Dependent Negative Resistance Research Articles

Novel FDNR, FDNC and lossy inductor simulators employing second generation voltage conveyor (VCII)

AbstractIn this research the second‐generation voltage conveyor (VCII) is employed in the design of grounded frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) and Frequency dependent negative conductance (FDNC). Additionally, two lossy parallel and series R‐L inductor simulators are also designed. To the best knowledge of the authors above mentioned immittance simulators are first time implemented using VCII. The FDNR requires two VCII, two capacitors and one grounded resistor. FDNC is implemented using three VCII, three resistors and two grounded capacitors. The R‐L inductor emulators requires two VCII, two resistors and one grounded capacitor. All the presented immittance simulators do not require any kind of passive component matching. The non‐ideal gain and sensitivity analysis is conducted to study their performance under circuit parameter variations. Parasitic analysis is also done for the FDNR, FDNC and R‐L inductance simulators to study the effect of parasitic impedance on the circuit operation. To validate the designs, they are simulated in Cadence design environment using 0.18 μm process design kit (PDK) at ±0.9 V supply. Additionally, the circuits are also validated using the macro model of commercially available integrated circuit (IC) AD844. The theoretical and simulation results are found to be in close agreement.

CFOA-based floating frequency dependent negative resistor, floating capacitance multiplier, and simulated floating inductor

This paper introduces a new floating simulator circuit suitable for realizing a floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FFDNR) or a floating capacitance multiplier (FCM) with selections of the passive elements. In addition, a new circuit for realizing a simulated floating inductor (SFI) is introduced. The introduced FFDNR, FCM, and SFI use three current feedback operational amplifiers. The introduced FFDNR and FCM include a canonical number of passive components without any matching requirements, while the SFI contains three resistors and a grounded capacitor with a single resistive matching condition. Voltage-mode band-pass, low-pass, and notch filters are given as application examples.

Q-Factor of the Resonators With Frequency Dependent Negative Resistor

<i>Q</i>-Factor of the Resonators With Frequency Dependent Negative Resistor

CMOS Analog Filter Design for Very High Frequency Applications

A design strategy for the synthesis of high-selectivity/low-order analog filters in Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology for very high frequency (VHF) applications is presented. The methodology for the reconstitution of a given transfer function by means of Signal Flow Graphs (SFG) manipulation in canonical form is proposed leading to a fully differential g m -C biquad filter. As a practical example, the design of a notch filter intended to suppress interferers in the lower sideband (400 MHz) of the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS), in single-poly, 6-metal layers; Mixed-Signal/RF 0.18 µm CMOS technology is realized. To compare the performance of the proposal with some other solution, the design of a 7th order elliptic notch filter based on Frequency Dependent Negative Resistors (FDNRs) was also accomplished. The attained simulation results prove that the proposal is competitive compared to the FDNR solution and some other state-of-the-art filters reported in the literature. The most salient features of the proposed notch biquad include: the selectivity, whose value is comparable to that of a 7th order elliptic approach and some other 3rd order filters; a high-frequency operation without resonators; linearity, with a +15 dBm I I P 3 ; a reduced form factor with a total occupied area of 0.004282 mm2 and mostly a low design complexity.

Multiplierless chaotic Pseudo random number generators

This paper presents a multiplierless based FPGA implementation for six different chaotic Pseudo Random Number Generators (PRNGs) that are based on: Chua, modified Lorenz, modified Rössler, Frequency Dependent Negative Resistor (FDNR) oscillator, and other two systems that are modelled using the simple jerk equation. These chosen systems can be employed in high speed applications because they don’t utilize any hardware multiplier. The proposed PRNGs have been implemented using VHDL, synthesized on Xilinx, using the FPGA: XC5VLX50T, and tested using the NIST statistical suite. Furthermore, a comparison has been established between the performance of all the PRNGs, regarding the implementation area, speed, and the statistical randomness quality. It has been found that the modified Lorenz PRNG has the best randomness quality and the best hardware performance as it can pass all the NIST tests while operating at 298.597 MHz and utilizing only 0.23% and 0.62% from the FPGA’s slice registers and Look-Up-Tables (LUTs) respectively.

Generalized Fully Adjustable Structure for Emulating Fractional-Order Capacitors and Inductors of Orders less than Two

A novel scheme suitable for the emulation of fractional-order capacitors and inductors of any order less than 2 is presented in this work. Classically, fractional-order impedances are characterized in the frequency domain by a fractional-order Laplacian of the form $$s^{\pm \alpha }$$ with an order $$0<\alpha <1$$. The ideal inductor and capacitor correspond, respectively, to setting $$\alpha =\pm 1$$. In the range $$1<\alpha <2$$, fractional-order impedances can still be obtained before turning into a Frequency- Dependent Negative Resistor (FDNR) at $$\alpha =\pm 2$$. Here, we propose an electronically tunable fractional-order impedance emulator with adjustable order in the full range $$0<\alpha <2$$. The values of the emulated capacitance/inductance, as well as the bandwidth of operation, are also electronically adjustable. The post- layout simulation results confirm the correct operation of the proposed circuits.

