Dependent Decision-making Styles Research Articles

Can Professionals Resist Cognitive Bias Elicited by the Visual System? Reversed Semantic Prime Effect and Decision Making in the Workplace: Reaction Times and Accuracy.

Information that comes from the environment reaches the brain-and-body system via sensory inputs that can operate outside of conscious awareness and influence decision processes in different ways. Specifically, decision-making processes can be influenced by various forms of implicit bias derived from individual-related factors (e.g., individual differences in decision-making style) and/or stimulus-related information, such as visual input. However, the relationship between these subjective and objective factors of decision making has not been investigated previously in professionals with varying seniority. This study explored the relationship between decision-making style and cognitive bias resistance in professionals compared with a group of newcomers in organisations. A visual "picture-picture" semantic priming task was proposed to the participants. The task was based on primes and probes' category membership (animals vs. objects), and after an animal prime stimulus presentation, the probe can be either five objects (incongruent condition) or five objects and an animal (congruent condition). Behavioural (i.e., accuracy-ACC, and reaction times-RTs) and self-report data (through the General Decision-Making Scale administration) were collected. RTs represent an indirect measure of the workload and cognitive effort required by the task, as they represent the time it takes the nervous system to receive and integrate incoming sensory information, inducing the body to react. For both groups, the same level of ACC in both conditions and higher RTs in the incongruent condition were found. Interestingly, for the group of professionals, the GDMS-dependent decision-making style negatively correlates with ACC and positively correlates with RTs in the congruent condition. These findings suggest that, under the incongruent decision condition, the resistance to cognitive bias requires the same level of cognitive effort, regardless of seniority. However, with advancing seniority, in the group of professionals, it has been demonstrated that a dependent decision-making style is associated with lower resistance to cognitive bias, especially in conditions that require simpler decisions. Whether this result depends on age or work experience needs to be disentangled from future studies.

The Impact of Leadership Orientations on Decision-Making Styles: A Research on Youth Camp Organizations

Youth organizations are very important for the development of young people. It is thought that the leadership orientations of youth leaders and the decision-making mechanisms which they use are important in terms of being role models for young people who will play an important role in the construction of the future. This study aims to investigate the relationship between leadership orientations and decision-making styles of individuals working as leaders in youth camps affiliated to the Ministry of Youth and Sports, a non-profit public organization. A total of 197 youth camp leaders, consisting of 45 females and 152 males, voluntarily participated in the research. The Multifactor Leadership Orientations Scale and the Decision-Making Styles Scale were used to collect research data. According to the correlation analysis results, a positive and moderate level of relationship was found between rational decision-making and structural leadership (r=.553), human resource leadership (r=.531), political leadership (r=.429), and charismatic leadership (r=.475) dimensions. There was a weak level of relationship between intuitive decision-making style and structural leadership (r=.165), human resource leadership (r=.232), there was a moderate level of relationship political leadership (r=.355), and charismatic leadership (r=.381) dimensions. A positive and weak level of relationship was found between dependent decision-making style and human resource leadership (r=.207) and political leadership (r=.187) dimensions. A negative and weak level of relationship was observed between avoidant decision-making style and structural leadership (r=-.171). According to the regression analysis results, structural leadership (β=.295), human resource leadership (β=.248) and charismatic leadership (β=.198) dimensions have a significant positive influence on the rational decision-making sub-dimension of the decision-making styles scale. Charismatic leadership (β=.315) dimension has a significant positive influence on the intuitive decision-making sub-dimension of the decision-making styles scale. Human resource leadership (β=.225) dimension has a significant positive influence on the dependent decision-making sub-dimension of the decision-making styles scale. In conclusion, leaders who exhibit structural, human-oriented, and charismatic leadership styles are likely to effectively employ a rational decision-making approach. Additionally, leaders with a charismatic leadership orientation may be proficient in utilizing an intuitive decision-making style, while those with a human-oriented leadership approach might excel in dependent decision-making. Future research could explore the expectations of young individuals from their leaders.

