Dependent Parameters Research Articles

Relationship between Cumulative Temperature and Light Intensity and G93 Parameters of Isoprene Emission for the Tropical Tree Ficus septica.

The most widely used isoprene emission algorithm, G93 formula, estimates instantaneous leaf-level isoprene emission using the basal emission factor and light and temperature dependency parameters. The G93 parameters have been suggested to show variation depending on past weather conditions, but no study has closely examined the relationship between past meteorological data and the algorithm parameters. Here, to examine the influence of the past weather on these parameters, we monitored weather conditions, G93 parameters, isoprene synthase transcripts and protein levels, and MEP pathway metabolites in the tropical tree Ficus septica for 12 days and analyzed their relationship with cumulative temperature and light intensity. Plants were illuminated with varying (ascending and descending) light regimes, and our previously developed Ping-Pong optimization method was used to parameterize G93. The cumulative temperature of the past 5 and 7 days positively correlated with CT2 and α, respectively, while the cumulative light intensity of the past 10 days showed the highest negative correlation with α. Concentrations of MEP pathway metabolites and IspS gene expression increased with increasing cumulative temperature. At best, the cumulative temperature of the past 2 days positively correlated with the MEP pathway metabolites and IspS gene expression, while these factors showed a biphasic positive and negative correlation with cumulative light intensity. Optimized G93 captured well the temperature and light dependency of isoprene emission at the beginning of the experiment; however, its performance significantly decreased for the latter stages of the experimental duration, especially for the descending phase. This was successfully improved through separate optimization of the ascending and descending phases, emphasizing the importance of the optimization of formula parameters and model improvement. These results have important implications for the improvement of isoprene emission algorithms, particularly under the predicted increase in future global temperatures.

Nanosponge hydrogel of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate of Alcaligenes faecalis

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (ODHP) was extracted in a previous study from the culture broth of soil isolate Alcaligenes faecalis MT332429 and showed a promising antimycotic activity. This study was aimed to formulate ODHP loaded β-cyclodextrins (CD) nanosponge (NS) hydrogel (HG) to control skin fungal ailments since nanosponges augment the retention of tested agents in the skin. Box-Behnken design was used to produce the optimized NS formulation, where entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) were assigned as dependent parameters, while the independent process parameters were polyvinyl alcohol % (w/v %), polymer-linker ratio, homogenization time, and speed. The carbopol 940 hydrogel was then created by incorporating the nanosponges. The hydrogel fit Higuchi’s kinetic release model the best, according to in vitro drug release. Stability and photodegradation studies revealed that the NS-HG remained stable under tested conditions. The formulation also showed higher in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to the control fluconazole. In vivo study showed that ODHP-NS-HG increased survival rates, wound contraction, and healing of wound gap and inhibited the inflammation process compared to the other control groups. The histopathological examinations and Masson’s trichrome staining showed improved healing and higher records of collagen deposition. Moreover, the permeability of ODHP-NS-HG was higher through rats’ skin by 1.5-folds compared to the control isoconazole 1%. Therefore, based on these results, NS-HG formulation is a potential carrier for enhanced and improved topical delivery of ODHP. Our study is a pioneering research on the development of a formulation for ODHP produced naturally from soil bacteria.Key points• Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate was successfully formulated as a nanosponge hydrogel and statistically optimized.• The new formula exhibited in vitro good stability, drug release, and higher antifungal activity against C. albicans as compared to the fluconazole.• Ex vivo showed enhanced skin permeability, and in vivo analysis showed high antifungal activity as evidenced by measurement of various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination.

Comparison of standard long memory time series

Standard long memory models are in abundance in the literature today. Selecting the best such a model in terms of capturing key requisite features and trends in data becomes a challenge. This paper addresses the issue through a sequence of Monte Carlo experiments on simulated data and introduces an interval estimate on the asymptotic variance for the long-range dependence parameter of the entire family of standard long memory time series considered within the scope of the study.

Temperature Effect on Fluorescence Intensity and Dipole Moment Using Thermochromic Shift Method of 7DA3MHBI-2HChromen-2-one Laser Dye in Highly Viscous Glycerol Solvent.

The steady-state method is used to study the effect of temperature on the fluorescence characteristics of 7-(diethylamino)-3-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (7DA3MHBI-2HChromen-2-one) laser dye in glycerol solvent for the temperature range 293-343K. Absorption and emission characteristics are affected by varying temperatures due to induced thermal effects. Transition probabilities mechanism of non-radiative and radiative are studied and frequency dependent parameters are estimated. Dipole moments in the ground and excited state are estimated using the thermochromic shift method over general solvatochromic methods.

