Depersonalization Subscales Research Articles

Burnout and Death Anxiety in Hospice Social Workers

Hospice work has been regarded as particularly stressful due to the complexity inherent in the provision of end-of-life care. Burnout and death anxiety are especially relevant to hospice social workers because they regularly function in a high-stress, high-loss environment. The purpose of this study was threefold: to determine the prevalence of burnout and death anxiety among hospice social workers; to examine associations between burnout and death anxiety; and to explore the factors which may contribute to the development of death anxiety and burnout. Participants completed four items: the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), the Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ), a demographic questionnaire, and a set of open-ended questions. Findings indicate that mean scores on the subscales of the MBI-HSS ranged from the low to moderate range and that a strong positive correlation existed between death anxiety and the depersonalization subscale of the MBI. Three key themes emerged from the qualitative data: (a) personal interest in hospice social work developed through a variety of ways; (b) although death anxiety decreased from exposure and understanding of the death process, there was increased death anxiety surrounding working with certain patients; and (c) burnout was primarily related to workload or difficult cases.

Validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) en profesionales chilenos

The present study tested the factorial validity of an adjustment to the Spanish language of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of 957 professionals of Chilean services of different labour units. The reliability and factor structure of the MBI were investigated. Exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis indicated that the original three-factor model of the MBI fit well with both the data and the Root Mean Standar Error of Aproximation (RMSEA) value, although the items 12, 13, 14, 20 and 21 presented an inadequate behavior in the original factorial resultant, so they were eliminated. The internal consistency of the dimensions of the inventory was acceptable, although the Depersonalization subscale was relatively low. So far, the results obtained show that the questionnaire appears to be valid and reliable in the version adapted to the Spanish language.

Burnout among doctors in residency training in a tertiary hospital

The mental health of doctors is an issue of growing concern all over the world as it frequently interplays with their professional trainings and responsibilities. This study was done to determine the pattern and correlates of burnout among 204 doctors undergoing residency training. Eligible participants were interviewed using designed questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The mean age of participants was 33.44±4.50. Ninety-three (45.6%) respondents reported burnout in the dimension of emotional exhaustion (EE), 118 (57.8%) in the dimension of depersonalization (D), and 126 (61.8%) in the dimension of reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). Factors that were significantly associated with all the dimensions of burnout were perceived heavy workload and presence of emotional distress (based on GHQ score of ≥3). The perception of call duty as being not stressful was negatively predictive of burnout in the emotional exhaustion subscale (odds ratio [OR]=0.52; 95%confidence interval [CI]=0.29–0.97; p=0.03), while emotional distress was a positive predictor (OR=6.97; 95%CI=3.28–14.81; p<0.001]. Absence of doctor-to-doctor conflict negatively predicted burnout in the depersonalization subscale (OR=0.36; 95%CI=0.17–0.76); p<0.01), while older age (OR=0.66; 95%CI=0.47–0.95; p=0.03) and adequate support from the management (OR=0.45; 95%CI=0.22–0.90; p=0.02) constituted negative predictors of burnout in the reduced personal accomplishment subscale. Burnout is highly prevalent among resident doctors. Evolvement of comprehensive mental health services, training supports, conflict de-escalation/resolution mechanisms, and periodic assessment are indicated to mitigate work related distress with burn out among resident doctors, while improving their productivity.

The assessment of publication pressure in medical science; validity and reliability of a Publication Pressure Questionnaire (PPQ)