Hamilton’s Principle for Circuits with Dissipative Elements

The classic form of Hamilton’s variational principle does not hold for circuits with dissipative elements. It is shown in the paper that this may not be true in the case of systems consisting of the so‐called higher‐order elements. Hamilton’s principle is then extended to circuits containing the classical resistors and Frequency Dependent Negative Resistors (FDNRs). The extension is also made to any pair of elements which are the nearest neighbours on any Σ‐diagonal of Chua’s table.

Current inverting metamutator, its implementation with a new single active device and applications

A new kind of metamutator, namely "Current Inverting Metamutator", its realizations using different types of active blocks and some of its applications like voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter with three input and one output terminals are presented. The proposed circuits can realize all standard filters, namely, low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass without passive component matching conditions. The proposed circuit offers the features of using grounded capacitors and orthogonal controllability of angular frequency and quality factor. Then a novel realization of metamutator with one active device, additive and differential IC (AD-IC) is proposed and implemented with twelve transistors only. The metamutator with AD-IC has the advantages: (1) of creating new realizations of memristors, capacitance multipliers, inductor simulators, frequency dependent negative resistors which can be used to make IC active filters, (2) less is the number (only one) of active devices, less is the amount of disparity, (3) no need to match passive component values.

Voltage difference transresistance amplifier and its application: floating FDNR simulator circuit

ABSTRACTIn this article, a new active building component with electronically tunable transresistive block, voltage difference transresistance amplifier, and its floating frequency dependent negative resistor simulator circuit application is presented. The simulator circuit is shown to operate using single active building block with two grounded passive components, to be electronically tunable over its value which is controlled by an independent current source, not to require any conditions of component matching and to have good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. To examine functionality of the design, a CRD band-pass filter example is given.Numerous simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulations are performed and depicted through the article to verify validity of the study. Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology parameters are used through simulations.

Grounded Impedance Simulator Topologies Employing Minimum Passive Elements

In this research three new grounded inductance simulators (GIS) are proposed. In addition, frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) and grounded capacitor (GC) simulators are also developed. The voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) is utilized in the design. All the developed simulator circuits need a single active block and only two grounded passive components. All the designed simulator circuits are perfectly tunable and did not suffer from passive component matching constraints. To demonstrate the performance of the inductor, FDNR and GC circuits they are employed in designing current mode parallel RLC multifunction filter, low pass third order Butterworth filter and RLC resonance circuits. The VDCC is designed in 0.18μm CMOS technology parameters from TSMC and simulated in P-Spice software to prove the theoretical predictions.

Generation of Generalized Impedance Converter Circuits Using NAM Expansion

The generation of the voltage generalized impedance converter (VGIC) circuits using a nodal admittance matrix (NAM) expansion is given in detail. Thirty-two equivalent circuits using current conveyors (CCII) or inverting current conveyors (ICCII) or a combination of both are generated. The reported circuits are suitable for realizing inductors or frequency dependent negative resistors (FDNR) using grounded passive elements. Similarly the generation of the current generalized impedance converter (CGIC) circuits published recently is reexamined and this resulted in 16 more new CGIC circuits using an alternative NAM expansion. Modification of two of the generated circuits to realize a floating inductor or floating FDNR is also given together with Spice simulation results.

Parasitic compensation in CCI-based circuits for reduced power consumption

In this paper, the compensation advantage of the first-generation current conveyor (CCI) over the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) in tunable circuits is shown. For this purpose, a new floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) simulator using three CCIs is presented and employed in a third-order high-pass filter. The compensation feature of the CCI is shown for the proposed high-pass filter. As a second example, the presented compensation method is tested in a second-order band-pass filter constructed with two CCIs. Applying the proposed compensation technique, the CCI-based circuits can operate in lower biasing currents, which result in lower power consumption.

A novel floating simulation topology composed of only grounded passive components

In this article, a novel simulator circuit using two differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs) and three grounded passive components is suggested. Depending on the passive component selection, the developed topology can realise synthetic floating inductors, floating capacitors and floating frequency dependent negative resistors. It does not suffer from passive component matching constraints. As an application example of the proposed simulation circuit, a voltage-mode multifunction filter for simultaneously providing low-pass, band-pass, high-pass and notch responses from the same structure is given. The suggested filter example is composed of only grounded passive components without requiring critical matching conditions, which is suitable for integration. Further, signal limitations of the simulator circuits are discussed. In order to show the performance of the introduced circuit and verify the claimed ideas, we perform simulations using SPICE.

