Subordinate Clauses Research Articles

Persuasive Strategies in Two Speeches of King Abdullah II About the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

The current study investigates the persuasive strategies and techniques used by King Abdullah II in his two speeches regarding the covid 19 pandemic. It also aims to critically analyze these persuasive strategies and techniques using critical discourse analysis. Moreover, it aims to explore the most and the least frequently persuasive strategies and techniques employed in these two speeches. The data consists of two speeches delivered virtually at the world economic forum. The first speech is delivered on the 21st of September 2020 and the second speech is delivered on 28 January 2021. The current study adapts Johnstone (2008) as a theoretical framework for data analyses. The findings reveal that King Abdullah II employed three persuasive strategies, namely quasilogical, presentational and analogical in the two speeches respectively. Findings also reveal that the presentational strategy is the most frequently used. The second most frequently used strategy is the quasilogical. The last employed persuasive strategy is analogical. Additionally, as for the persuasive techniques within the presentational strategy, deixes is the most frequently persuasive technique employed and visual metaphor is the least frequently employed persuasive technique in the two speeches. As for the quasilogical, syllogism is the most frequently used persuasive technique employed. Then, it is followed by subordinate clauses and logical connectives. As for the analogical strategy, both reminding the audience of the time-tested values and calling to mind traditional wisdom techniques are the most frequently employed persuasive techniques.

An Analysis of Syntactic Structure of Coordination on The English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk

This study is about Syntactic Structure of Coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. The purposes of this research are to find out the types of constituents to form syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk and to explain the distribution of syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. The data is formed as sentences having syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. Method of the research in this study is analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. To collect the data, the writer used documentation method. The steps to analyze the data are reading, collecting, and numbering the data. To analyze the data, the writer uses structural grammar. The main theory applied in this study is the theory of Syntax proposed by Francis (1957). The result of the analysis shows that: 1) the types of constituents being combined are categorized in three groups: words which are noun, adjective, verb, and to infinitive; phrase which is noun phrase; and clauses which are independent clause and dependent clause, and 2) the distribution of syntactic structures of coordination on The English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk analyzed based on its function in word, phrase and sentence: two functions in words: as head and as modifier; one function in phrase: as modifier and one function in sentence/clause: as predicate.

Причастная клауза в истории русского языка

The article examines the structure of the participle clause, in which the participle precedes the subject, with the actant or subordinate clause related to the participle placed in postposition. The study aims to reveal grammatical indicators of the participle predicativity, to determine the dynamics of the use of the clause under consideration, its stylistic peculiarities and the reasons for its loss in the Russian language. The application of comparative-historical and comparative-typological methods has enabled the author to prove the higher degree of predicative power of prepositive participles in comparison with the postpositive ones. The grammatical indicators of the participle predicativity have been established. They are expressed in word order, agreement of the participle and the subject in meaning, separation of the participial clause from the verbal part of the sentence with a dot or their connection by means of coordinating conjunction. The participial clause structural diversity has been studied and the development of absolute participle clauses on its basis has been revealed. The dynamics of its use in different periods of the history of the Russian language has been investigated. The frequency of its use has been ascertained in the written records of various genres dating back to the 11 th – 17 th centuries. The analysis of the texts originating from the 18th century has shown the dynamics of participial clause use in different periods of the history of the Russian language, which indicates the reference of such participial constructions to the bookish style.

Measuring Writing Development and Proficiency Gains Using Indices of Lexical and Syntactic Complexity: Evidence From Longitudinal Russian Learner Corpus Data

AbstractLinguistic complexity serves as an important measure of second language (L2) writing development. Complexity indices, however, rarely feature in the studies of learner languages other than English. Additionally, L2 writing studies have been criticized for the lack of consistency in defining proficiency. The current study addresses these gaps by exploring writing development in a less commonly studied language (i.e., Russian) while paying attention to the operationalization of proficiency. We analyzed lexical and syntactic complexity indices in a corpus of essays written by learners at different levels at the beginning and the end of an instructional program. Our analyses demonstrate that 9 complexity indices (i.e., mean word length, type–token ratio, percentage of high‐frequency words, mean sentence length, clauses per sentence, syntactic depth, proportion of subordinate clauses, and proportion of relative clauses) changed significantly over the course of the program; the same 9 indices showed significant correlation with the initial curricular placement, and all—with the exception of clauses per sentence—modestly or highly correlated with the final rating on the proficiency test. The findings confirm the usefulness of complexity measures in tracking writing development in L2 Russian.