To determine content validity, structural validity, construct validity and reliability of an internet-based questionnaire designed for assessment of publication pressure experienced by medical scientists. The Publication Pressure Questionnaire (PPQ) was designed to assess psychological pressure to publish scientific papers. Content validity was evaluated by collecting independent comments from external experts (n=7) on the construct, comprehensiveness and relevance of the PPQ. Structural validity was assessed by factor analysis and item response theory (IRT) using the generalized partial credit model. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess potential correlations with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Single test reliability (lambda2) was obtained from the IRT analysis. Content validity was satisfactory. Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the presence of three initially assumed separate domains of publication pressure (i.e., personally experienced publication pressure, publication pressure in general, pressure on position of scientist). After exclusion of the third domain (six items), we performed exploratory factor analysis and IRT. The goodness-of-fit statistics for the IRT assuming a single dimension were satisfactory when four items were removed, resulting in 14 items of the final PPQ. Correlations with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scales of the MBI were 0.34 and 0.31, respectively, supporting construct validity. Single test administration reliability lambda2 was 0.69 and 0.90 on the test scores and expected a posteriori scores, respectively. The PPQ seems a valid and reliable instrument to measure publication pressure among medical scientists.

A national comparison of burnout and work‐life balance among internal medicine hospitalists and outpatient general internists

General internists suffer higher rates of burnout and lower satisfaction with work-life balance than most specialties, but the impact of inpatient vs outpatient practice location is unclear. Physicians in the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile were previously surveyed about burnout, depression, suicidal ideation, quality of life, fatigue, work-life balance, career plans, and health behaviors. We extracted and compared data for these variables for the 130 internal medicine hospitalists and 448 outpatient general internists who participated. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, hours worked, and practice setting. There were 52.3% of the hospitalists and 54.5% of the outpatient internists affected by burnout (P = 0.86). High scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale (43.8% vs 48.1%, P = 0.71) and on the depersonalization subscale (42.3% vs 32.7%, P = 0.17) were common but similar in frequency in the 2 groups. Hospitalists were more likely to score low on the personal accomplishment subscale (20.3% vs 9.6%, P = 0.04). There were no differences in symptoms of depression (40.3% for hospitalists vs 40.0% for outpatient internists, P = 0.73) or recent suicidality (9.2% vs 5.8%, P = 0.15). Rates of reported recent work-home conflict were similar (48.4% vs 41.3%, P = 0.64), but hospitalists were more likely to agree that their work schedule leaves enough time for their personal life and family (50.0% vs 42.0%, P = 0.007). Burnout was common among both hospitalists and outpatient general internists, although hospitalists were more satisfied with work-life balance. A better understanding of the causes of distress and identification of solutions for all internists is needed.

Validation of the Italian version of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief

IntroductionA growing awareness of psychological and functional impairment due to burns have led to the development of specific instruments to evaluate Quality of Life in this population, such as the Burn Specific Health Scale – Brief (BSHS-B), whose psychometric properties have been consistently verified. The aim of this study was to translate the BSHS-B into Italian and to investigate its reliability and validity. MethodsTranslation procedures were carried out according to accepted standards. Internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Concurrent validity was evaluated through correlations between the BSHS-B and the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), the Self-report Clinical Inventory (SCL-90), and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). ResultsThe overall Cronbach's alpha value for the scale was 0.887. Significant correlations were found between the Italian BSHS-B domains, the SF-36 subscales (Spearman's rho: 0.184–0.414), and several SCL-90 subscales (Spearman's rho: −0.173 to −0.477). Furthermore, the affect and relationship domain and the skin domain of the BSHS-B negatively correlated with the compulsive self-monitoring and depersonalization subscales of the BUT. ConclusionThe Italian translation of BSHS-B has shown satisfactory internal consistency, criterion validity, and convergent validity, supporting its application in routine clinical practice as well as in international studies.

The prevalence of burnout and depression in medical doctors working in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality community healthcare clinics and district hospitals of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape: a cross-sectional study

AbstractAim: This study investigated burnout and depression in medical doctors in the context of work-related conditions and the role of resilience as a modifiable factor.Method: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on consenting medical doctors (n = 132) working at Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality primary healthcare facilities of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape. Data were collected from doctors at 27 facilities by means of a self-administered questionnaire battery, containing socio-demographic information, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).Results: Of 132 doctors included in the analysis, 76% experienced burnout, as indicated by high scores in either the emotional exhaustion or depersonalisation subscales. In addition, 27% of doctors had cut-off scores on the BDI indicating moderate depression, while 3% were identified to have severe depression. The number of hours, work load, workin...

