Depletion Of Sources Research Articles

ENERGY CROPS – OUTLOOK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FUTURE FOR HUMANITY AND THE PLANET EARTH

The growing risk of irreversible depletion of fossil energy sources like petrol, natural gas and coal, and the emissions of gasses consequence from their combustion, is causing the necessity of the introduction of energy crops for the manufacture of energy products. These include annual or perennial plants, fast-growing tree types – hybrid willows, poplars and others, and water crops – red algae, giant kelp, seaweed etc. Most preferred in Europe and the US are Paulownia sp. (P. elongata и P. tomentosa), giant reed (Arundo donax), elephant grass (Miscanthus giganteus), weeping willow (Salix babylonica) and wicker (Salix viminalis). So far in Bulgaria are preferred herbaceous energy crops such as corn, canola, sorghum, etc., but also were introduced some kind of timber. The global development of the sector would help to address the environmental problems associated with the release of huge quantities of greenhouse gasses. In the processing and utilization of energy crops, the amount of waste products is reduced to near zero, thereby avoiding environmental pollution.

An Aggregation-Induced Emission-Based Dual Emitting Nanoprobe for Detecting Intracellular pH and Unravelling Metabolic Variations in Differentiating Lymphocytes.

Monitoring T lymphocyte differentiation is essential for understanding T cell fate regulation and advancing adoptive T cell immunotherapy. However, current biomarker analysis methods necessitate cell lysis, leading to source depletion. Intracellular pH (pHi) can be affected by the presence of lactic acid (LA), a metabolic mediator of T cell activity such as glycolysis during T cell activation; therefore, it is a potentially a good biomarker of T cell state. In this work, a dual emitting enhancement-based nanoprobe, namely, AIEgen@F127-AptCD8, was developed to accurately detect the pHi of T cells to "read" the T cell differentiation process. The nanocore of this probe comprises a pair of AIE dyes, TPE-AMC (pH-sensitive moiety) and TPE-TCF, that form a donor-acceptor pair for sensitive detection of pHi by dual emitting enhancement analysis. The nanoprobe exhibits a distinctly sensitive narrow range of pHi values (from 6.0 to 7.4) that can precisely distinguish the differentiated lymphocytes from naïve ones based on their distinct pHi profiles. Activated CD8+ T cells demonstrate lower pHi (6.49 ± 0.09) than the naïve cells (7.26 ± 0.11); Jurkat cells exhibit lower pHi (6.43 ± 0.06) compared to that of nonactivated ones (7.29 ± 0.09) on 7 days post-activation. The glycolytic product profiles in T cells strongly correlate with their pHi profiles, ascertaining the reliability of probing pHi for predicting T cell states. The specificity and dynamic detection capabilities of this nanoprobe make it a promising tool for indirectly and noninvasively monitoring T cell activation and differentiation states.

Solar Tracking and Monitoring System

Abstract: We will eventually have to deal with the depletion of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources as they are running out rapidly. Having a large number of renewable alternative energy sources is crucial. The sun's radiation properties meet both requirements. As a result, new technologies focused on solar energy harvesting are starting to appear. Concentrated or photovoltaic panels may yield the highest efficiency. Due to the planet's rotation, which causes humans to view the sun at different times of the day the efficiency may reduce. Devices that direct a solar panel or concentrating panel during the day are incorporated in the design, along with light-trackers to boost the system's effectiveness. A solar tracker can monitor the sun's radiation in single direction. The device monitors daily tilt of the sun for optimal performance. The work focuses on the fundamentals of solar panel parameters and their application, as well as the design and construction of an automatic solar tracker prototype utilizing Arduino code based on microcontroller. By simulating the sun's 12-month tracking in a matter of minutes, the device incorporates automation mechanisms into the tracking system.