Semejanzas y contrastes en los sistemas de puntuación y en el uso de la coma en las oraciones subordinadas sustantivas y de relativo en español y polaco

Similarities and contrasts in punctuation systems and in the use of commas in subordinate nouns and relative clauses in Spanish and Polish The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly compare the definitions of punctuation marks in Spanish and Polish, to justify their syntactic-logical function from a diachronic point of view, and to compare the graphic representations of punctuation marks in both languages. On the other hand, it attempts to compare, in more detail, the use of the comma in subordinate substantive clauses and in relative clauses in both languages, starting from the Spanish syntax and based on the corpus from literary works. The conclusion shows that, between both languages, there are more similarities when it comes to defining punctuation marks than when comparing the use of commas in specific syntactic structures.

On the Use of the Subjunctive with English Hope

The present paper describes how the structure of a particular expression of ‘hope’ (e.g., I hope that x vs. My hope is that/would be that x), as well as the presence or absence of an additional modal element (e.g., would, might, may, could, can, should), can influence the speaker or subject’s perceived investment in or commitment to the proposition’s materialization and, consequently, the (un)acceptability of the subordinate clause appearing in the subjunctive. Since, hope unlike want, tends to be associated with desires that result from careful and thoughtful reasoning (e.g., Portner & Rubinstein, 2012), the standard use of an indicative embedded complement is not unexpected. I, however, explain that the more irrealis (i.e., conditional, hypothetical, unreal, uncertain, or visceral and, thus, not likely to be the product of careful and thoughtful reasoning) the ‘hope’ statement is considered to be (as manifested by a diminished sense of speaker commitment to the proposition’s possible fulfillment), is the more acceptable the use of the subjunctive becomes.

Dependency resolutions of null and overt subjects in English speakers’ L2 Chinese: Evidence for the cue-based model

This study investigates whether there are different first-language–second-language (L1–L2) dependency resolutions by focusing on less-studied crosslinguistic variances in L2 acquisition of Chinese, a null-subject language, by speakers of English, a non-null-subject language. The overt subject pronoun of a Chinese main clause has free orientation and its antecedent can be the subject or object of the preceding causal subordinate clause, depending on pragmatic biases. The null subject of a Chinese main clause, however, is subject-oriented, and this subject orientation is not affected by any pragmatic bias. English does not allow null subjects and, like Chinese, overt subject pronouns in English have free orientation. An acceptability judgement task and an interpretation task were adopted, and the results suggest that only the free orientation of overt subjects, but not the subject orientation of null subjects, is acquirable for English-speaking learners; they are found to be influenced by the pragmatic bias. This provides evidence for the cue-based model (Cunnings, 2017), which states that L1–L2 differences in dependency resolution can be explained in terms of L1–L2 differences in susceptibility to interference and L2ers’ over-reliance on discourse-based/pragmatic cues. It is also observed that in L1 Chinese, competition between the target antecedent and distractors occurs during the reading of the sentence, while in L2 Chinese, this occurs after the reading of the sentence. These findings add to our growing understanding of different mechanisms in L1 vs. L2 dependency resolutions.