Burnout and Years of Sports Competition: Is There a Correlation?

Introduction:Athlete burnout is a phenomenon that has been studied in previous research and is a concern in terms of athlete’s health and well–being (Capel, Sisley, &amp; Desertrain, 1987; Harris, 2005; Kelley, Eklund, &amp; Ritter-Taylor, 1999; Kjormo &amp; Halvari, 2006; Raedeke, Warren, &amp; Granzyk, 2000). Further, it is assumed by many sport coaches that the longer an athlete competes competitively in a sport, the greater chance for athlete burnout and the potential negative health consequences they could incur.Purpose:The purpose of the current study was to determine the correlation between years of sport competition and an athlete’s level of burnout on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) subscales of Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Accomplishment (PA).Method:The study was limited female athletes at a Division I institution in the Southeastern United States. Participants for this study were obtained via voluntary participation. The number of female athletes who completed the survey was 99. Athletes who participated were members of the women’s basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball teams.Results:The data was analyzed using Pearson correlations. Each burnout subscale was analyzed separately with years of sport competition. Results found no significant (p&lt;.05) correlations between years of sport competition and EE (p=.038), DP (p=.029), or PA (p=-.062).Conclusion:The current findings indicate that years of sport competition are not correlated with levels of burnout and female Division I collegiate athletes. Much prior research has also examined intensive training and effects on young athletes and concluded that there are concerns about intense training and psychological injury (Maffulli &amp; Pintore, 1990). Therefore, based upon prior research and the results of the current study, future research should continue to study the effects of years of competition and burnout in order to truly understand its effects on athletes.

Aerobic exercise training and burnout: a pilot study with male participants suffering from burnout

BackgroundOccupational burnout is associated with severe negative health effects. While stress management programs proved to have a positive influence on the well-being of patients suffering from burnout, it remains unclear whether aerobic exercise alleviates burnout severity and other parameters related to occupational burnout. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to pilot-test the potential outcomes of a 12-week exercise training to generate hypotheses for future larger scale studies.MethodsThe sample consisted of 12 male participants scoring high on the MBI emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales. The training program took place in a private fitness center with a 17.5 kcal/kg minimum requirement of weekly energy expenditure.ResultsThe key findings are that increased exercise reduced overall perceived stress as well as symptoms of burnout and depression. The magnitude of the effects was large, revealing changes of substantial practical relevance. Additionally, profiles of mood states improved considerably after single exercise sessions with a marked shift towards an iceberg profile.ConclusionAmong burnout patients, the findings provide preliminary evidence that exercise has the potential to reduce stress and prevent the development of a deeper depression. This has important health implications given that burnout is considered an antecedent of depressive disorders.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ISRNCT01575743

Nurses’ Job satisfaction and Burnout : Is there a Connection?

Burnout associated with stress has been documented in healthcare professionals including nurses and is considered as one of the potential hazards occurring among individuals who do “people work” (Cherniss, 1980). This study aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction and burnout among nurses in three government hospitals of Samar, Philippines. Descriptive-correlational method of research was utilized to all (48) regular nurses in three Government Hospitals of Western Samar, Philippines. Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) by Pul E. Spector, and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) by Cristina Maslach were administered to the respondents. Findings indicated that respondents experienced a moderate level of burnout and claimed to be slightly unsatisfied with their job. The highest scored subscale on the JSS was the Nature of the Work (m = 3.97) while the lowest scored subscale was the Fringe Benefit (m = 2.40). Findings revealed that the highest ranked subscale on the MBI was the Emotional Exhaustion (m = 3.28). On the other hand, Depersonalization subscale was the lowest scored subscale with a mean of 2.74. Analyses also showed that there is a significant relationship between the respondent’s level of burnout and their level of Job Satisfaction. The result showed a statistically significant relationship between the nurse-respondents level of burnout and their level of job satisfaction which may affect on the quality of care given to their patients. Thus, proper measures must be made to prevent and manage nurses’ burnout. Furthermore, it proposed a job enrichment program to increase the level of job satisfaction and prevent burnout.