Sustainable Planning & Optimization of Water Distribution System of Vikasnagar, Dehradun

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the planning process for establishing a distribution network for water supply in Vikasnagar, Dehradun, focusing on the utilization of groundwater sources over surface water sources. It delves into the characteristics of groundwater source, discusses the infrastructure requirements, and addresses the projected water demand for Vikasnagar in the coming decades. Additionally, it highlights the current water scarcity issues faced by Vikasnagar and emphasizes the urgency of implementing sustainable solutions to ensure adequate water supply for the growing population. The sustainable provision of water in Vikasnagar remains a critical challenge due to the depletion of surface water sources. To address this issue, ongoing research endeavors are exploring the utilization of groundwater as a primary source to meet the region's ultimate water demand. Preliminary findings suggest the potential viability of groundwater as a dependable water source for Vikasnagar ultimate demand. However, challenges such as groundwater depletion, contamination risks, and socio-economic implications necessitate further investigation and intervention. In conclusion, ongoing research on groundwater-based water supply in Vikasnagar shows promising prospects for mitigating water scarcity challenges. However, to realize a sustainable water future for the region, concerted efforts must be made to address existing limitations and pave the way for innovative solutions that prioritize both environmental conservation and societal well-being.

The acceptance of biogas in Islamic Boarding School Surakarta

The rapid population growth in Indonesia is leading to increased energy demands and the depletion of global energy sources. One promising to meet these escalating energy needs in the adoption of renewable energy sources like biogas. This study employs qualitative research methods to measure the response of the Islamic boarding school community in Central Java towards biogas utilization. Data analysis was conducted interactively, narratively describing insights gleaned from questionnaires completed by respondents. The findings reveal a varied response within Central Java Islamic Boarding School Community towards embracing biogas as part of efforts to enhance the national renewable energy mix. However, there is a consensus on certain aspects: respondents generally support biogas utilization as long as it is safe, sourced from clean materials, and developed in suitable locations. The exploration among ten boarding schools suggests that the government’s renewable energy initiatives require further optimization in terms of socialization and engagement with Islamic boarding schools.

A review on application and innovation of wind-solar power generation technologies based on dual carbon targets

With the increasing depletion of traditional energy sources, the greenhouse effect is becoming increasingly serious, mankind is in urgent need of clean and renewable new energy demand is increasing, in order to support the carbon peak&carbon neutral goal, in the future a longer period of time, the improvement of wind power age innovation is the principal procedure for the advancement of numerous nations today, many countries and international organizations to vigorously promote the development of wind power and photovoltaic power generation system will also continue to accelerate the development of new energy generation systems in China. Chinas renewable power age framework, which is basically founded on wind power and will keep on progressing, is being fiercely promoted by many nations and international organizations. This thesis mainly exemplifies the many applications of wind power generation technology in China based on the dual-carbon target through the approaches of literature reviews, and incorporates the inventive innovation model of wind power age innovation and different methodologies. Combined with domestic and international cases, this review summarizes how to solve the dilemmas faced by renewable energy technologies and how to optimize the operation and improve the efficiency of power generation by using innovative technologies, which can provide technical support for the realization of the dual-carbon goal.

Can process intensification of liquefaction technology for LNG and LH2 accelerate adoption for transportation use?

