Deployment Cycle Research Articles

Heterogeneity of Psychological Profiles in French Army Units and Psychological Changes Between Pre- and Post-deployment: Two Pilot Studies.

Over the past two decades, overseas deployments of the French Army have been characterized by the exposure of its service personnel to sustained, high levels of combat stress. There is a need to assess their mental health throughout the deployment cycle, identify risk factors associated with stress-related disorders, and characterize the factors that promote long-term well-being. We conducted two pilot studies within four units of the French Army: a conventional combat unit, a counterterrorist unit, a combat service support unit, and a medical support unit. Study 1 (n = 65) analyzed the psychological functioning of service personnel with respect to their personality and stress management characteristics. Study 2 (n = 40) analyzed the impact of overseas deployment on stress-related psychological outcomes. Overall, results from study 1 showed that service personnel have a protective psychological functioning, which is particularly developed in the counterterrorist unit. In study 2, although no stress-related disorder symptoms were observed with the psychometric tools used, a certain degree of psychological dysfunction (social dysfunction and lower positive affect) was detected post-deployment. These two complementary studies are key elements in developing a better understanding of unmet, medico-military needs that lie on the pathway that links exposure to stressors to impaired health. Certain personnel enrolled in the French Army (notably, the counterterrorist unit) were found to have a high level of protective psychological functioning, largely due to the training they receive. Nevertheless, overall, overseas deployment was associated with poorer psychological functioning and the emergence of social dysfunction, especially in units responsible for the care of service personnel (medical support and combat service support units).

Identifying and characterizing longitudinal patterns of insomnia across the deployment cycle in active duty Army soldiers.

The present study characterized a sample of 4,667 Army soldiers based on their patterns of insomnia before, during, and after deployment, and explored pre-deployment factors predictive of these patterns. Data were analyzed from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (STARRS)-Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS), using surveys that captured data approximately 1-2 months pre-deployment, and 3- and 9-month post-deployment from soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. Patterns of insomnia across time were examined. Theoretically derived variables linked to sleep disturbance were examined as predictors of the insomnia patterns. Five longitudinal patterns of insomnia characterized the majority of the sample: "No Insomnia" (no insomnia symptoms at any timepoint; 31%), "Deployment-related Insomnia" (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia symptoms during deployment and recovered; 40%), "Incident Insomnia" (development insomnia during or shortly after deployment that did not remit; 14%), "Chronic Insomnia" (insomnia both pre- and post-deployment; 11%), and "Other Insomnia" (reported insomnia at ≥1 timepoint, but no clear pattern across the deployment cycle; 4%). Several pre-deployment factors were predictive of insomnia trajectories, including lifetime major depressive episodes, traumatic brain injury history, posttraumatic stress disorder, and past year personal life stressors. Distinct longitudinal patterns of insomnia were identified, with more than half of the sample reporting insomnia at some point in the deployment cycle. Identifying mental health conditions that are associated with different insomnia patterns prior to deployment can inform targeted interventions to reduce long-term sleep difficulty.

"This is not your Life…and it becomes your Life": A Qualitative Exploration of Deployment-related Stress and Support needs in National Guard and Reserve spouses who are Mothers of Young Children.

The adverse effects of deployment-related stress (DRS) on military service members, spouses, and children are well documented. Findings from a recent Consensus Report on Military Families by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2019) underscore the priority of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the diversity of today's military families and their needs and well-being. While social support is generally regarded as helpful during times of stress, it has not been studied extensively in National Guard/Reserve spouses who are parents of young children. This qualitative study of 30 women examines the unique ways in which DRS affects women who are National Guard/Reserve spouses and mothers of young children, as well as the processes through which they encountered support to manage these stressors. Salient themes spanned experiences involving deployment cycle phases of separation and reintegration and included both anticipated and unanticipated changes in family-related division of labor, dynamics, and communication patterns. These were complicated by geographic, social, and cultural isolation and misguided efforts to support spouses initiated by civilians. Women managed these stressors primarily through seeking, acquiring, and repurposing existing sources of informal social support for themselves and formal supports for their children, with varying degrees of success.

Deployment experiences of military nurses: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis.