DO-CCII Based Generalised Impedance Convertor Simulates Floating Inductance, Capacitance Multiplier and Fdnr

This paper proposes a generalised impedance convertor using dual-output second-generation current conveyors (DO-CCIIs) that can simulate floating inductance, capacitive multiplier and frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR). The proposed circuit employs only two DO-CCIIs and three passive elements. The circuit is canonic/minimal in the number of passive components and can be easily modified to simulate voltage tunable floating impedances. PSPICE simulation results are included that validate the working of the circuit.

A floating generalized impedance converter with current feedback operational amplifiers

A novel generalized impedance converter topology realized using current feedback operational amplifiers is introduced in this paper. The main offered benefit, in comparison to the corresponding already published structure, is that frequency dependent negative resistors can now be also realized. Other benefits are the requirement for only grounded capacitors, the lower component count, and the capability of tuning through a grounded resistor. The correct operation of the proposed GIC has been verified through a design example, where a 3rd-order lowpass filter has been topologically simulated.

Analysis of mirror mismatch and clock-feedthrough in Bruton transformation switched current wave filters

The paper describes the modelling and analysis of the non-ideal performance of recently introduced Bruton transformation switched current (SI) wave filters. Two sources of errors are considered: mismatching in current mirrors and clock-feedthrough in delay cells. Using transistor-level realisations, analytical non-ideal models for the main components of Bruton transformation wave filters are developed, including capacitive source and load, and frequency dependent negative resistors. These models are integrated with MATLAB to study the influence of these errors on the filter frequency response. The non-ideal performance of 3rd-order low-pass and 5th-order high-pass elliptic filters using second-generation and S2I delay cells are analysed and included.

CHAOTIC OSCILLATOR CONFIGURATION USING A FREQUENCY DEPENDENT NEGATIVE RESISTOR

Chaos is observed from a fourth-order autonomous circuit inspired by Chua's circuit and obtained by replacing the active symmetric nonlinear resistor (Chua's diode) with a parallel combination of a frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) and a general-purpose signal diode. Accordingly, nonlinearity is introduced by a passive device with antisymmetric current-voltage characteristics whereas activity is transferred to the FDNR. The observed chaotic attractor has similar dynamics to the Colpitts chaotic attractor and we show its topological equivalence to the well-known Rossler attractor. Experimental results, PSpice simulations and numerical simulations of the derived mathematical models are included.

Applications of the current feedback operational amplifiers

The current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) are receiving increasing attention as basic building blocks in analog circuit design. This paper gives an overview of the applications of the CFOAs, in particular several new circuits employing the CFOA as the active element are given. These circuits include differential voltage amplifiers, differential integrators, nonideal and ideal inductors, frequency dependent negative resistors and filters. The advantages of using the CFOAs in realizing low sensitivity universal filters with grounded elements will be demonstrated by several new circuits suitable for VLSI implementation. PSPICE simulations using the AD844-CFOA which indicate the frequency limitations of some of the proposed circuits are included.

Frequency dependent negative resistor in four phase network

A new frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) derived using the bilinear s-z transformation in a four phase switched capacitor (SC) network with one operational amplifier and four capacitors is presented. An SC inductor is obtained by a small alteration of the network.

A specific 70K protein found in epileptic rat cortex: Induction of bursting activity and negative resistance by its intracellular application in Euhadra neurons

The effect of 70-kD protein (P70, a specific protein found in cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus of rat cerebral cortex) on membrane properties was examined in identified neurons of the snail, Euhadra peliomphala, using the pressure injection method combined with the voltage-clamp technique. In neurons that normally exhibited spontaneous regular firing, intracellular injection of P70 elicited bursting activity and a negative slope resistance (NSR) region in their current-voltage (I-V) curve in a manner corresponding to the duration of its injection. These responses were suppressed by prior injection of an antibody to P70 into the neurons, and were markedly inhibited by a reduction of extracellular Na+ ions and the anticonvulsant agent phenytoin, but not by Co(2+)-substituted Ca(2+)-free saline. In addition, intracellularly applied P70 potentiated both bursting activity and the NSR induced by a Na channel activator, veratridine. However, prior application of a saturating dose of this activator occluded the effect of P70. These results suggest that P70 elicits a Na(+)-dependent negative resistance, which may contribute to the generation of bursting activity.