Profiles of Decision-Making and Suicidal Behaviors

Objective Deficits in decision-making (DM) are a significant risk factor for suicidal behaviors. However, specific patterns of DM aspects have rarely been examined. This study examined the profiles of DM and their relationship with suicide ideation and attempts. Methods A total of 175 young adults participated in an online survey and the Cambridge Gambling Task between October and November 2021. Results Based on the latent profile analysis with four aspects of DM—risk DM, risk adjustment, DM speed, and delay-discounting—as indicators, three profiles were identified: (1) no deficit class, (2) high risk DM class, and (3) slow DM speed class. Higher use of an avoidant and dependent DM styles was associated with a greater likelihood of being in the slow DM speed class. Younger age and psychache was associated with a greater likelihood of being in the high risk DM class. The rates of lifetime suicide ideation (i.e., wish for death, suicide intent, and suicide plan) and lifetime suicide attempt were higher in the high risk DM class than in the no deficit class. The rate of lifetime wish for death was higher in the slow DM speed class than in the no deficit class. Conclusions Suicide prevention may benefit from addressing DM, which is characterized by high risk and slow speed.

Can professionals "keep the tiller straight" in organizations? Resistance to reframing and decoy alternatives in workplace decision-making.

So far, little is known about the ability to contrast contextual bias as a protective factor in an ever-changing organizational environment. This study assessed whether professionals with different seniority can resist the reframing and the decoy effect under decision-making conditions and whether decision-making styles can predict the resistance to such covert influence tactics. To reach this aim, two groups of professionals divided into senior and junior professionals performed two novel tasks, a Resistance to Reframe Task (RRT) and a Resistance to Alternatives Task (RAT), which, by including ecological scenarios that represent typical decision situations that could arise in the company, can measure the resistance to such covert influence tactics. Decision-making styles were measured through the General Decision-Making Style (GDMS) and the Maximization Scale (MS). Results showed that all professionals were able to resist more to the reframing (at the RRT) than the decoy alternatives (RAT), without any difference between groups. In addition, higher GDMS-dependent subscale scores predict lower RRT scores, especially in the group of senior professionals. However, in the group of junior professionals, the GDMS-dependent subscale and MS high standards subscale predicted lower RAT scores. To conclude, this study showed that professionals know how to "keep the tiller straight" in organizations, especially when facing reframing conditions, rather than decoy alternatives; however, the predominance of dependent decision-making styles (for both senior and junior professionals) and the tendency to hold high standards in decisions (mainly for juniors) could undermine their resistance capacity and make them vulnerable to these covert influence tactics.

Is There a Relationship Between School Principals' Learning Agility and Decision-Making Styles? The Effect of Gender as a Moderating Factor

Leaders with ever-evolving learning agility demonstrate high performance by making quick and better decisions in the face of uncertain situations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between school principals' learning agility and decision-making styles and the moderating role of gender in this relationship. The research is carried out according to the relational survey model. SPSS Process Macro software was used to examine the regulatory role. The study group for the research consists of 383 school principals and vice principals working in Istanbul. According to the findings, the highest correlation was found between learning agility and rational decision-making style. Again, the results of the research concluded that learning agility has a positive effect with an intuitive, dependent decision-making style and a negative effect with an avoidant decision-making style. In addition, the moderating role of gender was determined between learning agility and avoidant decision-making style.

Self-Awareness of Goals Task (SAGT) and Planning Skills: The Neuroscience of Decision Making.

A goal's self-awareness and the planning to achieve it drive decision makers. Through a neuroscientific approach, this study explores the self-awareness of goals by analyzing the explicit and implicit processes linked to the ability to self-represent goals and sort them via an implicit dominant key. Thirty-five professionals performed a novel and ecological decision-making task, the Self-Awareness of Goals Task (SAGT), aimed at exploring the (i) self-representation of the decision-making goals of a typical working day; (ii) self-representation of how these goals were performed in order of priority; (iii) temporal sequence; and (iv) in terms of their efficacy. Electrophysiological (i.e., alpha, beta, and gamma band), autonomic, behavioral, and self-report data (General Decision Making Style and Big Five Inventory) are collected. Higher self-awareness of goals by time as well as efficacy and the greater activation of alpha, beta, and gamma bands in the temporoparietal brain area were found. Correlations reported positive associations between the self-awareness of goals via a time and dependent decision-making style and a conscientious personality, but also between the self-awareness of goals via an efficacy and rational decision-making style. The results obtained in this study suggest that the SAGT could activate recursive thinking in the examinee and grasp individual differences in self-representation and aware identification of decision-making goals.

