Internet Of Things Deployments Research Articles

Internet of things for perishable inventory management systems: an application and managerial insights for micro, small and medium enterprises.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) operating in the food retailing sector encounter two main concerns with respect to their perishable inventory management system, i.e., the product’s shelf life and investment in warehouse monitoring systems. New technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), automated inventory control platforms, and automatic storage and retrieval systems offer effective solutions to these issues. However, MSMEs are reluctant to adopt these technologies due to their prior perception of higher implementation costs and the expected benefits. The present study aims to optimize IoT implementation in MSMEs’ inventory management systems and to provide tangible proof of its feasibility and usefulness. In so doing, we propose a mathematical model and analyze the impact of IoT through two case studies. The model provides a cost–benefit analysis of IoT investments that aim to increase products’ shelf life. We adopted the fractional program method, solved by particle swarm optimization on MATLAB software. The findings demonstrate the positive correlation between adopting IoT and reduced inventory costs supporting IoT deployment for improved perishability performance in MSMEs. The study offers several insights and practical guidelines in considering IoT deployment in MSMEs.

Enabling 5G and IoT

The internet of things (IoT) is the notion of all devices and products being connected to the internet rather than only computers and mobile devices, as has been the case until the recent past. The IoT is already booming, and its adoption will only accelerate in coming years. At the same time, the world continues to go wireless. Wired internet and telephone connections are becoming rarer with each passing year, and consumers expect and demand wireless communications more and more. One critical enabling technology for the IoT is wireless communications: IP-cameras, printers, kitchen appliances, and more deliver greater flexibility in their design when they do not need a wired connection to access the internet. In this paper, a flexible spectrum management framework to enable greater innovation, investment, and flexibility in IoT products, as well as the necessary architecture that will enable a wider deployment of IoT is proposed. An illustration and analogy from the success of the unlicensed bands used for Wi-Fi technology, and the accompanying supporting organizations that enable Wi-Fi's success are drawn.

Security and Privacy Aware Communication in Body Area Networks Using Blockchain Technology

With the adoption of assorted gadgets and technology loaded devices, there is need to work on security and privacy while using such platforms. Now, the focus of concern has turned to the overwhelming secrecy, the high performance security, and integrity of the transactions in the cyber space. In relation to a chain of records which is interlinked and highly encrypted due to the involving hashing and encryption each process, it is known as a blockchain. The blockchain removes the possibility of a fraudulent or accidental tampering with the framework. Blockchain has the ability to store sensor data, as well as the capacity to thwart data falsification. IoT deployment plans are usually complex, and the distributed ledger is particularly well-suited for Internet of Things (IoT) discovery, authentication, and recording of information. Wireless body networks are set to be published here on the use trends of Blockchain deployment using advanced scripting and embedded technology the included incorporation of effectual effects gives the final results as well as opposed to the conventional cryptography approach to security.

Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Spectrum Sharing in CR Green IoT Networks

Internet-of-Things (IoT) aims to connect intelligent things to the Internet, enable thing-to-everything communication, and sustainability sensing and control. However, the exponential increase of connected IoT devices is resulting in tremendous demand on the limited spectrum. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is envisioned to be one of the main enabling technology for efficient IoT deployment. CR offers huge spectrum opportunities for sustainable green IoT devices by opportunistically utilizing the idle licensed bands. Since most green IoT devices are expected to be sensor nodes with limited energy sources, efficient communication protocols for CR-based IoT sensor networks are needed. This paper proposes an efficient cross-layer design consisting of joint optimization of the modulation order as a physical-layer parameter and the backoff probability as a MAC-layer parameter with the objective of minimizing the energy consumption in the CR-based green IoT networks subject to IoT delay guarantees, licensed primary radio (PR) channel availability and PR user activities. Simulation results reveal that the proposed cross-layer design has significantly reduced energy consumption while achieving the delay requirements in the network compared to the physical-layer-only and MAC-layer-only adaptation schemes.