AimsThe purpose of this systematic review is to explore military nurses’ preparation, deployment and reintegration experiences in order to provide recommendations for effective management of the nursing team.BackgroundNurses provide health care in different settings including community, hospital and the disaster site. Military nurses have a long history of deploying for global health.MethodA systematic review and qualitative meta‐synthesis of studies focusing on the preparation, deployment and reintegration experiences of military nurses was carried out.ResultsFive synthesized findings were concluded: (a) preparing and sharing experience are the key coping strategies; (b) transition from the civilian care to emergency situations; (c) teamwork contributing to team bonding and the growing role of nursing in the medical team; (d) devoting to nursing duty achieves growth; (e) reintegration is not easy and external support matters.ConclusionTransition from civilian care to deployment and from structured deployment environment to reintegration poses challenges to nurses, and better preparation, sufficient support enables them to gain growth.Implications for Nursing ManagementNurse managers should consider how to sustain a competent and ready nursing team by proposing training protocols to nurses for the potential challenges during the deployment cycle when responding to disasters and public emergencies.

Financial Boundary Ambiguity Among Military Spouses

ObjectiveThe military lifestyle of extended training programs and deployments creates a need to clearly define each partner's roles and responsibilities after each departure and reunion.BackgroundPrevious researchers have discovered that the less ambiguity that occurs when an individual enters or departs the family system, the less likely the family is to experience strain or crisis. One challenging area of boundary definition is finances, as couples tend to avoid talking about money which may contribute to financial boundary ambiguity.MethodsThis study applies the contextual model of family stress to examine financial boundary ambiguity and its association with marital quality in the post‐deployment stage. This article presents a theory‐driven exploration of financial boundary ambiguity using the actor–partner interdependence model and structural equation modeling.ResultsStudy findings indicate that role flexibility, as well as clear and open communication, are related to less financial boundary ambiguity. This, in turn, is related to higher marital quality, although there are differences in the actor and partner effects between financial boundary ambiguity and marital relations.ConclusionTo more fully understand coping and resilience among military couples, the authors applied the contextual model of family stress focused on financial elements to clarify the significance of how the couples navigated their roles and interactions.ImplicationsPrograms focused on financial and relational health should focus on fostering communication around financial roles during periods of transition, such as the deployment cycle. In particular, programs should be oriented around strategies for reducing the stress that surrounds financial uncertainties and strain, in addition to teaching effective financial management.

Cloud2Edge Elastic AI Framework for Prototyping and Deployment of AI Inference Engines in Autonomous Vehicles

Self-driving cars and autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing the automotive sector, shaping the future of mobility altogether. Although the integration of novel technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cloud/Edge computing provides golden opportunities to improve autonomous driving applications, there is the need to modernize accordingly the whole prototyping and deployment cycle of AI components. This paper proposes a novel framework for developing so-called AI Inference Engines for autonomous driving applications based on deep learning modules, where training tasks are deployed elastically over both Cloud and Edge resources, with the purpose of reducing the required network bandwidth, as well as mitigating privacy issues. Based on our proposed data driven V-Model, we introduce a simple yet elegant solution for the AI components development cycle, where prototyping takes place in the cloud according to the Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) paradigm, while deployment and evaluation on the target ECUs (Electronic Control Units) is performed as Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated using two real-world use-cases of AI inference engines for autonomous vehicles, that is environment perception and most probable path prediction.

Epidemiology and associated microbiota changes in deployed military personnel at high risk of traveler's diarrhea.

Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most prevalent illness encountered by deployed military personnel and has a major impact on military operations, from reduced job performance to lost duty days. Frequently, the etiology of TD is unknown and, with underreporting of cases, it is difficult to accurately assess its impact. An increasing number of ailments include an altered or aberrant gut microbiome. To better understand the relationships between long-term deployments and TD, we studied military personnel during two nine-month deployment cycles in 2015-2016 to Honduras. To collect data on the prevalence of diarrhea and impact on duty, a total of 1173 personnel completed questionnaires at the end of their deployment. 56.7% reported reduced performance and 21.1% reported lost duty days. We conducted a passive surveillance study of all cases of diarrhea reporting to the medical unit with 152 total cases and a similar pattern of etiology. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 52/152), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 50/152), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 35/152) were the most prevalent pathogens detected. An active longitudinal surveillance of 67 subjects also identified diarrheagenic E. coli as the primary etiology (7/16 EPEC, 7/16 EAEC, and 6/16 ETEC). Eleven subjects were recruited into a nested longitudinal substudy to examine gut microbiome changes associated with deployment. A 16S rRNA amplicon survey of fecal samples showed differentially abundant baseline taxa for subjects who contracted TD versus those who did not, as well as detection of taxa positively associated with self-reported gastrointestinal distress. Disrupted microbiota was also qualitatively observable for weeks preceding and following the incidents of TD. These findings illustrate the complex etiology of diarrhea amongst military personnel in deployed settings and its impacts on job performance. Potential factors of resistance or susceptibility can provide a foundation for future clinical trials to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies.