One of the reasons gaseous fuels, methane, and hydrogen, are renewable and sustainable replacements for traditional liquid hydrocarbon-based transportation fuels is their small carbon footprint. Global awareness of the immediate need to address impacts of emissions from transportation energy use has emphasized urgency of changes from business as usual. However, the transition from existing fuels to new fuels is complex because fuel usage is huge, and so many variables influence the rate of adoption. When one reads excellent energy outlooks of major energy companies, data driven reports of international and national energy agencies, along with thoughtful studies of the water, energy, food nexus, the systemic complexities are daunting. Marchetti’s insightful numerical modeling of the rate of transition among different energy sources over the past two centuries with credible validation from recorded usage data shows the time scale for appreciable changes among energy systems is several decades. A further important observation of Marchetti’s work is that transitions among energy sources were and are driven by substitution of superior technology rather than by depletion of prevalent sources. These observations incentivize developments of more efficient, less expensive, robust, scalable methods of production, liquefaction, storage, transport, delivery, and dispensing of hydrogen and natural gas to accelerate adoption by transportation customers. This paper presents a few examples of process intensification in advanced liquefiers for LNG and LH2 at the same location could reduce capital costs, energy costs, and footprints of different sized liquefiers. These combinations could help address gaps in existing technology for several essential needs such as liquefiers for heavy-duty vehicle refueling stations or marine vessel bunkering systems, or refrigerators for storage tank boil-off management systems. Modular, containerized liquefiers plants with several tonne/day capacity could be scaled by interconnecting multiple units to make small industrial plants that match localized fuel demands from distributed mobile users.

An integrated framework for assessing renewable-energy supply chains using multicriteria decision-making: a study on Bangladesh

Abstract The depletion in non-renewable energy sources and a fast-growing population in Bangladesh are exacerbating the already existing energy scarcity, highlighting the need for an efficient and robust renewable-energy supply chain. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the most optimized renewable-energy supply chain based on natural resource availability and government policies of Bangladesh. In the present study, four renewable energy resources, including solar, biomass, wind and hydropower, are studied and nine subcriteria are defined under four primary criteria for each supply chain. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) are multicriteria decision-making approaches used in this study to compare and choose the best renewable-energy supply chain. The relative significance of four supply-chain criteria for primary renewable energy in this study, namely energy procurement, production, operations and maintenance costs, and social and environmental impact, is gathered via a survey. The results of this research, supported by a comprehensive sensitivity analysis, indicate that hydropower is the best renewable-energy supply chain, followed by wind as a compromise solution, biomass and solar. The study also demonstrates that no energy source can satisfy all supply-chain criteria alone; each resource is better for a specific criterion—solar is better for procurement, hydropower is significant for production and wind is remarkable for operations and social impact. Therefore, to maximize output, renewable energy sources must be integrated. From Bangladesh’s perspective, for the first time, by using TOPSIS and VIKOR together, this study offers significant insights to establish an efficient and sustainable renewable-energy supply chain for practitioners, academics and policymakers.

Sustainable futures: from causes of environmental degradation to solutions

The impacts of climate change, loss of biodiversity and pollution influence the living experiences of the various members of communities that rely on agriculture, shaping the adaptation responses to those phenomena and actions towards sustainable development. This study aims to understand how members of rural communities in Morocco perceive the causes of environmental degradation and the solutions meant to support the reduction of the vulnerabilities by applying a sustainable development lens. To achieve those objectives, this empirical study collects qualitative data by conducting semi-structured interviews on the local population's perceptions of environmental degradation causes and impacts, vulnerabilities, and solutions to adapt or cope with those impacts. The study includes a critical analysis of the proposals presented by the community members by addressing the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of their implications for development. The most common issue identified was water management, underscoring the water stress affecting several regions. However, several solutions presented would lead to further depletion of non-renewable water sources, which endangers the pursuit of genuinely sustainable development. The study's conclusions highlight the importance of contextualising the communication and adaptation responses that address local perceptions, namely the low prevalence of perceptions attributing anthropogenic causes to environmental degradation, leading to sentiments of helplessness among members of the rural communities.

