Values Of Dependent Variables Research Articles

Comparing the effect of lecture method and cooperative teaching method on the learning, communication skills, and attitudes of students: a quasi-experimental study

IntroductionStudents can enhance their understanding of contemporary scientific developments by acquiring proficiency in the English language. Teaching approaches play a crucial role in language acquisition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the lecture method in comparison to the cooperative learning method, specifically focusing on students’ learning outcomes, communication skills, and attitudes.MethodsThis quasi-experimental interventional study was conducted at Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran in 2023 involving a sample of 30 third-semester students. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, namely the lecture-based teaching group and the cooperative teaching group, with each group consisting of 15 members. Before and after the intervention, questionnaires were completed to assess learning, communication skills, and attitude in both groups. Data were analyzed by independent t-test to compare the two groups. Also, the Levene’s test was used to check the assumption of the equality of variances. Besides, the paired t-test was applied to compare results within each group. The chi-square test was utilized to compare the qualitative variables, while analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test with adjusting the base value of dependent variables was used to compare the mean differences between the two groups after the intervention.ResultsFindings showed a statistically significant improvement in the mean learning score of the cooperative group after the intervention, compared to the score prior to the intervention (p = 0.007). Moreover, the communication skills and attitude scores of students in both the cooperative and lecture groups showed a statistically significant increase after the intervention, as compared to their pre-intervention scores (p < 0.05). Additionally, following the intervention, the mean scores for communication skills and attitudes were significantly higher in the cooperative group compared to the lecture group, with statistical significance indicated by p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively.ConclusionThis study highlights the effectiveness of cooperative teaching over traditional lecture methods in enhancing students’ learning outcomes, communication skills, and attitudes. The findings indicate that cooperative learning fosters greater engagement, collaboration, and significant interaction among students, ultimately leading to improved academic performance and student satisfaction within the educational framework examined.

CONSTRUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS NESTED PIECEWISE LINEAR REGRESSION WITH LAGGING VARIABLES

When constructing regression models of objects of any nature, it is often necessary to use nonlinear approximating constructions, including piecewise linear ones, while the process under study can have a pronounced dynamic nature, therefore, lagging (lag) variables can be used as regressors. The research purpose is to develop an algorithmic method of identifying the parameters of a homogeneous nested piecewise linear regression with lagging variables. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, the methods of reducing the problems of estimating the parameters of nested piecewise linear models to linear Boolean programming problems proposed earlier by one of the authors were used. The least absolute values ​​method, known in regression analysis, was also applied. The volume of oil production in the Russian Federation was adopted as the modeling object using statistical initial data in 2013–2022. Research results. An algorithmic method of constructing a homogeneous nested piecewise linear regression with lagging variables has been developed, which is reduced to solving a linear Boolean programming problem. It has been applied to construct a model of the possible volume of oil production in the Russian Federation. In this case, data on the volume of capital investments of Russian vertically integrated oil companies and on the commissioning of new wells have been used as independent variables. Conclusions. The developed method of constructing a homogeneous nested piecewise linear regression with lagging variables using the least absolute values ​​method is reduced to a linear Boolean programming problem. Such models allow us to identify limiting values ​​of dependent variables, taking into account possible delays in influence at external and internal levels.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Kepemilikan Manajerial dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi pada Perusahaan Food and Baverage yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019-2022

This research aims to examine the influence of the independent variables profitability, liquidity, company size, leverage, managerial ownership and institutional ownership and the dependent variable firm value. The object of this research is food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019 - 2022. The sampling method used is the purposive sampling technique. This research was conducted on 19 companies and the number of observations was 532 data using a quantitative-descriptive approach. The analytical method used is multiple regression which consists of classic assumption tests (normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test) and hypothesis tests (coefficient of determination test, T test, F test). The results of this research show that profitability and leverage have a positive and significant effect on company value, while liquidity, company size, managerial ownership and institutional ownership have no effect on company value.