Validity and reliability of Turkish Caregiver Burden Scale among family caregivers of haemodialysis patients

To investigate the validity and reliability of the Caregiver Burden Scale in family members who provide primary care for haemodialysis patients. In Turkey, there is a need for a multi-dimensional instrument to evaluate the caregiver burden in people who provide care for patients with chronic diseases. A methodological study. The study sample consisted of 161 family members who provide primary care for haemodialysis patients. The forward-backward translation method was used to develop the Turkish Caregiver Burden Scale. The reliability was based on internal consistency investigated by Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation. The factorial construct validity of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. By means of convergent and divergent validity, correlation between Caregiver Burden Scale and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and correlation between Caregiver Burden Scale and the Maslach Burnout Scale were investigated. Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations results suggested that there was good internal reliability. We found five underlying factors similar to original Scale's five-factor solution. The confirmatory factor analysis five-factor model represented an acceptable fit. Factor loadings were significant, with standardised loadings ranging from 0·43-0·81. By means of divergent validity, all sub-dimension scores and the total score of the Caregiver Burden Scale were negatively correlated with the SF-36, whereas there was a positive correlation with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation subscales of the Maslach Burnout Scale as expected. These results suggest that the Caregiver Burden Scale is a reliable and valid instrument which can be used with confidence in Turkish caregivers for haemodialysis patients to screen caregiver burden. The burden experienced by people who provide care for patients with chronic diseases can be evaluated with the Caregiver Burden Scale. Additionally, the Caregiver Burden Scale can be used in the evaluation of the effectiveness of attempts to decrease caregiver burden.

Qigong therapy for physiotherapists suffering from burnout: a preliminary study

The study was carried out in order to evaluate the prevalence of burnout in physiotherapists, and to assess whether "White Ball" Qigong exercises may be effective in burnout. This was aimed to provide preliminary data for the preparation and development of a larger study. Physiotherapists completed a demographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire. For the intervention and the control groups, the authors selected those physiotherapists with the highest levels of burnout on the most important subscale. The intervention group (eight physiotherapists) performed a specific qigong intervention as developed by the Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine; the control group consisted of eight physiotherapists on a waiting list. At the end of a three-week period of treatment or waiting list, both groups repeated the MBI for the comparison of results. Of 106 physiotherapists (36 males and 70 females) assessed by the MBI, Emotional Exhaustion subscale was seen in 52 (49.1%), Depersonalization subscale in 36 (33.9%), and Burnout in the Personal Accomplishment subscale in 33 (31.2%), of whom 4 (3.8%) suffered to a severe degree and 29 (27.4%) moderately. Within the study group qigong lowered the mean values of Emotional Exhaustion subscale from 38.0 to 31.4, whereas in the control group the values rose from 33.9 to 37.9. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P=0.023). Qigong lowered the mean value of Depersonalization subscale from 10.8 to 6.8. In controls the value rose from 7.3 to 10.6. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.013). The mean values of Personal Accomplishment subscale decreased in both groups: from 35.4 to 33.9 in the intervention group, and from 37.5 to 37.1 in the control group. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The effects of "White Ball" Qigong on burnout symptoms are measurable by the MBI. The results are compatible with the thesis that this type of qigong is an effective tool for the self-management of burnout. It is easy to integrate into a daily routine as it takes only 2×5 min per day. On the basis of this evaluation, a study design can now be developed on a larger scale with appropriate blinding, follow-up testing and adequate controls.