Maximizing heat transfer potential with graphene nanofluids along with structured copper surfaces for pool boiling

Increasing the demand and depletion of energy sources confront every technological development with energy conversation and its utilization. Boiling heat transfer is the most applicable heat transfer method in many industries, from electronic chip manufacturing to heavy nuclear power plants. Hence, the augmentation of it is of prime importance for future requirements. The present investigation focused on the augmentation of boiling heat transfer by considering a novel V-pattern staggered copper surface for pool boiling in graphene nanofluid media. The study encompasses a detailed exploration of nanofluid concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.40 vol% prepared in equal volumes of dimethylformamide and distilled water. The nanofluid's stability is observed to be quite promising, and the results are presented. The wall superheat was drastically reduced to 48.73%, and the maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement of 83.47% was achieved for 0.04% concentration of graphene nanofluid with a V-pattern surface compared to a smooth copper surface with water. This is due to the micro-level structured convection patterns promoted by the microstructures. The thermophysical properties of nanofluid and peculiar microstructures enhanced the relative heat transfer coefficient by 63.37%. On the other hand, two popular machine learning models, Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), are used to predict the boiling heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, it is observed that the RFR model fitted the data well and yielded the lowest mean absolute percentage error within the bounds of computational time.

Tunable opto-electronic and thermoelectric response of alkali based half-Heusler semiconductors AMgN (A = Rb, Cs) for sustainable energy: A computational approach

The quick depletion of energy sources and the resulting environmental consequences can be wisely addressed by investigating effective and environmentally friendly materials that have the capacity to convert wasted energy into electricity. This work reports on the thermoelectric features investigations of half Heusler materials, AMgN (A = Rb, Cs). The semi-empirical Boltzmann theory is used alongside the full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital method (FP-LAPW + lo) to conduct the research. The modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) exchange potential by Trans-Blaha, the parameterized generalized gradient approximation (GGA) by Perdew-Bruke-Ernzerhof (PBE), and the local density approximation (LDA) proposed by Perdew and Wang (PW) are used to integrate the exchange–correlation energy/potential portion. The electronic band structure results show that RbMgN exhibits a direct energy band gap of 1.35 eV and CsMgN has an indirect energy band gap of 0.66 eV. The optical outcomes reveal that both compounds have absorption in the ultraviolet range, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications. The thermal conductivity,See-beck coefficient, electrical conductivity, power factor, and figure of merit (ZT) are calculated at 300 K, 700 K, and 1200 K temperatures in order to understand their thermoelectric nature. According to our computations, 300 K was the ideal value for the Seebeck coefficient for both materials. The Seebeck coefficient values for RbMgN were found to be better than those for CsMgN. The materials under consideration have the ZT parameter (ZT ∼ 1) calculations for both AMgN (A = Rb, Cs) revealing that all these materials could be useful for the thermoelectric applications and used as alternative green energy resources.

The BREEAM, the LEED and the DGNB certifications as an aspect of sustainable development

Some of the most significant problems of industrialised countries are increasing consumerism, the growing demand for more and more energy and other natural resources, and the depletion of non-renewable sources. The visible consequences are environmental pollution and global warming. To address these issues, there is growing pressure on the use of alternative energy sources, the use of natural resources and the introduction of new technologies. The use of multi-criteria building certification systems, which evaluate their performance, is becoming increasingly common in the building industry. The BREEAM, the LEED, and the DGNB are among the most popular methods for assessing sustainable architecture, and they project management tools. The main task of the article was to define and describe the impact of documents related to sustainable development certificates on contemporary design and living and working conditions, as well as to demonstrate the relationship between the quality of architecture and environmental protection. Another goal is to indicate how dynamically the number of certificates issued in Poland is increasing. The study used the necessary research methods: analysis and criticism of applicable documents and literature, as well as an intuitive method based on personal experience. The scope of the work includes a discussion of the most frequently obtained certificates: the BREEAM, the LEED, and the DGNB, the achievements of which prove the use of solutions conducive to sustainable development.