Statistical methods for extremely unbalanced data in genome-wide association study (1)

Extremely unbalanced data here refers to datasets where the values of independent or dependent variables exhibit severe unbalance in proportions, such as extremely unbalanced case-control ratio, very low incidence rate of disease, heavily censored time-to-event data, and low-frequency or rare variants. In such scenarios, the statistic derived from hypothesis test using the classical statistical method, e.g., logistic regression model and Cox proportional hazard regression model, might deviate from theoretical asymptotic distribution, resulting in inflation or deflation of type I error. With the increased availability and exploration of resources from large-scale population cohorts in genome-wide association study (GWAS), there is a growing demand for effective and accurate statistical approaches to handle extremely unbalanced data in independent and non-independent samples. Our study introduces classical statistical methods in genetic statistics firstly, then, summarizes the failure of classical statistical methods in dealing with extremely unbalanced data through simulation experiments to draw researchers' attention to the extremely unbalanced data in GWAS.

Indigenous bio-coagulant assisted electrocoagulation process for the removal of contaminants from brewery wastewater: Performance evaluation and response surface methodology optimization

Wastewater from human activities, particularly from brewery industries, is a significant source of pollution. Large volumes of biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances found in brewery effluent make them suitable for natural coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation. The treatment options available today are highly harmful and not economical. To solve this problem and provide a simple method of treating brewery wastewater, the biocoagulant (Custard apple)-assisted electrocoagulation process was created. This study presents an environmentally friendly way of treating wastewater by combining electrocoagulation with biocoagulant. The approach treats wastewater from breweries with a high organic load and a variable composition. Bio- and electrocoagulation are used in the process to target certain contaminants and when combined the method has high efficiency and is environmentally also friendly. The performance of bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation was studied, considering parameters such as pH, time, current, and bio-coagulant dosage. In each experiment, operating parameters were adjusted and their removal efficiency was evaluated after treatment. The bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation process removed COD (99.01 %), BOD (99.09 %), TDS (99.02 %), and) at an ideal pH of 7, a current of 0.5 A, a time of 40 min, and power consumed (0.54kwh/m3) with a constant dose of 0.75 g/l NaCl as electrolytes. The study found that Indigenous bio-coagulant (Custard apple)-assisted electrocoagulation processes were effective and efficient in removing pollutants from brewery wastewater. In the process of treatment operating factors have a high effect on the performance of the method. The parameters were customized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and the dependent variable's value was determined through regression analysis with a design expert.

Hidden influence? Unmasking conflicts of interest from randomized clinical trials on spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain

BackgroundRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of healthcare interventions. However, conflicts of interest (COIs) can compromise the scientific integrity in these trials. This...

Analisis Rasio 3 - Bank Komersial dengan Uji - Rls: Implikasi dan Bukti Kinerja Keuangan Bank Indonesia dan Malaysia

Abstracts This research aims to analyze the interaction between commercial banks in Indonesia and commercial banks in Malaysia on bank financial performance reports seen from the ratio aspect of bank financial reports. The method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive method by knowing the existence of the Dependent variable value on the variable (Independent) or more without making relationships and comparisons with other variables. In terms of bank value using the 3 - RLS implementation route, namely, the bank's Profitability Ratio is calculated by looking for Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Operating Expenses / Operating Income (BOPO). The Liquidity Ratio is calculated by finding the Quick Ratio (QR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Loan to Assets Ratio (LAR). The Solvency Ratio is calculated by looking for the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). The results of this research evaluate and see the feasibility of 3 commercial banks in Indonesia and Malaysia against the Central Bank using the Triple - RLS method concept. As for commercial banks, there is policy integration with central bank criteria. Therefore, there needs to be discipline and commitment in improving financial performance in financial reports between Indonesian and Malaysian commercial banks.

THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL RATIO ON FIRM VALUE WITH ISR AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE

One of the more attractive investments for investors is sharia investment because this investment can provide profitable results for both parties and considering that 80% of Indonesia's population is Muslim, the sharia market in Indonesia is very large. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of financial ratios on company value with the intervening variable ISR. The sample for this research is companies listed on the JII index for the 2017-2021 period with a final sample of 24 companies out of 26 companies. This research uses panel data regression data analysis methods. The results of this research are that the firm size variable has a significant but negative relationship with ISR disclosure, the profitability variable has a significant positive relationship and leverage has a significant negative relationship with firm value. Apart from that, the profitability and leverage variables do not have a significant relationship with the ISR score and the firm size variable and the ISR disclosure variable do not have a significant relationship with the firm value. for the intervening variable ISR disclosure is not able to mediate the independent variables profitability, firm size and leverage on the dependent variable firm value.

The relationship between toxic air pollution, health expenditure, and economic growth in the European Union: fresh evidence from the PMG-ARDL model.

Air pollution is a danger to economies throughout the European Union. Industry, population expansion, a building boom owing to housing and infrastructure development, increasing vehicle traffic, crowded streets, a lack of availability of clean fuel, and ineffective control programs are the primary causes. Toxic air is a double-edged sword for a country's health since it affects just a tiny fraction of Europe's population. The financial burden and healthcare expenses for people rise when health expenditures rise. The present research looks at how dangerous air levels, healthcare costs, and the expansion of the European Union's economy are all connected. The findings are based on data collected over 29years and account for the abovementioned variables. The results of the unit root test have the significant probability values of all variables: health expenditures (HE), gross domestic product (GDP), nitrous oxides (NOX), and carbon dioxides (CO2) emissions at both level and first difference. We used the Johansen, Kao, and Pedroni cointegration tests to test the null hypothesis of no cointegration to see that sample variables had a long-term association. The PMG-ARDL test was used to get these findings. The results confirmed the significant probability values of dependent variables in long- and short-run results that GDP has a positive and significant effect on health expenditure, while NOX and CO2 emissions have a negative and significant impact on (HE), in the European Union. To verify the results, we applied the robustness test, fully modified OLS (FMOLD), and dynamic OLS (DOLS); the robustness test results validated the PMG-ARDL test results. Environmental pollution (CO2, NOX) has a significant and negative impact on healthcare expenditures and a significant effect on GDP (HE) in the EU region. The findings of this research have implications for a wide range of parties, including those who would examine the link between factors in a study meant to improve air quality, distribute health resources, or develop strategies for economic development.

Effect of Production, Price, and Rupiah Exchange Rate on the Export Value of Cocoa Beans (HS 1801) in Indonesia

Among Indonesia's many plantation exports, cocoa beans play a starring role. In general, the trends in the export value of cocoa beans is inseparable from external changes including prices, production, and exchange rates. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the independent variables cocoa bean price (X1), rupiah exchange rate (X2), and cocoa bean production (X3) on the dependent variable Indonesian cocoa bean export value (Y). This research uses a quantitative approach in the form of a time series. the data used is secondary data sourced from the Badan Pusat Statistik, Bank Indonesia, and the International Cocoa Organization starting from 2008 to 2022. The data analysis method is multiple linear regression (ordinary Least Square). Based on the results of the analysis obtained information that the price of cocoa beans has a significant impact on the export value of cocoa beans, the rupiah exchange rate has no affect the export value of cocoa beans, and cocoa bean production has a significant impact on the export value of Indonesian cocoa beans.

Overvaluation of shape/weight at posttreatment predicts relapse at 12-month follow-up after successful behaviorally-based treatment of binge-eating disorder.