PILOT STUDY OF TEACHER BURNOUT IN GEORGIAN CONTEXT

Modern schools have multiple demands to teachers causing prolonged stress often resulting in professional burnout. Research on teacher burnout is conducted at various countries of the world. Taking into account the significance of such research, two pilot research studies were conducted in Georgia. The objectives of the studies were to test the hypothesis that the majority of Georgian teachers are experiencing high burnout and simultaneously to test the adopted translated instruments for measuring burnout and proactive coping strategies. The first study surveyed 85 subjects and the second study - 193 subjects. For conducting pilot surveys an abridged version of Maslach–Burnout Self Test in combination with Greenglass’s 4 point-scale Proactive Coping Inventory and Maslach Educators Survey (MBI-ES) translated into Georgian language were used. The results of the first pilot study, in contrary to the hypothesis expecting to identify high burnout among Georgian teachers, showed that teachers have little signs of burnout and have high and moderate coping skills. In the second pilot study the hypothesis was partially confirmed in the Emotional Exhaustion aspect of burnout. For Emotional Exhaustion subscale the majority of the surveyed teachers showed moderate and high burnout. Teachers showed high scores on Personal Accomplishment subscale and low burnout on Depersonalization subscale. Key words: burnout, coping, distress, stress, teacher.

Adaptation and validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey in Cali, Colombia

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of the «Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey» (MBI-HSS). Methods: The work was conducted by a process of translation and back-translation of the original instrument, instrument adaptation, translation and adaptation of the application manual, pilot study, and implementation of the adapted version of the instrument with 314 health professionals in Cali, according to the guidelines of the International Test Commission (ITC). Results: The results showed that the scale has good internal consistency (a=0.767); however, the dimension of «depersonalization» has the lowest internal consistency (a=0.518). Regarding validity, in comparing between the factor structure of the modified scale with the original version, we identified that the size of the validated version largely coincides with that of the original version; in the dimension of emotional fatigue, item 6 is excluded because it will be part of the depersonalization scale, items 15 and 21 were also excluded given their poor discriminatory ability. Conclusion: It is necessary to overcome the stability problems of the MBI-HSS depersonalization subscale in health professionals and reformulate the response options to make them more understandable for professionals within the Colombian context.

Factorial validity and consistency of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among staff working with persons with intellectual disability and dementia

Burnout has been considered important to understanding the well-being of workers in the intellectual disabilities (ID) field and the quality of services delivered to clients/consumers. However, little research has examined the psychometric properties and applicability to staff in ID services of one of the most widely used burnout measurements - the Human Services Survey version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS). Data were gathered using a mailed questionnaire comprising the MBI-HSS and demographic information. The sample consisted of 435 staff delivering direct care and working in out-of-home community placements for persons with ID in New York state. The factorial structure of the scale was examined using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency estimates of reliability of the MBI-HSS were determined using Cronbach's alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the MBI-HSS as an acceptable measure to evaluate burnout in ID services staff. However, the reliability statistics obtained for the Depersonalization (DP) sub-scale was much lower than what has been reported in studies with other staff populations. An exploratory factor analysis suggested that a four-factor solution, dividing the DP sub-scale into two factors, provided a somewhat better fit for the sample. The use of the MBI-HHS as an instrument for measuring burnout among ID workers has its attraction but also its limitations. In particular, the DP sub-scale should be used with caution because there appear to be wording issues for staff in ID settings that may lead to inconsistent responses.

Nurse burnout and its association with occupational stress in a cross‐sectional study in Shanghai