A Comprehensive Review of the Internet of Things Security

Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the most contentious research subject. However, IoT still suffers from many security problems, and the security concerns are overgrowing with substantial IoT deployment. IoT will remain in danger unless understanding and addressing the security challenges. For this reason, this paper implements a full view of the IoT architecture and describes the characteristics and functionality of each layer. For a deeper understanding of IoT security challenges, we focus on identifying security requirements, and vulnerabilities in each IoT layer. Also, we discuss and classified the different security attacks in IoT.

Design of Deep Learning Algorithm for IoT Application by Image based Recognition

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem comprised of multiple devices and connections, a large number of users, and a massive amount of data. Deep learning is especially suited for these scenarios due to its appropriateness for "big data" difficulties and future concerns. Nonetheless, guaranteeing security and privacy has emerged as a critical challenge for IoT administration. In many recent cases, deep learning algorithms have proven to be increasingly efficient in performing security assessments for IoT devices without resorting to handcrafted rules. This research work integrates principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction with superior performance. Besides, the primary objective of this research work is to gather a comprehensive survey data on the types of IoT deployments, along with security and privacy challenges with good recognition rate. The deep learning method is performed through PCA feature extraction for improving the accuracy of the process. Our other primary goal in this study paper is to achieve a high recognition rate for IoT based image recognition. The CNN approach was trained and evaluated on the IoT image dataset for performance evaluation using multiple methodologies. The initial step would be to investigate the application of deep learning for IoT image acquisition. Additionally, when it comes to IoT image registering, the usefulness of the deep learning method has been evaluated for increasing the appropriateness of image recognition with good testing accuracy. The research discoveries on the application of deep learning in the Internet of Things (IoT) system are summarized in an image-based identification method that introduces a variety of appropriate criteria.

Security of IoT in 5G Cellular Networks: A Review of Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a global network that integrates real life physical objects with the virtual world through the Internet for making intelligent decisions. In a pervasive computing environment, thousands of smart devices, that are constrained in storage, battery backup and computational capability, are connected with each other. In such an environment, cellular networks that are evolving from 4G to 5G, are set to play a crucial role. Distinctive features like high bandwidth, wider coverage, easy connectivity, in - built billing mechanism, interface for M2M communication, etc., makes 5G cellular network a perfect candidate to be adopted as a backbone network for the future IoT. However, due to resource constrained nature of the IoT devices, researchers have anticipated several security and privacy issues in IoT deployments over 5G cellular network. Off late, several schemes and protocols have been proposed to handle these issues. This paper performs a comprehensive review of such schemes and protocols proposed in recent times. Different open security issues, challenges and future research direction are also summarized in this review paper.

Help from space: grant-free massive access for satellite-based IoT in the 6G era

The Sixth-Generation (6G) standard for wireless communications is expected to realize ubiquitous coverage for massive Internet of Things (IoT) networks by 2030. Satellite-based communications are recognized as a highly promising technical enabler to satisfy IoT service requirements in the 6G era. This study analyzes multiple access technologies, which are essential for the effective deployment of satellite-based IoT. First, we thoroughly investigate the existing research related to massive access, including information-theory considerations as well as Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Random Access (RA) technologies.Then, we explore the influence of the satellite transmission environment on multiple access technologies. Based on this study, a Non-orthogonal Massive Grant-Free Access (NoMaGFA) scheme, which reaps the joint benefits of RA and NOMA, is proposed for asynchronous transmissions in satellite-based IoT to achieve improved system throughput and enhance the system robustness under varying traffics. Finally, we identify some important and interesting future developments for satellite-based IoT, including waveform design, transceiver design, resource allocation, and artificial intelligence-enhanced design.