To test whether overvaluation of shape/weight at the end of treatment prospectively predicts relapse at 12-month follow-up in patients with binge-eating disorder (BED). Participants were 129 patients with BED who achieved abstinence from binge eating after 6 months of behaviorally-based weight-loss treatments in a clinical trial. Independent assessments conducted at posttreatment and at 12-month follow-up included the Eating Disorder Examination interview, the Beck Depression Inventory, and weight measurements. Of the 129 participants who attained abstinence from binge-eating at posttreatment, 46 (36%) were categorized with clinical overvaluation and 83 (64%) with subclinical overvaluation; 115 (89%) were re-assessed at 12-month follow-up. Participants with overvaluation at posttreatment were significantly more likely than those without to relapse at 12-months to non-abstinence from binge eating (54% vs. 28%) and to diagnosis-level binge-eating frequency of once weekly or greater (31% vs. 13%). Overvaluation at posttreatment predicted significantly higher eating-disorder psychopathology and depression scores at 12-month follow-up but were unrelated to weight and weight changes. Treatment groups did not have main or interaction effects; posttreatment overvaluation effects were observed regardless of treatment and of covarying for posttreatment value of dependent variables. Our findings suggest that overvaluation of shape/weight at the end of treatment predicts relapse and heightened eating-disorder psychopathology and depression scores 1 year later in patients who achieved abstinence from binge eating with behaviorally-based treatments. Overvaluation of shape/weight has significant clinical implications and warrants consideration as a diagnostic specifier for BED as it provides important prospective prognostic information. Although effective treatments are available for binge-eating disorder, relapse following successful treatments is not uncommon. Almost nothing is known about what predicts relapse following treatments for binge-eating disorder. Our study found that overvaluation of shape/weight (i.e., body image concerns that overly impact self-worth) at posttreatment prospectively predicted relapse and higher eating-disorder psychopathology and depression 1 year later in patients who achieved binge-eating abstinence with behaviorally based treatments. gov registration: NCT00829283. (Treatment of obesity and binge eating: Behavioral weight loss vs. stepped care.).

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI NILAI PERUSAHAAN NON KEUANGAN DI INDONESIA

This study aims to determine the effect of the dependent variable Firm Value on the independent variables’ Return On Assets, Debt to Asset Ratio, Current Assets, Firm Size, Dividend Payout Ratio, Sales Growth, and Tax Avoidance. The object of this study uses data from non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019-2021 as the population. The sampling process used the purposive sampling method and the method for analyzing data used the multiple regression method. There were 79 companies, with 237 data that passed the criteria. This study states that Return On Assets, Debt to Asset Ratio, and Tax Avoidance has an effect on Firm Value but Current Ratio, Firm Size, Dividend Payout Ratio, and Sales Growth have no effect on Firm Value.

THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL RATIOS ON FIRM VALUE WITH THE CSR MODERATING VARIABLE: LQ45 COMPANIES

Economic conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic experienced a significant decline in all countries of the world, including Indonesia. Therefore, in preparing this thesis, it was discovered that the author wanted to observe all companies registered in LQ45 regarding efforts to increase firm value, especially when facing the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This research samples using companies that listed on IDX where operate in the LQ45 index during 2017-2021. This research is using panel regression method as the data analysis method. The research conducted shows that the independent variables liquidity, leverage and profitability have a significant positive effect on firm value, while the independent variables firm size and CSR have no significant effect on the dependent variable firm value.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas dan Struktur Modal Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Makanan dan Minuman yang Terdaftar di BEI

This study aims to prove the effect of profitability, liquidity and capital structure on company value in food and beverage companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2021 period. This study uses the dependent variable company value, while the independent variables are profitability, liquidity and capital structure. The population used is 30 food and beverage companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2021 period. Data collection techniques in research conducted using the documentation method. While the selection of samples using purposive sampling method. The research sample consisted of 14 companies with 56 observations. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear analysis techniques. Before the previous regression was tested with the classical assumption test to obtain the Best Linear Unbias Estimate (BLUE) data. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it shows that profitability has a significant positive effect, while liquidity has a no significant negative effect on company value. Capital structure has no significant positive effect on company value.