Novel numerical method for uncertainty analysis of coupled vibro-acoustic problem considering thermal stress

Uncertainty is pervasive and exerts a profound influence in engineering practice. Uncertainty quantification is a primary task and of paramount importance in uncertainty analysis. To deal with both dependent and independent uncertain parameters in engineering problems, an improved multidimensional parallelepiped model (IMPM) is subsequently developed. Compared with traditional methods that entirely based on statistical features, more accurate uncertainty quantification results can be obtained by means of IMPM. To enhance the efficiency of uncertainty propagation analysis under IMPM, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) surrogate model is constructed to replace the original time-consuming finite element simulation model. Eventually, the effectiveness of proposed models and numerical methods is validated through an engineering example involving the coupled vibro-acoustic system considering thermal stress of a hypersonic vehicle.

Rayleigh wave through half space semiconductor solid with temperature dependent properties

The article focuses on Rayleigh wave propagation in a homogeneous isotropic semi-conductor thermoelastic medium rotating with fixed angular frequency with temperature-dependent properties. The elastic constants depend upon the temperature function. The effects of temperature dependency parameter, time derivative, and fractional order are illustrated. By the theory of thermo-elasticity, waves result in the generation of thermal signals that propagate through the medium. A heat conduction model of three-phase lag (3PL) along with fractional order time derivative is used to analyze the thermal signals. The secular equations of Rayleigh waves are derived mathematically at the stress-free, carrier density and thermally insulated boundaries. Some specific properties like velocity, attenuation coefficient, specific heat loss and penetration depth for Rayleigh waves have been evaluated and presented graphically. The secular equations are computed numerically and depicted graphically using Matlab.

Photometric Metallicity and Distance for the Two RR Lyrae in Segue II and Ursa Major II Dwarf Galaxies Based on Multiband Light Curves

Multiband light curves of two RR Lyrae variables in Segue II and Ursa Major II ultrafaint dwarf galaxies were collected from near simultaneous observations using the Lulin One-meter Telescope in Vgri bands. Together with Gaia G-band light curves, we determined photometric metallicities using empirical relations involving pulsation period and Fourier parameter as dependent parameters. We demonstrated that the RR Lyrae photometric metallicity can be determined accurately when these empirical relations were employed at multiple wavelengths, which can potentially improve the distance determination based on RR Lyrae stars. The photometric metallicities based on our approach were found to be −2.27 ± 0.13 dex and −1.87 ± 0.16 dex for the RR Lyrae in Segue II and Ursa Major II UFD, respectively, with corresponding distance moduli of 17.69 ± 0.15 mag and 17.58 ± 0.15 mag, in agreement with previous literature determinations. This approach of photometric metallicity of RR Lyrae based on multiband optical light curves will be particularly relevant for distance measurements in the era of the Vera C Rubin’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time.

A novel multivariate copula of Raftery type with multiple dependence parameters and its neutrosophic application in finance

This paper introduces an innovative multivariate exponential distribution, specifically of Raftery type, characterized by heterogeneous dependence parameters. Various properties of this distribution family are thoroughly investigated, with particular emphasis placed on the copula derived from this model. Notably, this copula is non-exchangeable and demonstrates multiple dependence parameters. Different properties associated with this novel copula, including the examination of estimation parameters, have been thoroughly investigated. The efficacy of the proposed copula is demonstrated through its successful application in modeling a real neutrosophic dataset associated with the New York and American Stock Exchanges.

Electron transfer rate modulation with mid-IR in butadiyne-bridged donor-bridge-acceptor compounds.

