against the Ming Dynasty. In response, Kim Sang-heon(金尙憲), Cho Han-young, and Chae Ihang(蔡以恒) submitted a petition opposing the dispatch of naval forces. As a result, the Qing Dynasty summoned these three men to Shenyang(瀋陽). During their confinement in Shenyang's prison, Cho Han-young and Kim Sang- heon spent their time composing poetry, the poems exchanged between them are compiled in the collection Seolgyosuchangjip. In this paper, Cho Han-young's poetry included in this book was divided into two aspects.
 The first aspect is the portrayal of deep sorrow and lamentation in the foreign land. Cho Han-young employed a technique of contrasting the present with the past to reveal his discontent with life in confinement and his yearning for freedom. Through the metaphor of a bird, he lamented his own situation, and he frequently expressed nostalgia using the theme of dreams. Additionally, he incorporated regret and heartbreak into playful poetic expressions. These works indicate that Cho Han-young's eyes were often directed towards the south.
 The second aspect is an expression of the anti-Qing consciousness. Cho Han-young depicted Shenyang and its surroundings as a dark and unstable space, and used negative expressions and a strong tone to reveal his resentment towards the Qing Dynasty. He also blamed himself for failing to become a warrior and revealed his great will to play an active part in the battlefield. Meanwhile, He also revealed a sense of anti-Qing consciousness through retrospection on historical figures. He recalled individuals who achieved victory in wars, those who punished the barbarians, and those who harbored a spirit of revenge. He also recited his desire for these characters to appear in the reality of Joseon. Works that manifest anti-Qing consciousness indicate that his eyes were oriented towards the north, including Shenyang.
 Jo Han-young's poetry is significant in that it shows the conscious orientation of an anti-Qing writer who had to live in detention in Shenyang after the Manchu War of 1636.

Mengusung Politik Damai Abdurrahman Wahid dalam Mengatasi Eskalasi Konflik Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata dengan Tentara Nasional Indonesia di Papua

This paper intends to reflect philosophically as well as to promote the need for a peaceful politics in resolving the conflict of the Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua. This elaboration is reviewed based on Wahid's words and political legacy. The methodology used is the analysis of the text through critical reading that listens to the understanding and concept of peaceful politics according to the spark of Wahid's thought. The author assumes that the prolonged conflict that occurs in Papua, namely the conflict stirred up by the KKB, is one of the biggest threats to the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian government's decision to upgrade the KKB's status as a terrorist group presupposes the deployment of security forces to hunt down KKB members. However, this has not been the right solution, because in fact the conflict continues to this day. Therefore, the government needs to promote appropriate and relevant solutions so that the disintegration of the nation does not occur. The author finds that humanism and Wahid's ideas about the politics of peace that adhere to the principles of equality and liberation can stem various social and political problems, especially the escalation of conflict in Papua.

STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN UZBEKISTAN

The essence of this article is that the role, activities, advantages and disadvantages of free economic zones in Uzbekistan today, the changes of free economic zones over the years, the emergence of an understanding of strategic activities and free economy, and free economic zones, which are considered the main factor for the socio-economic development of the country. zones, their attractiveness and evaluation criteria, as well as theoretical bases of their necessity are emphasized. This, in turn, requires the deployment and development of production forces in each region based on its mineral and resource wealth. Especially small business and private entrepreneurship, increase and strengthening of export potential, regional economy stability and the current situation in our country are highlighted.

CLASSIFICATION OF CREWLESS UNDERWATER VEHICLES FEATURES IN THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The article discusses the tactical and technical characteristics of crewless underwater vehicles in leading countries of the world, as well as their application not only as scientific research and auxiliary vehicles, but also as military underwater vehicles. The history of creating crewless underwater vehicles and their military implementation experience is also overviewed. Suggestions are provided for the classification of crewless underwater vehicles and the main terms and definitions in the area are proposed.
 The aim of the article is to propose a unified approach to the classification of underwater vehicles, based on the analysis of the capabilities of crewless underwater vehicles, from the perspective of system analysis and a comprehensive approach, taking into account NATO standards.
 During the application of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus, a new tactic is employed for the destruction of protected objects, taking into account the combat characteristics of these means. The tactical use of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus may involve delivering fire strikes to the enemy, setting and destroying mines (mine obstacles), revealing the situation in areas of force deployment (in bases, maneuvering bases), parking places for ships (boats, vessels), and approaches to them; placement of navigation and hydrographic equipment.
 The main directions in the development of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus for the needs of the Ukrainian Navy in the short and medium term include the development of conceptual approaches and corresponding program documents for equipping the Ukrainian Navy with such technology, studying commercially available samples similar in purpose, and creating basic models of new military-purpose Autonomous Underwater Vehicles. The proposals for the classification of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus presented in the article are one of the first steps towards implementing the above.

State of the art of passenger redirection during incidents in public transport systems, considering capacity constraints

This paper gives a comprehensive insight into the investigations done in passenger redirection during incidents in public transport systems. In public transport operations, incidents such as traffic accidents, deployment of emergency forces, or technical failures happen every day and disrupt the service. Most of the investigations done in the field of incident management focus on the readjustment of the supply towards the incident situation and are therefore referred to as supply-centric part of incident management. However, especially in recent years, more and more investigations have also been done on the passenger-centric part of incident management. These rather focus on the effects of incidents on passengers or even include them in the solution of the incident situation, either by informing them adequately about the given situation (passive redirection) or by providing them with concrete path advice (active redirection). The results show that adequate passenger information during incidents can reduce the average delay of affected passengers and support the recovery of the public transport system. This improves the reliability of a public transport system and boosts its attractiveness.