Decision-Making Styles and Managerial Creativity of Nursing Managers in Saudi Arabia: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Nursing managers as responsible personnel are required to think outside the box in order to make useful decisions using an appropriate style in a creative manner. This study aims to investigate the relationship between nursing managers' decision-making styles and managerial creativity. (2) Methods: A multi-center cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 245 managers in five large government hospitals using self-administered questionnaires on managerial creativity and general decision-making styles. (3) Results: A significant relationship was found between rational, avoidant, and dependent styles and total managerial creativity. A positive correlation was present between the rational style and total managerial creativity and a negative correlation was found between avoidant, dependent, and spontaneous styles and total managerial creativity. According to a regression analysis, the rational style has a positive effect on managerial creativity, whereas the dependent and avoidant styles have a negative effect. (4) Conclusions: The majority of nursing managers in various hospitals throughout the kingdom are creative and almost all use rational and dependent decision-making styles, which are significantly related to managerial creativity. Thus, it is important to continue to conduct training programs on decision-making styles, especially the rational, dependent, and avoidant styles, for the top-, middle-, and low-level managers.

Decision-making style structure of Slovenian sports managers

Purpose: Decisions that we make are always burdened with consequences, which are the inevitable result of our decision-making. The decision-making style (DMS) is the way in which managers acquire, process and use information in decision-making processes. The goals of the present research are to define the factor structure of DMS for a sample of Slovenian sports managers and to determine the characteristics of their DMS structure. Methods: 80 managers of Slovenian sports organizations filled in an anonymous internet survey. The DMS was measured with the use of the General Decision-Making Style Inventory (GDMS), which was translated into the Slovenian language. The GDMS questionnaire measures five different decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant and spontaneous. The factor analysis (FA) method was used to test the assumption about the structure of the DMS. The internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between the DMS. Results: After three successive implementations of FA, we developed an optimized DMS model with 20 items confirming that when making decisions, sports managers use a combination of all five DMS. Slovenian sports managers mostly use the rational and dependent DMS, indicating that they are mostly rational decision-makers. We also recognized the correlation between the rational and the dependent style, but since the structure of the DMS in our sample is dominated by the rational DMS, we could conclude that this is a dependent-rational DMS, where mangers seek advice, opinions and knowledge from colleagues when making decisions to increasing their rationality. Conclusions: We can conclude that the recognized average structure of the DMS is functional and healthy; furthermore, Slovenian sports managers are on average rational decision-makers who, due to the specific organizational characteristics of sports organizations, look for confirmation and opinions on future decisions in the broader environment of the organizations' stakeholders.

Students' Perception of Decision-Making Styles at University Level in Punjab

The current study aims to investigate students' perceptions of decision-making styles carried out in Punjab. All the students from the education department/institute of the government universities were the population of the study. For this purpose, seven universities which offer B.Ed. (Hons.) the program was selected randomly, and students (last semesters) were the study participants. The data was collected through a survey questionnaire. The instrument's reliability was 0.72. Results show that students have different perceptions regarding the styles carried by them. Most of the students are carried avoidant decision-making styles. At the same time, dependent decision-making styles were considered to be the least. Furthermore, a significant difference was not found between female and male students' perceptions of styles. It is recommended that universities offer courses to improve/develop effective skills because improved education assists students in making the right decisions at the right time in various realms of life and deciding on a better future.

How do consumers respond when presented with novel doctor performance information? A multivariate regression analysis.

BackgroundThere is an array of attributes one may consider when selecting a doctor. Consumers must generally select providers in the absence of any standardized performance information about these attributes at the doctor level. Some attributes may be less salient to consumers until presented with novel performance data. Innate decision‐making regret, style and skill may be important, given the complexity of processing and trading off on numerous attributes.ObjectiveThere has been limited opportunity to study consumer behaviour in the presence of doctor‐level quality information, as these data are not widely available. This study explores how consumers interact with doctor‐level performance data, considering their decision‐making regret, style and skill. Specifically, it examines how consumers rate 10 doctor attributes before and after exposure to doctor‐level quality information.MethodsThe study utilizes data from the SelectMD 2.0 Provider Choice Experiment. Respondents (n = 1247) were presented with a mock website reporting quality information and asked to choose a doctor. Difference scores are calculated based on participants' ratings of 10 attributes before and after the experiment and a multivariate ordered probit regression is considered to study the association between the predictors and 10 response outcomes.ResultsConsumers change their valuation of doctor attributes following exposure to quality data. As expected, consumers upgrade their valuation of the safety and technical quality attributes, but this is specifically associated with a greater tendency to regret decisions. Instead, those with a more dependent decision‐making style downgrade reputation, while those with better decision‐making skill downgrade the bedside manner and safety attributes.Patient or Public ContributionConsumers/patients participated in the pilot testing of the website used for the experiment.