A molecular extraction process for vanadium based on tandem selective complexation and precipitation

Recycling vanadium from alternative sources is essential due to its expanding demand, depletion in natural sources, and environmental issues with terrestrial mining. Here, we present a complexation-precipitation method to selectively recover pentavalent vanadium ions, V(V), from complex metal ion mixtures, using an acid-stable metal binding agent, the cyclic imidedioxime, naphthalimidedioxime (H2CIDIII). H2CIDIII showed high extraction capacity and fast binding towards V(V) with crystal structures showing a 1:1 M:L dimer, [V2(O)3(C12H6N3O2)2]2−, 1, and 1:2 M:L non-oxido, [V(C12H6N3O2)2] ̶ complex, 2. Complexation selectivity studies showed only 1 and 2 were anionic, allowing facile separation of the V(V) complexes by pH-controlled precipitation, removing the need for solid support. The tandem complexation-precipitation technique achieved high recovery selectivity for V(V) with a selectivity coefficient above 3 × 105 from synthetic mixed metal solutions and real oil sand tailings. Zebrafish toxicity assay confirmed the non-toxicity of 1 and 2, highlighting H2CIDIII’s potential for practical and large-scale V(V) recovery.

Eco-friendly high entropy oxide rock-salt type structure for oxygen evolution reaction obtained by green synthesis

Global energy consumption increases year after year, causing the depletion of non-renewable sources. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), global demand for electrical energy is expected to increase by 3.3 % in 2024. Therefore, developing new renewable sources is urgent, including new devices for energy storage and conversion, particularly those based on electrochemical reactions. Water splitting is a clean and sustainable technology capable of facing this issue by producing oxygen and hydrogen from water and electricity. However, an issue related to this technology is the slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction, making it necessary to develop new electrocatalysts with high electrochemical performance. To meet this requirement, this work deals, for the first time, with a high entropy oxide with a rock-salt structure synthesized by a green sol–gel synthesis using red seaweed (Rhodophyta) as a polymerizing agent. Sol-gel synthesis allows the large-scale production of nanomaterials with high uniformity and dispersion of the involved chemical elements. The literature, which discussed the synthesis of these oxides, reveals that agents harmful to the environment are employed, including sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, urea, and ammonium hydroxide. The composition of the high entropy oxide is (Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O. As electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction, it exhibits a low overpotential (336 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA cm−2), a Tafel slope of 68 mV dec-1, and excellent durability. The electrochemical performance of the high entropy oxide prepared in this work is superior to other electrocatalysts of the same class that were produced using transition metal-based precursors.

Boosting Energy Deprivation by Synchronous Interventions of Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation for Bioenergetic Therapy Synergetic with Chemodynamic/Photothermal Therapy.

Bioenergetic therapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach. However, its therapeutic effectiveness is restricted by metabolic plasticity, as tumor cells switch metabolic phenotypes between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to compensate for energy. Herein, Metformin (MET) and BAY-876 (BAY) co-loaded CuFe2O4 (CF) nanoplatform (CFMB) is developed to boost energy deprivation by synchronous interventions of glycolysis and OXPHOS for bioenergetic therapy synergetic with chemodynamic/photothermal therapy (CDT/PTT). The MET can simultaneously restrain glycolysis and OXPHOS by inhibiting hexokinase 2 (HK2) activity and damaging mitochondrial function to deprive energy, respectively. Besides, BAY blocks glucose uptake by inhibiting glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression, further potentiating the glycolysis repression and thus achieving much more depletion of tumorigenic energy sources. Interestingly, the upregulated antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells triggers CFMB degradation to release Cu+/Fe2+ catalyzing tumor-overexpressed H2O2 to hydroxyl radical (∙OH), both impairing OXPHOS and achieving GSH-depletion amplified CDT. Furthermore, upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, CFMB has a photothermal conversion capacity to kill cancer cells for PTT and improve ∙OH production for enhanced CDT. In vivo experiments have manifested that CFMB remarkably suppressed tumor growth in mice without systemic toxicity. This study provides a new therapeutic modality paradigm to boost bioenergetic-related therapies.