Clausal and phrasal coordination in recent American English

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that there is considerable cross-genre variation as regards what linguistic units tend to be coordinated byand. While literate, expository writing favors coordination of phrasal units such as noun phrases, coordinated units are more often clausal (e.g., main or subordinate clauses) in speech-related texts. This difference has been attested in studies that focus exclusively on coordination as well as in macro-level studies of co-variation among a large number of linguistic features. However, this register differentiation has increased over time: studies of Early and Late Modern English point to less pronounced differences among registers than those attested in the present-day language. This study fills a gap in research by considering data on coordination byandfrom the middle of the 20th century, a period that does not belong fully to either Late Modern or Present-Day English, and the late 20th and early 21st century, and thus ties diachronic and synchronic research on register variation in coordination together. We also examine language from films and television in order to complement historical findings for speech-related language with data on registers that arose in the 20th century.

South Korean immigrant workers in Germany: L2 German verb placement and sociolinguistic factors

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study explores the asymmetric placement of the finite verb in Korean L2 German speakers and examines the effect of sociolinguistic factors on the produced verb placement patterns. Design/methodology/approach: Fifty-eight participants performed a sentence completion task that elicited the preferred placement of the (finite) verb in matrix and subordinate clauses. In addition, language background interviews were conducted to better understand the sociolinguistic circumstances of the Korean immigrants. Data and analysis: The experimental data are analyzed using implicational scaling to identify patterns of verb placement. The effect of sociolinguistic factors was tested fitting an ordinal logistic regression model. Findings/conclusions: Contrary to the developmental stages of L2 German syntax found in previous research, the experimental results revealed that target-like subordinate clauses are produced more robustly than verb second (V2) constructions. It is argued that this result is better explained with difficulties producing subject-verb inversion, V2, than with facilitative L1 transfer effects from Korean, producing German subordinate clauses with V-final order. Concerning social factors, the type of occupation (coal miner or nurse) was most significant in predicting the preferred L2 verb placement pattern, followed by L2 education and age of immigration. Originality: This article adds to the understanding of L2 German syntax by revisiting previously identified stages of L2 German development with data that target the preferred verb placement in matrix and subordinate clauses from less-researched L1 Korean speakers. The intra-group distinction of Korean immigrants into coal miners and nurses further allows a differentiated look at the role of sociolinguistic factors. Significance/implications: This research is significant as it aims to draw a comprehensive picture of L2 German acquisition and usage in the context of labor migration, highlighting a less-studied group of immigrants.

Analyzing Chinese text with clause relevance structure

Discourse structure is generally represented as hierarchical structure, the two most well known representations are rhetorical structure theory (RST) and Penn discourse treebank (PDTB). The main problem of the hierarchical structure is that it can not describe the direct semantic relevance between the elementary discourse units (EDU), especially the non-adjacent and cross-level EDUs. Discourse dependency structure (DDS) has been put forward in recent years to describe the head-dependent relation between the EDUs. However, the judgment process of the head can not be answered theoretically. This problem is particularly serious in Chinese discourse analysis, because Chinese lacks the form differences between the main clauses and the subordinate clauses. In this paper, we propose clause relevance structure to represent the discourse structure. Compared with the hierarchical discourse structure and DDS, the clause relevance structure can effectively describe the direct semantic association between discontinuous and cross-level clauses in a text, and the construction of structure is not presupposed by the head recognition. We propose the judgment criteria and formal constraints of the clause relevance structure, and built a human-annotated corpus on Chinese text. Based on the Chinese corpus, we explore the automatic recognition of clause relevance structure. The clause relevance recognition task is formalized as a classification problem and performed by the BERT-based model. A bidirectional LSTM layer is added on the top of the BERT to improve the performance, and the recognition accuracy (90.77%) is achieved by the BERT-LSTM model. Experimental results show that the long distance clause pairs are the main difficulties in the clause relevance recognition, and these difficulties mainly focus on the positive examples, while the clause pairs with short distance are especially difficult to be correctly recognized as negative relevance.