AN ANALYSIS OF EFL TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS RELATED TO THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: A CASE STUDY AT A FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY IN TURKEY

Decision-making process requires school leaders and teachers to approach problems in a systematic way with more attention as a part of their academic and administrative roles, duties and responsibilities. In this respect, it is inevitable for them to consider the complex nature of decision-making procedures that is reshaped again and again due to the stakeholders various social, educational, cultural and psychological backgrounds. Bearing these points in mind, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the EFL teachers’ perceptions of decision-making process and identify the decision-making style they follow. Additionally, it aspired after searching whether gender and teaching experience effect the EFL teachers’ decision-making styles. A qualitative case study design was applied for the present study in accordance with its purpose. 6 EFL teachers (3 females and 3 male) working at the School of Foreign Languages in a private university took part in this study as participants. Collected data was analysed with Creswell’s (2012) inductive content analysis. The findings reached as a result of the study revealed that teachers’ perceptions of decision-making process were categorized under four headings. They were (1) the careful consideration of the situation, (2) involvement of all the parties, (3) reacting to an undesired situation, and (4) feeling responsible. It was also observed that while the men utilized rational decision-making style, the women preferred dependent decision-making style. Additionally, according to the findings, all of the participants stated that teaching experience had a positive correlation with decision-making process which means that the more experience teachers have, the more successful and effective decisions they take.

The Relationship Between Candidate Teachers’ Decision-Making Styles with Knowledge and Awareness Levels Towards Child Neglect and Abuse

Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmen adaylarının karar verme stillerinin çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusundaki bilgi ve risk tanıma düzeyleri ve bu ikisi değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Verilerin analizi Bağımsız Örneklemler için t testi, Tek Faktörlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA), Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon tekniği ve Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; kadın öğretmen adayların çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusundaki bilgi ve risk tanıma konusunda erkelere göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı ve karar verme stilleri açısından erkek öğretmen adaylarının kadınlara göre daha rasyonel, sezgisel ve kaçınma stillere sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmen adaylarının rasyonel karar verme, sezgisel ve bağımlı karar verme stilleri ile Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali konusundaki bilgi ve risk Taşıma Düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca araştırma sonucunda rasyonel karar verme stiline sahip öğretmen adaylarının çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusundaki bilgi ve risk tanıma düzeyindeki değişimin %13’ünü açıkladığı bulunmuştur. Elde dilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda istismarın fark edilmesini kolaylaştıracak ve rasyonel karar vermeyi sağlayacak ilkelerin belirlenmesi önerilmektedir.

YÖNETİCİLERİN KARAR VERME BİÇİMİNİN ÇALIŞANLARIN MOTİVASYONU VE PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

The study investigates the effect of managers’ decision-making style on employee motivation and performance as well as the moderator role of motivation in decision-making style and performance relationship. In the study adopting the quantitative approach, data are obtained from 147 people with the distribute - collect survey method. Simple and multiple linear regression methods are utilized to analyze data. To results, while rational and intuitive decision-making styles affect motivation, increasing intrinsic motivation substantially improves performance. Rational and dependent decision-making styles affect performance, and it is revealed that there is a moderator role of the motivation in decision-making styles and performance relationships. The fact that the performance is largely explained by intrinsic motivation reveals the importance of employee motivation. It can be suggested that intrinsic motivation of employees should be increased to improve performance.