INFLUENCE INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ABOUT COMPANY VALUE IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN BASIC AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SECTORS LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE FOR THE PERIOD OF 2019 – 2021

This research was conducted at Manufacturing companies in the Basic Industry and Chemical Sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2019-2021 period. This study aims to determine the effect of Intellectual Capital on Firm Value. The population of the research conducted by the researcher was 78 Manufacturing Companies in the Basic Industry and Chemical Sector with a sample of 12 companies with a period of 3 years with a total of 36 companies. Analysis of the data in this study used the classical assumption test and Simple Linear Regression Analysis as an analysis tool that was processed with IBM SPSS 23 Software. The results of the analysis proved that the Coefficient of Determination test (R²) obtained a result of 0.316 or 31.6%, this indicates that the variable (VAIC™) on the dependent variable Firm Value of 31.6%, while the remaining 69.4% is influenced by other variables not included in this study. From the results of the Simple Linear Test, the regression equation is obtained, namely: Y = (-530.964) + 259.169X. The results of the partial T-test study variable value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC™) (X₁) tcount 3.959>ttable (1.691), and a sig value of 0.000 <0.05, indicating that VAIC™ has a significant effect on firm value (Y). Significant Manufacturing Companies in the Basic Industry and Chemical Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period.

Autocorrelated unreplicated linear functional relationship model for multivariate time series data

The conventional practices in handling cross-sectional data treated the explanatory variables as fixed variables without measurement errors. This article proposed a novel autocorrelated unreplicated linear functional relationship model (AULFR) model to accommodate the autocorrelated errors in the measurement errors model. Some basic properties of the model have been derived. A modified backshift operator is used in transforming the autocorrelated error into uncorrelated error. Simulation studies show that AULFR outperforms other benchmarking models even with a relatively small training data percentage or a sample size of 100 training observations. The application of the AULFR model on an actual economic case shows consistent results with simulation studies. The advantages of the proposed model are (i) it models the relationship between a time-based dependent variable and a set of time-based explanatory variables which subjected to measurement errors, and (ii) it can predict the current or future values of both dependent and explanatory variables using historical data.

Stem growth of Norway spruce in south Sweden in relation to soil moisture, nitrogen deposition, ozone exposure and meteorological variables

Associations between the annual stem basal area increment growth and soil moisture, nitrogen deposition, ground level ozone exposure, air temperatures and the timing of the start of the growing season have been investigated for a twenty four-year period, 1990–2013, based on tree-ring width measurements from seventeen monitoring sites with Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in southern Sweden. The stem growth-environment associations were analyzed using a fixed effect regression model, with annual stem basal area increment (BAI) as the dependent variable and annual values for a soil moisture index, ozone exposure estimated as AOT30, bulk deposition of nitrogen, summed air temperatures above a threshold and the timing of the start of the growing season as explanatory variables. The statistical analysis was made with and without taking clustering of the sampled trees into account, i.e. that several different tree observations were made at the same monitoring site. The annual number of days with soil moisture below a threshold was the only explanatory variable that could be demonstrated to be negatively associated with changes in BAI, regardless of statistical approach. Positive associations between temperature sums as well as nitrogen deposition with changes in BAI were indicated by low p values using standard p-values, but not when clustering was taken into consideration. Associations between ozone exposure as well as the start date of the growing season with changes in BAI could not be demonstrated since the estimated p values were high regardless of statistical approach. The results show that soil water deficit may considerably limit forest growth in northern European forests.

Mild Motor Signs in Healthy Aging Are Associated with Lower Synaptic Density in the Brain.