Air Force Medical Personnel: Perspectives Across Deployment.

Contingency operations during the past 18years have exposed millions of U.S. military service members to numerous combat and operational stressors. Despite this, a relative dearth of literature has focused on the experiences of deployed military medical personnel. As such, the present study aimed to address this gap in the literature by conducting individual and small group interviews with Air Force medical personnel who had recently returned from a deployment to Iraq. Interviews targeted self-reported factors related to psychological risk and resiliency across the deployment cycle, while also seeking recommendations for future military medical personnel preparing for medical deployments. Inductive thematic analyses were conducted on transcripts from 12 individual and structured group interviews conducted with recently deployed U.S. Air Force medical personnel (N=28). An interview script consisting of 18 prompts was carefully developed based on the experiences of study personnel. Two team members (n=1 research psychologist; n=1 military medical provider) coded exemplars from interview transcripts. A third team member (research psychologist) reviewed coded exemplars for consistency and retained themes when saturation was reached. In total we report on 6 primary themes. Participants reported feeling prepared to conduct their mission while deployed but often felt unprepared for the positions they assumed and the traumas they commonly experienced. Most participants reported deployment to be a rewarding experience, citing leader engagement, and social support as key protective factors against deployment-related stressors. Finally, following deployment, participants largely reported positive experiences reintegrating with their families but struggled to reintegrate into their workplace. Findings from the present study indicate that the military is largely doing a good job preparing Air Force medical providers to deploy. Results of the present study indicate that military medical personnel would benefit from: (1) increased predictability surrounding deployment timelines, (2) improved cross-cultural training, (3) advanced training for atypical injuries in unconventional patient populations, and (4) improvements in postdeployment workplace reintegration. The present research has the potential to positively impact the overall quality of life for deploying military service members and their families; while simultaneously highlighting the successes and shortfalls in the deployment process for U.S. military medical personnel.

Development of character strengths across the deployment cycle among U.S. Army soldiers.

Despite a narrative of post-traumatic growth and resilience, research reliably demonstrating positive character development following adversity has proved elusive. In the current study, we examined changes in character strengths in Army soldiers deploying for the first time. The sample was comprised of 212,386 Army soldiers (Mage =26.5years old, SD=7.13; 70.8% White) who were deploying for the first time. Character strengths were assessed once before and up to three times following soldiers' return from deployment. We found evidence for two classes of change-a resilient class ("stable high") and a declining class ("persistent low"). Most soldiers were resilient-they had high levels of character strengths prior to deployment and changed very little across the deployment cycle. Approximately 40% of soldiers started with lower character and experienced initial declines post-deployment, from which they experienced no more than small gains over time. Character strengths were highly stable across the deployment transition but some soldiers experienced initial declines from which they never fully rebounded. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that drive character development.