A survey on energy efficient routing techniques in WSNs focusing IoT applications and enhancing fog computing paradigm

Standardization and technological advancements have contributed in the development of the IoT. The accessibility of ease IoT gadgets has likewise assumed a key job in facilitating IoT research, improvement, and deployment. IoT is worldview network that permits the virtual existence of physical objects throughout our life. The Internet of Things (IoT) is based on the idea of installing embedded devices in everyday objects. In the mean time, because of the low cost and high accessibility of sensor devices, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have an extraordinary job in overspreading of IoT. To be clear, the function of such systems is completely unpredictable in terms of node heterogeneity and node failure. Continuous advancements in IoT systems have resulted in several of the new protocols designed specifically for sensor networks where energy saving is such a top priority. The routing protocols, on the other hand, have earned the most attention because they might change based on the application and network design. This study examines the most recent routing protocols for sensor networks and developing action plans for the various approaches pursued. One of the potential drawbacks in the IoT is the energy requirement. Furthermore, several directions to extend the network's life expectancy have attracted in an expanding level of attention. Recently, a number of a achievements have emerged. Designing routing protocols is one of the most encouraging of these mechanisms, as demonstrated by the significant amount of energy required for information transmission. This paper begins with a detailed description of the foundation and its associated works. In addition, this study introduces a new routing protocol to increase the energy efficiency of sensor devices in the Internet of Things.

Entitlement-Based Access Control for Smart Cities Using Blockchain.

Smart cities use the Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and analyze data to improve infrastructure, public utilities, and services. However, the true potential of smart cities cannot be leveraged without addressing many security concerns. In particular, there is a significant challenge for provisioning a reliable access control solution to share IoT data among various users across organizations. We present a novel entitlement-based blockchain-enabled access control architecture that can be used for smart cities (and for any ap-plication domains that require large-scale IoT deployments). Our proposed entitlement-based access control model is flexible as it facilitates a resource owner to safely delegate access rights to any entities beyond the trust boundary of an organization. The detailed design and implementation on Ethereum blockchain along with a qualitative evaluation of the security and access control aspects of the proposed scheme are presented in the paper. The experimental results from private Ethereum test networks demonstrate that our proposal can be easily implemented with low latency. This validates that our proposal is applicable to use in the real world IoT environments.

A Study on the Impact of Nodes Density on the Energy Consumption of LoRa

LoRaWAN is one of the leading Low power wide area network (LPWAN) LPWAN technologies that compete for the formation of big scale Internet of Things (IoT). It uses LoRa protocol to achieve long range, low bit rate and low power communication. Large scale LoRaWAN based IoT deployments can consist of battery powered sensor nodes. Therefore, the energy consumption and efficiency of these nodes are crucial factors that can influence the lifetime of the network. However, there is no coherent experimental based research which identifies the factors that influence the LoRa energy efficiency at various nodes density. In this paper, results on measuring the packet delivery ratio, packet loss, data rate and energy consumption ratio ECR to gauge the energy efficiency of LoRa devices at various nodes density are presented. It is shown that the ECR of LoRa is inversely proportional to the nodes density and that the ECR of the network is smaller at higher traffic indicating better network energy efficiency. It is also demonstrated that at high node density, spreading factor SF of 7 and 9 can improve the energy efficiency of the network by 5 and 3 times, respectively, compare to SF 11.

VIoLET

Internet of Things (IoT) deployments have been growing manifold, encompassing sensors, networks, edge, fog, and cloud resources. Despite the intense interest from researchers and practitioners, most do not have access to large-scale IoT testbeds for validation. Simulation environments that allow analytical modeling are a poor substitute for evaluating software platforms or application workloads in realistic computing environments. Here, we propose a virtual environment for validating Internet of Things at large scales (VIoLET), an emulator for defining and launching large-scale IoT deployments within cloud VMs. It allows users to declaratively specify container-based compute resources that match the performance of native IoT compute devices using Docker. These can be inter-connected by complex topologies on which bandwidth and latency rules are enforced. Users can configure synthetic sensors for data generation as well. We also incorporate models for CPU resource dynamism, and for failure and recovery of the underlying devices. We offer a detailed comparison of VIoLET’s compute and network performance between the virtual and physical deployments, evaluate its scaling with deployments with up to 1, 000 devices and 4, 000 device-cores, and validate its ability to model resource dynamism. Our extensive experiments show that the performance of the virtual IoT environment accurately matches the expected behavior, with deviations levels within what is seen in actual physical devices. It also scales to 1, 000s of devices and at a modest cloud computing costs of under 0.15% of the actual hardware cost, per hour of use, with minimal management effort. This IoT emulation environment fills an essential gap between IoT simulators and real deployments.