The Mood of Persuasion: Imperatives and Subjunctives in Attic Oratory

Abstract This paper aims to examine whether imperatives are used in the same or a similar way in forensic, symbouleutic, and epideictic orations, what the semantic differences are between addressing the audience in the imperative and the so-called mandative subjunctive (which conveys requests, suggestions, and recommendations) or prohibitive subjunctive (which instructs the audience to avoid actions), and what impact these two moods are intended to have upon the judges and onlookers. It will be argued that subjunctives, when used in main clauses (those in subordinate clauses are not examined), take their level of forcefulness (i. e., how polite and discreet they are) from their immediate context, and that, in some instances, they may have a similar semantic force and persuasive potential to imperatives.

ENGLISH ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURES – CONSTITUENTS AND FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE CLAUSE

The article discusses the qualitative and quantitative results from a corpus-based research into the constituents of English alternative interrogative structures (EAISs) and their grammatical functions within the clause. The study has shown that the most typical functions of the EAISs are those of direct object, adjunct and subject-oriented predicative complement. The EAISs often represent a binary unmixed coordination of noun phrases, prepositional phrases or (closed) interrogative subordinate clauses. However, there are also EAISs whose constituents belong to different syntactic categories. Still other EAISs have their final constituent unexpressed. The constituents most often occur within the boundaries of the same sentence.

Binā al-Jumal al-Mu’aqqodah fī Riwayah “Mā Lā Nabūh Bih” ala Asāsi Nadhariyyati Tagmemic Kenneth L. Pike [Complex Sentence Construction in Novel “Mā Lā Nabūh Bih” Based on the Perspective of Kenneth L. Pike’s Tagmemic

Sentence studies that are rarely discussed in the realm of linguistics are complex sentences. This article aims to describe the construction and types of complex sentences based on their clause formation in the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih based on Kenneth L. Pike's Tagmemic theory. This research was a qualitative and descriptive study, with the primary data source were the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih by Sandra Serag. Each type of complex sentence was selected and described according to Tagmemic theory. The results of this study found that four ‘harf’ functions were used as subordinating conjunctions based on the formation of the clauses, which consists of the arrangement of musnad (subject), musnad ilaih (predicate), and maf'ul bih (object). The distinguishes among four ‘harf’ functions are in the form and position of the subordinating conjunctions that separate the main sentence and its subordinate clauses, namely time relations (mundzu/since), causal relationship (lianna/because), complementary relationships (anna/really), comparative relationship (kaanna/as if). Complex sentences in the Tagmemic perspective are more complex than other types of sentence structures since they may consist of two slots, two classes, two roles, or two cohesions. In contrast, other sentence structure types have only one slot, class, role, and cohesion.

Complementation and the creole continuum in the Eastern Caribbean

AbstractThis article examines complement clauses in the Caribbean English spoken in Bequia (St Vincent and the Grenadines). Despite a small population (about 5,000), physical proximity and pervasive kinship ties across villages, Bequia English is characterised by considerable inter‐group differentiation, suggesting the existence of a (post‐)creole continuum. We analyse variation in the complementisers used to introduce finite (that, zero) and non‐finite subordinate clauses (for, to, zero) and relative clauses (that, wh‐forms, zero) in recorded conversations with 26 speakers from four villages. While frequency of complementiser use differs markedly across villages, patterns of variation do not present a straightforward continuum between more (Standard‐)English‐like and more creole‐like speech. Examination of the linguistic constraints conditioning complementiser choice provides evidence for distinct emergent endonormative patterns for Bequia English that belie the superficial differences between villages. We argue that linguistic details serve as a common means of expressing a highly local variety of English.

The role of modality and working memory capacity in L2 production

This study investigates whether linguistic outcomes of second language (L2) learners’ performance are consistent across oral and written modalities and, if so, whether the consistency remains across proficiency levels. The study also explores whether the linguistic outcomes of speaking, writing, or both are related to working memory capacity. Eighty-six L2 learners, from beginner to advanced, described a series of pictures within time constraints in speech and in writing, and completed two working memory tests. The study found greater syntactic complexity and lexical sophistication in the written than in the oral modality. However, the oral task elicited more lexical diversity, and the advanced learners produced more subordinate clauses in the oral task than in the written task. Learners with more working memory capacity produced marginally more complex structures in the oral task than learners with less working memory capacity. These findings have implications for the effective implementation of speaking and writing activities in L2 learning.