0462 Identifying and Characterizing Insomnia Symptom Groups Across the Deployment Cycle in Current Army Soldiers

Abstract Introduction Most research conducted on insomnia and its development in military personnel focuses on cross-sectional data, precluding examination of the course of sleep changes over time. The present study characterized Army Soldiers based on insomnia symptom status trajectory from pre to post-deployment and explored baseline factors predictive of these trajectories in a sample of 7,245 soldiers across 3 Brigade Combat Teams. Methods Data were analyzed from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (STARRS)-All-Army Study (AAS) Pre Post Deployment Study, using surveys that captured 1-2 months pre-deployment, during deployment, and 6-months post-deployment. Insomnia symptom status was defined at each timepoint as insomnia symptoms that interfered with one or more domains of functioning at least some of the time in the past month. Theoretically-derived variables linked to sleep disturbance were selected as predictors of insomnia symptom trajectory and evaluated using a general linear selection model. Results Four trajectories characterized the majority of the sample: ‘good sleepers’ (no insomnia symptoms across time; 44.4%), ‘non-remitting new onset insomnia’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia symptoms during deployment that remained at 6 months; 22.8%), ‘deployment-only insomnia symptoms’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia during deployment but recovered by follow-up; 12.8%), and ‘chronic insomnia’ (insomnia both pre- and post-deployment; 7.4%). Several pre-deployment factors predicted insomnia trajectory, the strongest of which were past six-month attention deficit disorder symptoms, number of lifetime exposures to potentially traumatic events, and past month depression symptoms. Conclusion Insomnia is one of the most common reasons that military personnel seek behavioral health treatment and is associated with poorer military readiness. Better characterization and identification of insomnia symptoms over time can improve intervention during post-deployment transitions, particularly for those with new onset insomnia that does not remit. Support Cooperative agreement U01MH087981 (Department of the Army; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Science Research and Development-IK2CX001874-PI:Katherine E. Miller, IK2CX001501-PI:Elaine M. Boland; Rehabilitation Research and Development-1IK2RX001836-PI:Elizabeth A. Klingaman. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the Department of Veterans Affairs.

MSF-MAC: A Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Long-distance and Anti-interference in Wireless Sensor Networks

On-site monitoring in the energy industry such as photovoltaic power stations is one of the main application areas of wireless sensor networks, with long distances, many nodes, long deployment cycles, and large communication interference. Aiming at these data collection characteristics, we propose a multi-channel MAC protocol which is capable of optimizing the allocation of multiple users for parallel transmission at a low data rate based on the SFs, named MSF-MAC. Based on the channel characteristics and flow characteristics of the data distribution of the acquisition nodes, the traffic adaptive slot allocation and the rate-based multi-spread-spectrum channel allocation algorithm are used to perform real-time coordinated scheduling of network nodes. At the same time, the protocol combines CSMA / polling mechanisms to design a multi-channel MAC protocol for long-distance and anti-interference in WSNs. Simulation experiments in NS2 confirm that the MSF-MAC has similar characteristics to 802.11 in the case of single-channel, and has a better system throughput and a lower average delay than 802.11 in the multi-channel scenario, which reduces the overhead of collisions and retransmissions, and improves the interference immunity of intra-cluster communication.

Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Major Depression in U.S. Veterans: The Role of Deployment Cycle Adversity and Social Support.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly co-occur in combat veterans, and this comorbidity has been associated with higher levels of distress and more social and economic costs compared to one disorder alone. In a secondary analysis of a multisite randomized controlled trial of a sample of veterans with combat-related PTSD, we examined the associations among pre-, peri-, and postdeployment adversity, social support, and clinician-diagnosed comorbid MDD. Participants completed the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II as well as structured clinical interviews for diagnostic status. Among 223 U.S. veterans of the military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan (86.9% male) with primary combat-related PTSD, 69.5% had current comorbid MDD. After adjustment for sex, a linear regression model indicated that more concerns about family disruptions during deployment, f2 = 0.065; more harassment during deployment, f2 = 0.020; and lower ratings of postdeployment social support, f2 = 0.154, were associated with more severe self-reported depression symptoms. Interventions that enhance social support as well as societal efforts to foster successful postdeployment reintegration are critical for reducing the mental health burden associated with this highly prevalent comorbidity in veterans with combat-related PTSD.

Youth's Sibling Relationships Across the Course of a Parent's Military Deployment: Trajectories and Implications.

The present exploratory study explored the trajectories and implications of at-home (military unaffiliated) parents' perceptions of youth's sibling relationships across the course of a parent's military deployment. Participants included 109 families with at least two siblings (older sibling and younger siblings age: M=10.85, SD=3.92 and M=7.89, SD=3.58, respectively) and one parent serving in the National Guard. Data were collected via in-home interviews, at six time points across the deployment cycle. A series of multilevel models revealed increases in sibling disharmony during the months a deployed parent was away, but showed signs of recovery in the year after they returned. Increases in sibling disharmony were positively associated with increases in youth's externalizing behaviors above and beyond the effects of parenting.