Optimal edge gateway deployment in internet of things based on simulated annealing with adaptive external penalty

Optimal edge gateway deployment in internet of things based on simulated annealing with adaptive external penalty

Challenges of IoT Deployment in the Context of Developing Countries

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is not exactly a novelty, even if it has not burst out yet with all the force that the market expected. The 5th generation of mobile telephony (5G) is rushing to deploy in the midst of a real trade war, and intends to get one’s own way on this and others fronts. This paper analyses how to overcome the challenges of an IoT deployment, which can be too complex to fulfil its promise of massification and ubiquity. This analysis is primarily intended to identify whether 5G will be the key to a current IoT deployment in all contexts, or whether it is wise to pursue other development paths first.

Modeling and improving named data networking over IEEE 802.15.4

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a promising architecture that aims to natively satisfy emerging applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, enabling NDN in real-world IoT deployments is becoming essential in order to benefit from Information Centric Networking (ICN) features. To design realistic NDN-based communication solutions for IoT, revisiting mainstream technologies such as low-power wireless standards may be the key. In this paper, we explore NDN forwarding over IEEE 802.15.4 following two steps. First, we mathematically model a broadcast-based forwarding strategy for NDN over constrained networks with the IEEE 802.15.4 technology in mind. The model estimates the number of frames transmitted and the mean round-trip time per request, under content popularity considerations. Second, based on mathematical and experimental observations of the broadcast-based forwarding at network level, we elaborate Named-Data Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (ND-CSMA), an adaptation of the Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) algorithm used in IEEE 802.15.4. Results show that adaptations such as ND-CSMA may be reasonably envisioned to improve NDN efficiency with current IoT technologies.

Optimization and digitization of wind farms using internet of things : A review

Utilizing every available technology in improving the effectiveness of sustainable energy schemes is an important tool that should be harnessed in the war against fossil fuel and other problems associated with global warming. Enhancing sustainable energy schemes is fundamental to improving the rate of global energy efficiency coupled with decreasing the share of carbon systems in the global energy mix. With the integration of modern technologies like the internet of things (IoT), machine learning, and artificial intelligence, energy systems are generally smarter, more efficient, reliable and also possess the potential to mitigate global energy problems. This paper reviews the application of IoT in wind farms and the energy sector at large. It establishes that integrating IoT into wind farms has the potential to save about 50 million to 230 million US dollars of its operation expenses, improve the current 743 GW global wind power capacity to an amount substantial to enable it supply 20% of the world's electricity by 2030 and also allow wind energy technology to hold a good share in the 100 billion objects that is expected to be connected to the internet by 2025. In addition to this, it reviews the challenges associated with the deployment of IoT in wind farms and the future of block-chain technology and green IoT in energy systems.

IoT focused VHF and UHF propagation study and comparisons

As the market for internet of things (IoT) is growing and due to Ofcom's decision to reassign parts of the very high frequency (VHF) spectrum in the UK for IoT use, a propagation study has been conducted using the newly released VHF spectrum and the currently commercially operated ultra-high frequency (UHF) spectrum, in order to compare and contrast the suitability of the VHF spectrum for IoT use. The authors conducted their study in a number of different environments (rural, suburban, urban and dense urban), with measurement equipment deployed in a manner suitable for a portable IoT use case. Results are presented in comparison to other propagation studies available in the literature and widely used propagation models such as the Hata model. Shadowing and noise are also measured and examined. It is found that current propagation models do not provide adequate predictions within the considered use case, but found it is possible to calculate log-distance based models that provide good predictions. Path-loss is found to be constantly lower at VHF than UHF, but radio frequency noise is consistently higher. The newly released spectrum is found to be suitable for IoT deployments in all the examined environments.