This paper is a report of a study investigating nurse burnout and its association with occupational stressors in Shanghai, China. Burnout is described as feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Measuring burnout among nurses and its association with occupational stressors are important in providing appropriate intervention to reduce stress and burnout. In total, 527 nurses from 41 hospitals in Shanghai returned self-reported questionnaires in June 2008. Their burden of burnout was measured by the Chinese version of 'Maslach Burnout Inventory', and their stress by the Chinese version of 'job content questionnaire' and 'effort-reward imbalance questionnaire'. Most nurses (74·76%) had a Demand/Control ratio higher than 1 and 27·13% had an Effort/Reward ratio higher than 1. The nurses showed a high level of emotional exhaustion, moderate level of depersonalization, and low level of reduced personal accomplishment. Linear regression analyses showed higher burden of stress and burnout among nurses at younger age, or on shift duty or from higher grade hospitals. Both the job content questionnaire and effort-reward imbalance questionnaire models had good predictive powers of the nurses' burnout, especially the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire model is more powerful than the other in predicting two Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Nurses in Shanghai were suffering from high levels of burnout, which was strongly associated with work-related stress. Interventions in reducing occupational stress are needed to reduce the burden of burnout in Chinese nurses.

Burnout en psychiatrie : une expérience tunisienne

Background Burnout syndrome consists in physical as well as mental exhaustion observed in professionals whose work involves continuous contact with other people. Psychiatrists and psychiatry nursing staff are considered to be vulnerable to experiencing burnout. The purposes of this study aim to investigate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in practitioners, residents and nurses working in the psychiatric hospital of Tunisia. It also aims to investigate the relationship between burnout, depression, and a variety of personal variables, including age, gender, marital, parental and personal difficulties within this population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the nursing staff ( n = 54), residents ( n = 41) and practitioners ( n = 11) in Razi hospital in Tunisia. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Beck depression inventory and a general questionnaire on demographic data were used. Results High levels of burnout were detected among nurses. This was true for the emotional tiredness sub-scale (mean score: 26.18); the depersonalization subscale (mean score: 10.20) and for the alteration of personal achievements (mean score: 32.94). High scores in emotional tiredness were correlated to depression ( P = 0.000; R = 0.56) and to personal difficulties ( P = 0.021; R = 0.31) in this group. Residents showed high scores in personal achievements (mean score: 32.56), and practitioners did not reach the cutoff scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusion Our results are somewhat comparable to those of studies in other countries. Burnout syndrome was highly prevalent among nurses and residents. This study corroborates former results of a relation between depression and burnout. A strong relationship was found between personal difficulties and burnout, but seemed to be more specific to the nursing sample.

Personality, Burnout, and Longevity among Professional Music Therapists

The purpose of this study was to examine possible relationships between personality, burnout level, longevity, and demographic variables among professional music therapists. The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) were used to test personality and burnout. Subjects were 137 professional music therapists from all seven American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) regions with an overall average longevity of 17.85 years. The 16PF showed the personality traits that most describe music therapists are emotional sensitivity, reasoning, apprehension, warmth, openness to change, self-reliance, extraversion, anxiety, abstractedness, rule-consciousness, and self-control. Logistic regressions showed that the personality factor of anxiety (p < .007) significantly predicts the MBI-HSS subscale of emotional exhaustion and the personality factor of dominance (p < .01) significantly predicts the MBI-HSS subscale of personal accomplishment. While no personality factor significantly predicts the MBI-HSS subscales of depersonalization, social boldness (p < 0.07) and vigilance (p < .09) strongly contributed to this relationship. Logistic regressions also showed that highest degree earned is significantly (p < .000) predictive of longevity. Since the overall burnout level was in the average range, in essence this study described the profile of music therapists who are staying and thriving in the profession.

Burnout Among Long-Term Care Staff

The study investigated the influence of workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, and stress on burnout among long-term care staff. A cross-sectional design was used to collect data through a self-administered questionnaire from 363 staff members of four nursing homes and five assisted living facilities. Regression analysis revealed that after controlling for demographic variables, workload, role conflicts, and stress contributed to 42% variance in emotional exhaustion and 23% variance in depersonalization subscales of burnout. The findings suggest that staff burnout might be minimized by making reasonable work demand and reducing role conflict and stress in the work environment.

Burnout Among Psychiatrists in Milan: A Multicenter Survey

Burnout Among Psychiatrists in Milan: A Multicenter Survey