THE SYNTAX OF TAMIANG LANGUAGE ACEH PROVINCE

Syntax is the study of rules for combining words into a sentence. The purpose of this research is to find out how the syntax of Tamiang language especially the sentences that are construction in the Language such as the patterns of phrases, clauses, and sentences. This research used descriptive design. The data in this research were collected through interviewing, noting and translating, recording and transcribing all utterances of Tamiang language. The number of subjects were about 24 persons. This research resulted that Tamiang language has four kinds of phrases. Meanwhile, Tamiang clauses have two forms: complete and incomplete form. The complete form has two patterns: subject-predicate and predicate -subject. Based on the parts of speech, Tamiang clauses have five forms: nominal clause, verbal clause, adjectival clause, numeral clause and prepositional clause. There are four kinds of sentences in Tamiang language: declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence and exclamatory sentence.Key Words: Syntax, Sentences, and Tamiang Language

Nathan J. Chambers. Reconsidering Creation Ex Nihilo in Genesis 1

Nathan J. Chambers. <i>Reconsidering Creation Ex Nihilo in Genesis 1</i>

What Characterizes the Productive Morphosyntax of Norwegian Children with Developmental Language Disorder?

Little is known about the productive morphosyntax of Norwegian children with developmental language disorder (DLD). The current study examined morphosyntax in Norwegian-speaking children with DLD (n =19) and a control group that was pairwise matched for age, gender, and intelligence quotient (IQ; n = 19). The children's sentence repetitions were studied through the lens of Processability Theory. The group differences were largest for grammatical structures at the latest developmental stage of the processability hierarchy. The Norwegian subordinate clause word order, belonging to the latest stage of the processability hierarchy, stood out as particularly challenging for children with DLD. Only 2 children with DLD but 16 children in the control group produced a subordinate clause with subordinate clause word order. Categorization of children's errors revealed that children with DLD made more errors of all types (addition, omission, substitution, inflection and word order) but especially errors of omission and inflection.

Le coordonnant adversatif du mandarin standard

One of the most popular morphemes signifying adversative relation in Mandarin is &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236;, which can be considered as either a conjunction or an adverb. When &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236; is used as adversative conjunction and adversative adverb, it shows different syntactic distributions. Focus on the conjunction &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236;, it allows coordination between linguistic units at various levels such as morphemes, nominal clauses, propositions, and even paragraphs. Besides &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236;, other terms like &#21487;&#26159; k&#283;sh&#236;, &#19981;&#36807; b&#250;gu&#242; et &#28982;&#32780; r&#225;n&#8217;&#233;r frequently occur in Chinese daily communication. They also express adversative meanings and assume a coordination function. In most of the cases where &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236; is used, it can be switched to its variants freely without changing the meaning, but it is forbidden in specific contexts. We will show in this article the syntactic distribution of adversative conjunction &#20294;&#26159; d&#224;nsh&#236; and its variants in Standard Mandarin Chinese, aiming to provide a comparative presentation of different signifiers from a distributional perspective.

Development of written L2 French: a longitudinal study of learners in the Norwegian school context

This paper presents a longitudinal multiple case study that focused on the development of the written interlanguage of four learners over their three years of learning French as a second language (L2) in upper secondary school in Norway. The development of macro-level syntactic complexity and the development of micro-level measures of accuracy in morphosyntactic features specific to written French were examined. In order to trace development of syntactic complexity, we used two well-established measures in the SLA literature: T-unit length and the number of dependent clauses per T-unit (Wolfe-Quintero et al., 1998; Verspoor et al., 2017), whereas the morphosyntactic features representing the basis for our analysis of accuracy were gender and number in the noun phrase in French. The results illustrated that the written French of all four learners clearly became more syntactically complex over the three years of the study. As regards the development at the morphosyntactic level, progress was less straight forward in the individual learners, and the developmental tendencies varied according to the nature of the features studied.