Software-Based Remote Network Attestation

Internet of Things (IoT) applications build upon resource-constrained, distributed devices that generate data and enable communication. For such applications to be truly trustworthy, it must be ensured that the devices are not compromised by malicious software. Remote attestation (RA), a prominent technique, exploits challenge-response protocols to detect malware on remote devices. Given the increasing scale and number of IoT deployments, recent work on RA has explored collective attestation of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">swarms</i> of devices. However state-of-the-art swarm attestation techniques require trusted hardware which makes them inapplicable to both legacy and next generation IoT deployments without trusted hardware. We present SWARNA, a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">software-based</i> swarm attestation for IoT devices. After highlighting the challenges in designing such a solution, we present two protocol variants for IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH networks. We assess their performance analytically and empirically through testbed experiments. SWARNA maintains a constant payload size whereas, it increases linearly with the network size for existing solutions requiring trusted hardware. The two protocol variants attest 30 nodes networks, in 6s and 1.5s to 8.2s, respectively, depending on the number of malicious nodes. Further, we demonstrate that attestation traffic has a negligible impact on the packet delivery ratio (0.4 percent drop) of a typical data collection application.

Wearable Technology Adoption Among Romanian Students: A Structural Model Based on TAM

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained particular attention, both from academia and from companies and industries, as a result of its characteristics and the opportunities that this technology generates for end-users and for the business environment. Thus, the creation of this network that connects the objects around us allowed optimization and improvement of activities in various fields. The adaptation and deployment of IoT in wearable smart devices has created an important market, due to the popularity, the functionality and the use of these devices in various professional and everyday activities. The purpose of this paper was to examine the adoption of wearable technology in the broader context of the development of innovations and technologies in the field of IoT. A new theoretical model based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed and tested to identifying the relations between factors influencing the attitude towards use and the intention to use of wearable devices. A survey carried out on Romanian students provided the necessary data to test the model. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), based on the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, led to the acceptance of eight out of the nine issued hypotheses, indicating that the three exogenous variables (perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment and visual attractiveness of wearable devices) have a significant positive influence (with one exception) on endogenous variables (intention to use and attitude towards the use of wearable devices).

Optimization of Ultra-Dense Wireless Powered Networks.

The internet-of-things (IoT) is expected to have a transformative impact in several different domains, including energy management in smart grids, manufacturing, transportation, smart cities and communities, smart food and farming, and healthcare. To this direction, the maintenance cost of IoT deployments has been identified as one of the main challenges, which is directly related to energy efficiency and autonomy of IoT solutions. In order to increase the energy sustainability of next-generation IoT, wireless power transfer (WPT) emerged as a promising technology; however, its effectiveness is hindered as the distance between the base station and the wireless powered IoT devices increases. To counter this effect, decentralized approaches based on the use of distributed densely deployed remote radio heads (RRHs) can be utilized to diminish the distance between the transmitting and the receiving nodes. A trade-off ensues from the use of RRHs as power beacons (PBs) or access points (APs) that enable either energy transfer during downlink or information reception during uplink, respectively. To balance this trade-off, in this work, the maximization of the ergodic rate in ultra-dense wireless powered networks is investigated. In more detail, three different protocols are introduced, optimized, and compared to each other: density splitting, time splitting, and hybrid time and density splitting, which are based on the optimization of the portion of the number of RRHs that are employed as PBs or APs at a specific time instance. Additionally, two different policies are taken into account regarding the PBs’ power constraint. The formulated problems that correspond to the combination of the proposed protocols with each of the two considered power constraint policies are optimally solved by using convex optimization tools and closed-form solutions are derived that result to useful insights. Finally, numerical results are provided, which illustrate the ergodic rate achieved by each of the proposed protocols and offer interesting conclusions regarding their comparison, which are directly linked to design guidelines and the required capital and operational expenses.