To investigate whether mild motor signs (MMS) in old age correlate with synaptic density in the brain. Normal aging is associated with a decline in movement quality and quantity, commonly termed "mild parkinsonian signs" or more recently MMS. Whether MMS stem from global brain aging or pathology within motor circuits remains unresolved. The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A positron emission tomography (PET) ligand 11 C-UCB-J allows the investigation of brain-motor associations at the synaptic level in vivo. Fifty-eight healthy older adults (≥50 years) were included from two monocentric control cohorts. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and 11 C-UCB-J PET data were available in 54 participants. 11 C-UCB-J PET binding was quantified by standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) values in grey matter (GM) volumes of interest (VOIs): caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, thalamus, cerebellum, and the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III score measuring MMS as the dependent variable and mean SUVR values in each VOI as the independent variable with age, Fazekas score (white matter lesion [WML] load), VOI and cohort as covariates. Participants (68 ± 7.5 years; 52% female) had an average MDS-UPDRS part III score of 3.3 ± 2.8. The MDS-UPDRS part III score was inversely associated with synaptic density, independently of WML load or GM volume, in the caudate, substantia nigra, thalamus, cerebellum, and parietal, occipital, temporal cortex. Cohen's f2 showed moderate effect sizes for subcortical (range, 0.30-0.35), cortical (0.28-0.35) and cerebellar VOIs (0.31). MMS in healthy aging are associated with lower synaptic density throughout the brain. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

The Effect Of Financial Ratio On Firm Value: Food and Beverage Sector Listed In IDX

A company is established with the aim of achieving profits and prosperity for company owners and shareholders in an industry. However, not all standing companies get maximum profits, so this study aims to determine whether the independent variables of financial ratios such as dividend policy, investment decision, leverage, profitability and firm size can affect the dependent variable firm value. This study took samples from companies listed on the IDX engaged in the food and beverage sector in 2017-2021 with the final sample used to conduct the research as many as 62 companies. The method of data analysis in this study uses the panel regression method which is useful for predicting and knowing the value of one variable against other variables. This research reveals that the independent variables dividend policy, investment decision and leverage have no significant effect on firm value, while the independent variables profitability and firm size have a significant but negative relationship to the dependent variable firm value.

Design of mesalamine loaded micro-particles: Preparation, in vitro and in-vivo characterization

The goal of this study was to develop mesalamine (MS) microparticles that could be ingested by the colon without first passing via the stomach and small intestines. Without resorting to the time-consuming and laborious double emulsion solvent diffusion method, microparticles were successfully fabricated using the Box-Behnken Design method. Microparticle production was optimized, and the effects of many parameters were analyzed (X1: Eudragit S100, X2: Span 80 and X3: agitation speed). Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), we compared the chosen optimized microparticles to the pure drug solution utilizing in vivo pharmacokinetic study for particle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2), and drug-release (Y3). It was simple to create spherical, free-flowing, smooth-surfaced microparticles with a zeta potential of −36.52 mV and a size distribution of 264.35 ± 6.28–652.34 ± 6.49 nm. Coefficients of 264.35 ± 6.28–652.34 ± 6.49%, 42.31 ± 2.43–89.74 ± 2.17%, and 52.31 ± 0.43–93.51 ± 0.33% from a quadratic model best fit the observed values of dependent variables. Formulation F4 was selected as the best option because it prevented the drug from being released in the upper GIT before it was ready and instead released it only in the colon, where the pH is optimal. The formulation had a particle size of 266.597 μm, an entrapment efficiency of 93.735%, a cumulative drug release of 95.578 percent, and a desirability factor of 0.998. In comparison to drug solution pharmacokinetics, microparticle pharmacokinetics showed a 6.35-fold decrease in Cmax and MS with an appropriately increased half-life of 8.13 h. (13.67 and 3.46). This enhanced bioavailability of MS released from microparticles is probably due to an increase in the half-life, mean residence time (MRT), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0-24) of MS. Over a long length of time with no increase in plasma MS level, it became clear that the novel method of MS-loaded microparticles would provide successful therapy for ulcerative colitis. A pharmacodynamic study found that mesalamine-loaded microparticles dramatically decreased colon edema, necrosis, and bleeding compared to free drug solution. Results from this study suggest that mesalamine-loaded microparticles may be an effective pharmaceutical delivery strategy for the management of ulcerative colitis.