Controlling electron transfer (ET) processes in donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) compounds by mid-IR excitation can enhance our understanding of the ET dynamics and may find practical applications in molecular sensing and molecular-scale electronics. Alkyne moieties are attractive to serve as ET bridges, as they offer the possibility of fast ET and present convenient vibrational modes to perturb the ET dynamics. Yet, these bridges introduce complexity because of the strong torsion angle dependence of the ET rates and transition dipoles among electronic states and a shallow torsion barrier. In this study, we implemented ultrafast 3-pulse laser spectroscopy to investigate how the ET from the dimethyl aniline (D) electron donor to the N-isopropyl-1,8-napthalimide (NAP) electron acceptor can be altered by exciting the CC stretching mode (νCC) of the butadiyne bridge linking the donor and acceptor. The electron transfer was initiated by electronically exciting the acceptor moiety at 400 nm, followed by vibrational excitation of the alkyne, νCC, and detecting the changes in the absorption spectrum in the visible spectral region. The experiments were performed at different delay times t1 and t2, which are the delays between UV-mid-IR and mid-IR-Vis pulses, respectively. Two sets of torsion-angle conformers were identified, one featuring a very fast mean ET time of 0.63 ps (group A) and another featuring a slower mean ET time of 4.3 ps (group B), in the absence of the mid-IR excitation. TD-DFT calculations were performed to determine key torsion angle dependent molecular parameters, including the electronic and vibrational transition dipoles, transition frequencies, and electronic couplings. To describe the 3-pulse data, we developed a kinetic model that includes a locally excited, acceptor-based S2 state, a charge separated S1 state, and their vibrationally excited counterparts, with either excited νCC (denoted as S1Atr, S1Btr, S2Atr, and S2Btr, where tr stands for the excited triplet bond, νCC) or excited daughter modes of the νCC relaxation (S1Ah, S1Bh, S2Ah, and S2Bh, where h stands for vibrationally hot species). The kinetic model was solved analytically, and the species-associated spectra (SAS) were determined numerically using a matrix approach, treating first the experiments with longer t1 delays and then using the already determined SAS for modeling the experiments with shorter t1 delays. Strong vibronic coupling of νCC and of vibrationally hot states makes the analysis complicated. Nevertheless, the SAS were identified and the ET rates of the vibrationally excited species, S2Atr, S2Btr and S2Bh, were determined. The results show that the ET rate for the S2A species is ca. 1.2-fold slower when the νCC mode is excited. The ET rate for species S2B is slower by ca. 1.3-fold if the compound is vibrationally hot and is essentially unchanged when the νCC mode is excited. The SAS determined for the tr and h species resemble the SAS for their respective precursor species in the 2-pulse transient absorption experiments, which validates the procedure used and the results.

Coexistence of giant Goos-Hänchen shift and high reflectance in Dirac semimetal based multilayered structure.

Bulk Dirac semimetals (BDSs) possess Fermi energy dependent optical parameters, providing unprecedented opportunities for the study of the controllable Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift. However, the enhancement of GH shifts often comes at the cost of the reflectance in the previous BDS-based structures, which hinders their practical application. In this work, we theoretically present the investigation of the GH shift in a multilayered structure composed of one BDS film and a symmetric one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) with a defect layer. We demonstrate that this well-designed structure supports a large GH shift at the specific working wavelength, whose magnitude can be enhanced up to 3883 times the incident wavelength. In particular, such an enhanced GH shift achieved in this structure is associated with high reflectance (0.94) and these remarkable features can be attributed to the sharp change in the reflective phase and the destructive interference that occurs between the simultaneously excited optical Tamm state (OTS) at the BDS/1DPC interface and the defect state at the 1D defected PC. In addition, we also explore the manipulation of the GH shift by adjusting the Fermi energy of the BDS as well as the geometrical parameter of the multilayered structure. Our results provide a new approach for realizing an enhanced and controllable GH shift in a BDS-based multilayered structure, which endows it with promising prospects for application in optical sensors, optical detectors and beam controllers.

Generalized Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Percentiles of Birnbaum–Saunders Distributions and Its Application to PM2.5 in Thailand

The Birnbaum–Saunders distribution is of particular interest for statistical inference. This distribution represents the failure time distribution in engineering. In addition, the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution is commonly used in different areas of science and engineering. Percentiles are a frequently employed statistical concept. Percentiles help ascertain the position of an observation concerning the percentage of data points below it. These percentiles serve as indicators of both the central tendency and the dispersion of data. While comparing two data distributions, the mean is typically the most dependable parameter for describing the population. However, in situations where the distribution exhibits significant skewness, percentiles may sometimes offer a more reliable representation. Herein, the confidence intervals for the difference between percentiles of Birnbaum–Saunders distributions were constructed by the generalized confidence interval (GCI) approach, the bootstrap approach, the Bayesian approach, and the highest posterior density (HPD) approach. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the confidence intervals. The performance was considered via coverage probability and average width. The findings suggest that utilizing the GCI approach is advisable for estimating confidence intervals for the disparity between two percentiles. Ultimately, the outcomes of the simulation investigation, coupled with an application in the field of environmental sciences, were outlined.