Empirical examination of critical failure factors of continuous improvement deployments: stage-wise results and a contingency theory perspective

Organisations implement various Continuous Improvement (CI) practices such as Total Quality Management, Lean, Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) for improving their processes. Drawing from the success and failure stories of these structured CI practices, scholars enumerated Critical Success Factors and Critical Failure Factors (CFFs). This study empirically examines the occurrence of various CFFs across different stages of CI deployment. Further, from a contingency theoretic perspective, this study investigates their associations with contextual variables by collecting survey data from 213 business units from the USA, the UK, China, and India. Principal Component Analysis is used to group CFFs across five CI deployment stages leading to an empirically refined framework for CI. Crosstab analysis using the chi-square likelihood ratio presented associations of CFFs with contextual variables. Findings reveal significant differences in the occurrence of CFFs across countries. There is evidence that LSS is less prone to failures when compared with TQM, Lean and Six Sigma. The occurrence of CFFs has been relatively lower in smaller and medium-sized enterprises operating in the service sector. Findings also reveal that lessons learned from each CI deployment cycle, contribute to organisational learning, and thence, leading to success at the strategic CI level of maturity.

Robust Contract Evolution in a TypeSafe MicroServices Architecture

Microservices architectures allow for short deployment cycles and immediate effects but offer no safety mechanisms when service contracts need to be changed. Maintaining the soundness of microservice architectures is an error-prone task that is only accessible to the most disciplined development teams. We present a microservice management system that statically verifies service interfaces and supports the seamless evolution of compatible interfaces. We define a compatibility relation that captures real evolution patterns and embodies known good practices on the evolution of interfaces. Namely, we allow for the addition, removal, and renaming of data fields of a producer module without breaking or needing to upgrade consumer services. The evolution of interfaces is supported by runtime generated proxy components that dynamically adapt data exchanged between services to match with the statically checked service code.The model was instantiated in a core language whose semantics is defined by a labeled transition system and a type system that prevents breaking changes from being deployed. Standard soundness results for the core language entail the existence of adapters, hence the absence of adaptation errors and the correctness of the management model. This adaptive approach allows for gradual deployment of modules, without halting the whole system and avoiding losing or misinterpreting data exchanged between system nodes. Experimental data shows that an average of 69% of deployments that would require adaptation and recompilation are safe under our approach.

"Operator syndrome": A unique constellation of medical and behavioral health-care needs of military special operation forces.

U.S. military special operation forces represent the most elite units of the U.S. Armed Forces. Their selection is highly competitive, and over the course of their service careers, they experience intensive operational training and combat deployment cycles. Yet, little is known about the health-care needs of this unique population. Professional consultations with over 50 special operation forces operators (and many spouses or girlfriends) over the past 6 years created a naturalistic, observational base of knowledge that allowed our team to identify a unique pattern of interrelated medical and behavioral health-care needs. We identified a consistent pattern of health-care difficulties within the special operation forces community that we and other special operation forces health-care providers have termed "Operator Syndrome." This includes interrelated health and functional impairments including traumatic brain injury effects; endocrine dysfunction; sleep disturbance; obstructive sleep apnea; chronic joint/back pain, orthopedic problems, and headaches; substance abuse; depression and suicide; anger; worry, rumination, and stress reactivity; marital, family, and community dysfunction; problems with sexual health and intimacy; being "on guard" or hypervigilant; memory, concentration, and cognitive impairments; vestibular and vision impairments; challenges of the transition from military to civilian life; and common existential issues. "Operator Syndrome" may be understood as the natural consequences of an extraordinarily high allostatic load; the accumulation of physiological, neural, and neuroendocrine responses resulting from the prolonged chronic stress; and physical demands of a career with the military special forces. Clinical research and comprehensive, intensive immersion programs are needed to meet the unique needs of this community.