Phase transformation sequence of pre-oxidized roast-leach ferrovanadium residue

The depletion of the primary metal sources has prompted the exploration of alternative avenues for metal recovery. In the case of titanium and iron, the ferrovanadium residue produced through roast-leach processing of titanomagnetite presents a viable option for accessing these metals. Titanomagnetite resources, which contain valuable elements, such as iron, vanadium, and titanium, possess significant valuable potential. Titanomagnetite deposits are normally treated via smelting for vanadium or vanadium and iron recovery; titanium is not commercially recoverable. Titanomagnetites have recently been processed through the roast-leach method for vanadium primary production, and iron and titanium are typically part of the waste stream in this process. This study proposes a novel approach to determine the characteristic mineralogy and to study the phase transformation sequence of the roasted-leached ferrovanadium residue during the pre-oxidation process. Leaching was also done to evaluate the extraction potential of Fe, V and Ti on the pre-oxidized residue in comparison to the raw residue The roasted-leached ferrovanadium residue was sampled using the cone and quartering method and then, dried in an oven at temperatures of between 30 and 40 °C, for an hour after which, the remaining moisture content was determined. The bond milling method was employed to reduce the sample size, while the particle size distribution (PSD) was verified by using the standard laboratory Tyler series. Thereafter, the roasted-leached ferrovanadium residue was characterized with XRD, SEM, ICP-OES, and XRF. The samples were pre-oxidized at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 1000 °C with an aim of improving the grades of iron, vanadium, and titanium-bearing minerals prior leaching. The results revealed the moisture content to be ∼5.07%. The bond work index of typical slags was estimated to be 10.2 kwh/t, with a determined d80 value of 200 μm. According to the XRF analysis, the predominant compounds present are hematite, Fe2O3 (75.55%), titanium dioxide, TiO₂ (12.79%), silicon dioxide, SiO2 (3.03%), and alumina, Aℓ2O3 (2.62%), along with minor compounds. XRD patterns exhibited the presence of FeTiO3 and VO2 in the as-received samples, while pre-oxidation induced the evolution of new phases such as hematite, rutile, anatase, and pseudobrookite.

Role of Lakes, Flood, and Low Flow Events in Modifying Catchment‐Scale DOC:TN:TP Stoichiometry and Export

AbstractThe balance of organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in determining the processing, retention, and movement of these solutes across the aquatic continuum. Floods and droughts can significantly alter the quantity and ratios of OC:N:P export within inland waters, but how these ratios change, and are coupled within watersheds that integrate rivers and lakes, is not well known. We investigated the stoichiometry and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total N (TN) and total P (TP) in two lake watersheds (10 inflows, 2 outflows) in the southern Boreal Shield over a 37‐year period. Although DOC, TN, and TP concentration behaved similarly, DOC:TN:TP ratios varied seasonally, strongly modulated by stream discharge. DOC:TN, DOC:TP and TN:TP export initially increased rapidly with increasing discharge, peaking at 10%–20% exceedance of the annual discharge for DOC:TP and TN:TP ratios, indicating a rapid depletion of catchment OC sources. Both flood and low flow events resulted in lower DOC:TN and lower DOC:TP export—thereby increasing the relative contributions of stream TN and TP. Consequently, elevated annual discharge coupled with infrequent but high floods and periods of low flow events increased the contributions of TN and TP relative to DOC. Overall, the lakes retained DOC, while increasing TN relative to TP. Nonetheless, the flow regime played a role in modulating nutrient retention in the lakes, likely due to changes in residence time, and the interplay of physical, photochemical, and biological degradation processes.