Assessment of a fully-parametric thoraco-lumbar spine model generator with articulated ribcage

The present paper describes a novel user-friendly fully-parametric thoraco-lumbar spine CAD model generator including the ribcage, based on 22 independent parameters (1 posterior vertebral body height per vertebra + 4 sagittal alignment parameters, namely pelvic incidence, sacral slope, L1-L5 lumbar lordosis, and T1-T12 thoracic kyphosis). Reliable third-order polynomial regression equations were implemented in Solidworks to analytically calculate 56 morphological dependent parameters and to automatically generate the spine CAD model based on primitive geometrical features. A standard spine CAD model, representing the case-study of an average healthy adult, was then created and positively assessed in terms of spinal anatomy, ribcage morphology, and sagittal profile.The immediate translation from CAD to FEM for relevant biomechanical analyses was successfully demonstrated, first, importing the CAD model into Abaqus, and then, iteratively calibrating the constitutive parameters of one lumbar and three thoracic FSUs, with particular interest on the hyperelastic material properties of the IVD, and the spinal and costo-vertebral ligaments.The credibility of the resulting lumbo-sacral and thoracic spine FEM with/without ribcage were assessed and validated throughout comparison with extensive in vitro and in vivo data both in terms of kinematics (range of motion) and dynamics (intradiscal pressure) either collected under pure bending moments and complex loading conditions (bending moments + axial compressive force).

Performance Evaluation of Maize Cob Harvester in Chhattisgarh, India

Maize is one of the vital crops after rice and wheat in India and is a widely produced cereal. Maize contributes only 2.4 percent of total world production. Maize occupied 22.98 lakh hectares, with a production of 36.61 MT in India. The average yield per hectare during 2020- 21 was 2804 kg per hectare. The performance of the maize cob harvester was tested to know the effect of three independent parameters like forward speed of operation (1.7 km/h, 1.9 km/h, 2.1 km/h), snipper speed (55 m/min, 62 m/min, 68 m/min), Variety of maize crop (Dhania- 9965, Sartaj-765, D-9081) on different dependent parameters like stripping loss, ratio of stem length before and after harvesting and machine parameter like actual field capacity, field efficiency. It was also observed that the machines work satisfactorily at forward speed 1.9 km/h and snipper speed 62 m/min. crop parameters stripping losses 0.197%, ratio of length of stem before and after harvesting are 825 mm and 113.33 mm and machine parameter actual field capacity is 0.081 ha/h, field efficiency 75.7%. The cost of operation of machine was found as Rs.337.65 per hour, breakeven point was found as 149.64 h and payback period was 2.5 years (approx.) The total output of machine is 75 q/ha.

Antisolvent crystallization kinetics of different substances in solvent–antisolvent systems

Published experimental data of metastable zone width (MSZW) for the crystallization of four different solutes from their saturated solutions, determined as the maximum antisolvent content Δxmax, by addition of selected antisolvents as a function of feeding rate RA using theoretical equations based on power law (PL) and classical nucleation theory (CNT) are analyzed and trends of variations of the parameters of the equations and relationship between the parameters of the two approaches are discussed. With Δxmax taken in mole fraction of the antisolvent, from the analysis of the Δxmax(RA) data for the different investigated systems the following conclusions may be drawn:(1)The values of the parameters of the linear dependence of ln(Δxmax) on lnRA of the PL-based approach and those of the parameters of the linear dependence of (Δxmax)−2 on lnRA of the CNT-based approach are mutually related.(2)The preexponential factor A of the CNT, associated with the frequency of attachment of solute molecules with, and their detachment from, the growing three-dimensional nuclei, and their solute–solution interfacial energy γeff mainly depend on the product fa2, where f is the number of molecules or ions of solute per m3 in its saturated solution and a2 is the dimensionless solvent–antisolvent interaction parameter. The sequence of variation of γeff is opposite to that of the preexponential factor A.(3)The observed trend of variation of the nucleation constant K calculated from the analysis of antisolvent content Δxmax taken in mole fraction is similar to that of the A for different systems. However, A ≫ K and the ratio A/K ≈ 106.(4)The values of γeff obtained from the MSZW data of the investigated compounds are low and suggest the occurrence of their crystallization by heterogeneous nucleation.