RETURNING A SPECIAL OPERATIONS CANDIDATE TO DUTY FOLLOWING AN AIRBORNE OPERATION INJURY: A CASE REPORT

Musculoskeletal injuries are recognized as the leading health problem and primary source of injury, disability, and financial burden across the military.1-5 Special Operations Forces are at an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury due to increased physical demands, precipitous deployments, and continual training and deployment cycles.6,4 Multiple injury screening tools exist, yet decisions to return to duty are frequently deferred to individual institutional protocol or provider clinical decision making, with no accepted gold standard.2,3,4,5. The purpose of this case report is to describe the application of a system to return a Special Operations Forces candidate to duty following an ankle injury sustained during a military static line airborne operation while in the Special Forces Qualification Course. The subject was a 34-year-old male with surgical fixation of a left distal fibular fracture with syndesmotic tear after landing from a static line airborne jump during the Special Forces Qualification Course. This case report provides a system to determine return to duty following an ankle fracture and provides a guide to returning a subject to participation, duty, and tactical performance training. Outcome measures recorded were vast, as the use of multiple measures are more indicative of overall function than any single measure. Impairment based measures included Global Rating of Change Scale (GROC), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), lateral step down and Closed Chain Dorsiflexion (CCDF). Functional outcome measures included: the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™), Lower Quarter Y-Balance (LQYB), three hop tests for distance, and physical performance metrics. The most substantial challenge to this process was the lack of standardized and validated military return to duty testing and guidelines in the literature. Ideally, pre-injury assessment would provide a baseline; however, compared to peers, the subject was well within acceptable ranges for all physical performance metrics at final Return to Duty testing. The subject was returned to duty 10 months after initial injury being physically comparable to his cohorts and being able to complete all military requirements. 5.

RETURNING A SPECIAL OPERATIONS CANDIDATE TO DUTY FOLLOWING AN AIRBORNE OPERATION INJURY: A CASE REPORT

Musculoskeletal injuries are recognized as the leading health problem and primary source of injury, disability, and financial burden across the military.1-5 Special Operations Forces are at an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury due to increased physical demands, precipitous deployments, and continual training and deployment cycles.6,4 Multiple injury screening tools exist, yet decisions to return to duty are frequently deferred to individual institutional protocol or provider clinical decision making, with no accepted gold standard.2,3,4,5.The purpose of this case report is to describe the application of a system to return a Special Operations Forces candidate to duty following an ankle injury sustained during a military static line airborne operation while in the Special Forces Qualification Course.The subject was a 34-year-old male with surgical fixation of a left distal fibular fracture with syndesmotic tear after landing from a static line airborne jump during the Special Forces Qualification Course. This case report provides a system to determine return to duty following an ankle fracture and provides a guide to returning a subject to participation, duty, and tactical performance training.Outcome measures recorded were vast, as the use of multiple measures are more indicative of overall function than any single measure. Impairment based measures included Global Rating of Change Scale (GROC), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), lateral step down and Closed Chain Dorsiflexion (CCDF). Functional outcome measures included: the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™), Lower Quarter Y-Balance (LQYB), three hop tests for distance, and physical performance metrics.The most substantial challenge to this process was the lack of standardized and validated military return to duty testing and guidelines in the literature. Ideally, pre-injury assessment would provide a baseline; however, compared to peers, the subject was well within acceptable ranges for all physical performance metrics at final Return to Duty testing. The subject was returned to duty 10 months after initial injury being physically comparable to his cohorts and being able to complete all military requirements.5.

Research on the Quantitative Assessment and Security Measures of Hierarchical Network Security Threat Situation

With the rapid development of modern network technology, technology not only changes people’s life, but also breeds a variety of new problems. With the popularization of network application technology, various kinds of harmful means are emerging, and network security problems emerge in endlessly, among which information network security is the most prominent. This paper mainly describes the development and response methods of information security threats, analyzes the main attack modes and the evolution of information security threats, and analyzes the development direction of vulnerability detection technology that threatens the root of information security. Aiming at the security problem of school network, through analyzing all kinds of hidden dangers of network security, the best way is the hierarchical security solution. According to the implementation of the network security deployment cycle, security strategies are proposed from the network planning, network management and the use of network individuals.

Coparenting across the Deployment Cycle: Observations from Military Families with Young Children

Contemporary service members and their partners have adapted their coparenting to respond to the specific transitions and disruptions associated with wartime deployment cycles and evolving child development. This qualitative study draws upon interviews with service member and home front parents of very young children to characterize their coparenting experiences throughout the deployment cycle. Parents described varied approaches as they considered their children’s developmental capacities, the fluidity of demands throughout deployment, and the service member’s well-being during reintegration. A common theme was the key role of home front parents in facilitating the service member–child relationship through communication and maintaining the presence of the deployed parent in the child’s everyday life. Reintegration challenges included redistribution of coparenting roles, the pacing of the service member into family roles, and concerns related to the returning parent’s distress. Study findings highlight areas of coparenting throughout the deployment cycle that can be supported though prevention and intervention efforts.