Multimethod Analysis of NSZD and Enhanced SZD by Solar‐Powered Bioventing at the Guadalupe Restoration Project

AbstractActive remediation at sites with light non‐aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) often leaves residual hydrocarbons in the subsurface, necessitating long‐term management. While much of the effort in recent years has focused on natural source zone depletion (NSZD) as the primary method for demonstrating continued hydrocarbon removal, the same data collection methods can quantify biodegradation enhancements that can sustainably increase the rate of SZD. This approach has been applied at the Guadalupe Restoration Project, one of the first sites at which NSZD measurements and monitoring technology were demonstrated. Sitewide NSZD quantification was conducted using CO2 efflux measurements and subsurface temperature profiling. The results fell within the range of previously reported estimates that were based on soil‐gas profiling in the early 2000s, demonstrating the viability of the new methods at this site. The data collection methods were then deployed during pilot testing of solar‐powered bioventing. The system used seven 400‐W solar panels to power a regenerative blower that delivered approximately 0.85 cubic meter per minute (30 cfm) air to the LNAPL‐impacted vadose soil near the interface with the groundwater table. Soil‐gas data indicated an upward fanning of injected air toward ground surface. Elevated temperature due to hydrocarbon oxidation yielded an approximate 10.2 kg day−1 source depletion rate above the baseline NSZD mass removal rate over an approximate 30 m (100 ft) radius of influence, which aligned well with a 8.2 kg day−1 rate estimated from CO2 efflux measurements. Introduction of O2 via bioventing substantially increased the LNAPL biodegradation rate from baseline NSZD processes by almost an order of magnitude. The results demonstrate that site management can proceed along a sequenced program that began with aggressive hydraulic recovery of hydrocarbon product, transitions to enhanced SZD in areas with poorly recoverable LNAPL, and then to NSZD without intervention to address residual LNAPL across the full footprint of the LNAPL bodies.

Electric Power Generation from Road Humps

Energy serves as the fundamental element crucial for the survival of all life forms across the vastness of the universe. It acts as the cohesive force directing various processes shaping our environment. However, this delicate equilibrium is endangered by the depletion of traditional energy sources, worsened by the ever-growing global population. This dilemma leads to an imminent energy crisis expected to arise in the next five years due to excessive consumption. To navigate this challenging situation, there's a need for a significant shift in approach, urging the adoption of methods to maximize the use of existing energy sources. In our research, there's a promising opportunity to tap into kinetic energy, particularly from vehicles traversing over speed bumps. The proposal suggests converting these ordinary road features into dynamic generators, seamlessly transforming kinetic energy into electricity for the grid. This process involves sophisticated mechanisms like rack and pinion systems to efficiently convert kinetic energy into mechanical power, eventually generating electricity for storage and later use. This innovative solution not only addresses energy conservation but also promises economic benefits, utilizing stored energy to power street lights during the night, and enhancing urban landscapes with efficient illumination. Key Word: Generator; non-conventional energy source; rack and pinion mechanism; chain sprocket; speed breaker.

Exergy analysis of the boiler in phase 3 of the Khartoum North power plant

In the context of global concerns surrounding the depletion of conventional energy sources, Sudan grapples with pronounced challenges related to its hydrocarbon reserves, relying predominantly on fossil fuel-powered thermal plants for electricity generation. Amidst these challenges, efforts to optimize power generation plants have emerged as crucial strategies to reduce fuel consumption and minimize environmental impact. This study delves into the assessment of energy and exergy aspects, focusing on the fifth unit steam generator at Khartoum North Thermal Power Plant (KNTPP). Revealing key findings, the investigation identifies the chimney as the primary locus of energy dissipation, responsible for a substantial 18% of the total energy input into the steam generator. Subsequently, the combustion chamber emerges as the second significant contributor, accounting for 9.2% of the overall energy losses. Notably, the combustion chamber exhibits the highest loss rate for exergy, reaching 39.8%. The evaporator, contributing to the second-highest exergy loss rate, registers at 12.7% of the entire exergy entering the steam generator at a Boiler Maximum Continuous Rate (BMCR) of 90%. Furthermore, the study underscores the pivotal role of chemical reactions as the primary driver of exergy loss within the system. Incorporating these insights, the research emphasizes the importance of implementing targeted strategies to enhance the efficiency of power generation processes, thereby contributing to reduced energy losses and improved environmental sustainability in Sudan's power generation landscape.