Motivation and Decision-Making Styles at Work: A Comparison of Public Private Sector Managerial Positions

The current study investigated the link between motivation and decision-making strategies of employees working on managerial positions in different organizations of Multan. Additionally, participants were compared across gender, marital status, age groups and organizational set up. The sample included 164 men and 68 women (N = 232, Mage 38.5 years). Work Preference Inventory and General Decision-Making Style Questionnaire were administered in order to measure intrinsic/extrinsic motivation and a range of decision-making styles respectively. Correlational analysis showed significant inverse association of dependent decision-making style with both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation yet only extrinsic motivation proved to be a significant predictor of dependent style in regression analysis. Results of t-test showed that men preferred rationale style women scored higher on dependent and avoidant styles of making decisions than men. Decision making ability of married employees was better than unmarried. Differences across gender and marital status were non-significant on level of motivation and its types. Private sector employees showed greater motivation than public sector employees, however both were alike in decision making except for dependent style that was preferred by public sector employees. Younger group was more intrinsically motivated while older groups were more dependent in decision making as compared with the younger group. Findings are discussed for improvement of organizational set up.

Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students

BackgroundThis study aims to assess the impact of personality traits on emotional intelligence (EI) and decision-making among medical students in Lebanese Universities and to evaluate the potential mediating role-played by emotional intelligence between personality traits and decision-making styles in this population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December 2019 on 296 general medicine students.ResultsHigher extroversion was associated with lower rational decision-making style, whereas higher agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with a higher rational decision-making style. More extroversion and openness to experience were significantly associated with a higher intuitive style, whereas higher agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with lower intuitive style. More agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with a higher dependent decision-making style, whereas more openness to experience was significantly associated with less dependent decision-making style. More agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were significantly associated with less spontaneous decision-making style. None of the personality traits was significantly associated with the avoidant decision-making style. Emotional intelligence seemed to fully mediate the association between conscientiousness and intuitive decision-making style by 38% and partially mediate the association between extroversion and openness to experience with intuitive decision-making style by 49.82 and 57.93% respectively.ConclusionOur study suggests an association between personality traits and decision-making styles. The results suggest that EI showed a significant positive effect on intuitive decision-making style and a negative effect on avoidant and dependent decision-making styles. Additionally, our study underlined the role of emotional intelligence as a mediator factor between personality traits (namely conscientiousness, openness, and extroversion) and decision-making styles.

Decision-making styles in the context of colorectal cancer screening

BackgroundOur study examined the use of decision-making styles, as identified by Scott and Bruce (1995) (i.e. differentiating between a rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant and spontaneous decision-making style), within the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation. In the field of cancer screening, informed decision-making is considered important, which follows the Rational Decision model. Subsequently, gaining more insight into decision-making styles being used in real life, could improve support to people when making their screening decision. In addition, we examined whether the decision-making style that people used was associated with their experienced decisional conflict.MethodsAn online survey was carried out among a sample of first-time CRC screening invitees (1282 respondents, response rate 49%). We assessed people’s decision-making styles, CRC screening participation, education level, self-reported health literacy, and decisional conflict, and examined the possible associations between them.ResultsIn our study, people who had to decide about CRC screening scored high on using both a rational and intuitive decision-making style. Respondents scoring higher on using a spontaneous or dependent decision-making style were more likely to have participated in CRC screening, while respondents scoring higher on using an avoidant decision-making style were more likely not to have participated in CRC screening. However, differences were small. Generally, people in our study experienced low decisional conflict.ConclusionOur eligible CRC screening population scored high on using both a rational and intuitive decision-making style. To optimise support to people, public education materials could be appealing more to the intuitive processes at hand. That being said, the current education materials aimed at informed/rational decision-making do not necessarily seem to create a problem, as people generally experienced low decisional conflict. Possible concerns regarding the use of a spontaneous, dependent or avoidant decision-making style could be that these styles might be contributing to less informed decisions. However, it is relevant to consider that the found differences are small and that any possible concern applies to a relatively small group of people.

Initial Expectations of Team Performance: Specious Speculation or Framing the Future?

This study demonstrates that the initial performance expectations of teams, formed even before members are very familiar with each other or the team’s task, are a key determinant of the team’s ultimate success. Specifically, we argue that such early formed beliefs determine the extent to which teams frame their task as a gain or loss context, which affects their orientation toward risk-taking. Our results suggest a self-fulfilling prophecy effect: Initial team performance expectations lead to the fulfillment of such expectations via risk-taking behavior. We also show that teams are less susceptible to this “risk-taking trap” to the extent that members have low avoidant or high dependent decision-making styles. We tested and found support for our predictions in a study of 540 individuals comprising 108 five-member teams working in a controlled environment. Our study contributes to theory on emergent states and decision biases in teams, and we offer a number of practical implications.

Impact of individual decision-making styles on marketing information system based decision-making

Marketing information system (MIS) enables data processing and transformation of data into valuable information that results in a more effective decision-making from which companies benefit. However, human aspect is still an influential factor in the decision-making process. We conceptualize a connection between decision-making styles of employees, inherent in their habits and practices, and marketing innovation system based on the decision-making process. Through a detailed literature review, a link between spontaneous, individual, rational and dependent decision-making styles with quality and speed of MIS decision-making has been conceived and constructed. We suggest that decision-making styles influence both quality and speed of the decision-making process. Furthermore, quality and speed of MIS decision-making have a positive influence on radical and incremental marketing innovation. This study enriches the body of literature that focuses on the human-technology interaction and is valuable for companies implementing and using MIS to make business decisions.

대학생의 진로의사결정유형에 따른 진로의식성숙

본 연구의 목적은 대학생들의 진로의사결정유형과 진로의식성숙정도를 파악하고, 진로의사결정유형에 따른 진로의식성숙에서의 차이를 알아봄으로써 진로지도에 도움이 될 수 있는 지침개발의 기초자료로 제공하고자 함이다. 본 연구의 대상은 6개 대학에 재학 중인 대학생 223명이다. 대학생들의 진로의사결정유형에서 합리적 의사결정점수가 가장 높았고, 다음으로 직관적 의사결정, 의존적 의사결정 순으로 나타났다. 진로의식성숙에서 스스로 진로를 정하는 진로독립성, 진로관여성은 높은데 비해 직업선택에 대한 긍정적인 태도나 진로타협성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 학년에 따른 진로의식 성숙에서는 2, 3학년에 비해 1, 4학년이 진로결정성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 사회경제적 수준에 따른 진로의식 성숙에서도 상류층은 하류층에 비해 진로결정성이 높았으나 진로독립성은 낮았다. 진로의사결정유형에 따른 진로의식성숙에서는 합리적 의사결정유형집단이 의존적 의사결정유형집단에 비해 진로독립성이 높고 직업 선택의 태도가 긍정적이었다. 본 연구는 대학생의 의사결정유형에 따른 진로의식성숙의 차이를 보여 진로지도에서 의사결정유형의 중요성을 인식시켰으며, 더불어 대학교 취업교육현장에서 진로의식성숙을 함양하기 위한 개입 방안을 모색하는데 도움이 될 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in university student's career maturity according to general characteristics(for example, gender, grade, and SES) and undergraduate student's career decision-making styles. A scale measuring the career decision-making styles(Harren, 1984) and career maturity(Crites, 1978) was administered to 223 university students around the capital city. The data were analyzed using Cronbach's <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> tests, means, standard deviations, One-way MANOVAs, and Multiple Discriminant Analyses. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There was not significant difference by gender in career maturity. But there were significant differences by grade and SES in career maturity. Freshmen and Senior exhibited higher career decision-making attitude than sophomores and juniors. High-SES group showed higher career decision-making attitude and lower career independence. 2. There were significant differences by career decision-making styles in career maturity. 51.1% of our samples were rational decision-making styles, 30.0% of our samples were intuitive decision-making styles, and 18.8% of our samples were dependent decision-making styles. Undergraduate students with rational decision-making styles showed more positive career choice behavior and higher career independence than undergraduate students dependent decision-making styles.

Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure

A multistage, four sample study was conducted to develop a conceptually consistent and psychometrically sound measure of decision-making style. Construct definitions were developed from prior theory, and items were written to assess rational, avoidant, intuitive, and dependent decision-making styles. A series of principal-axis factor analyses with varimax rotation and subsequent item analyses were conducted to develop four conceptually distinct scales with acceptable internal consistency (alpha ranging from .68 to .94) and a stable factor structure. In the process of scale development, a fifth style (spontaneous) was identified. Tests for independence among the five decision-making style scales and concurrent validity analyses were conducted. Finally, discussion of the new instrument with reference to the extant literature is provided.