A comprehensive first-principles insights into the physical properties of binary intermetallic Zr3Ir compound

We have looked into the structural, mechanical, optoelectronic, superconducting state and thermophysical aspects of intermetallic compound Zr3Ir using the density functional theory (DFT). Many of the physical properties, including detailed direction dependent mechanical properties, hardness in different formalisms, Fermi surface topology, machinability, fracture toughness, optical properties, chemical bonding nature, and charge density distributions, are being investigated for the first time. According to this study, Zr3Ir exhibits ductile features, high machinability, significant metallic bonding, a small Vickers hardness with low Debye temperature, and a modest level of elastic anisotropy. Ductility, high level of machinability, and damage tolerance make this compound attractive for engineering applications. The mechanical and dynamical stabilities of Zr3Ir have been confirmed. The metallic nature of Zr3Ir is seen in the electronic band structures with a high electronic energy density of states at the Fermi level. The bonding nature has been explored by the charge density mapping and bond population analysis. Zr3Ir shows a remarkable electronic stability, as confirmed by the presence of a pseudogap in the electronic energy density of states at the Fermi level which is situated between the bonding and antibonding states. Energy dependent optical parameters show very good agreement with the electronic density of states profile. The reflectivity spectra reveal that Zr3Ir is a good reflector in the infrared and near-visible regions. Zr3Ir is an excellent ultra-violet (UV) radiation absorber. High refractive index at visible photon energies indicates that Zr3Ir could be used to improve the visual aspects of electronic displays. All the optical constants exhibit a moderate degree of anisotropy. Zr3Ir has a moderate melting point, high damage tolerance, and very low minimum thermal conductivity. The thermomechanical characteristics of Zr3Ir reveal that it is a potential thermal barrier coating material. The superconducting state parameters of Zr3Ir are also explored.

A novel method for modeling of photovoltaic modules based on arithmetic optimization algorithm and cuckoo search

A quick, precise, and dependable parameters obtaining of photovoltaic is an important task to evaluate, simulate, and control photovoltaic systems. Accordingly, several numerical, analytical, and meta-heuristic approaches were proposed for the purpose of the estimation of the photovoltaic models’ parameters according to data obtained experimentally. A novel method depending on the hybridization of arithmetic optimization algorithm along with cuckoo search (AOACS) is utilized in the present work for obtaining parameters related to single-diode PV module depending on data obtained experimentally according to several climate conditions. The reliability of the newly introduced AOACS to maintain equilibrium between exploitation and exploration throughout the evolution process is one of its main benefits. The findings exhibit the AOACS beats some approaches that have been widely published in previous studies in terms of preciseness, steadiness, as well as the rate of convergence under diverse statistical criteria. The proposed method exhibits root mean square error (RMSE) and average absolute error (AAE) values lower than alternative approaches by about 72% and 50%, respectively.

Influence of slab structure on the behavioral analysis of hybrid outrigger system

SummaryOutriggers are internal structural systems used to enhance the stiffness and strength of high‐rise structures. This research investigates the efficacy of a hybrid outrigger system (HOS) which consists of one conventional and one virtual outrigger at two distinct floor levels in high‐rise RCC buildings. A non‐dimensional quantity, ϒ, defined as the relative stiffness ratio between the core and the diaphragm is used to describe variations in the stiffness of the building's core, stiffness of floor diaphragm, breadth, and height of the structure, in the behavioral analysis of the HOS. To investigate the efficacy and optimum locations of the hybrid outriggers, static and dynamic analysis are carried out on models with four‐story heights of 140, 210, 280, and 350 m under static wind loading, uniform wind loading, equivalent static earthquake loading, and dynamic earthquake loading. Results are assessed based on the responses from roof displacement (Disptop), base bending moment, roof acceleration (Acctop), fundamental period, and absolute maximum inter‐story drift ratio (ISDabs.max). Based on the minimum responses of the aforementioned dependent parameters under wind and earthquake excitations, the corresponding optimum locations of hybrid outriggers are investigated. To investigate the impact of the slab on the functionality of the HOS, the behavior of shell stress variation in the tension and compression side of the slab at the outrigger floor level and the force transmission through the column at the outrigger level is analyzed. Also, the optimum location of the hybrid outriggers based on the ideal performance index (IdealPI) is investigated. IdealPI is defined as a parameter that considers the combined response of Disptop, Acctop, and ISDabs.max and the criteria required for the structure under wind and seismic loads. From the behavioral analysis results, it is found that an increase in the stiffness of the slab showed an improved performance of the HOS compared to an increase in the stiffness of the core, and HOS performance can be maximized by increasing both thickness of the slab and outrigger arm length. The findings of the optimum location analysis could serve as a guide for structural engineers when selecting suitable positions for hybrid outriggers in high‐rise structures.

Magnetic order in 2D antiferromagnets revealed by spontaneous anisotropic magnetostriction

The temperature dependent order parameter provides important information on the nature of magnetism. Using traditional methods to study this parameter in two-dimensional (2D) magnets remains difficult, however, particularly for insulating antiferromagnetic (AF) compounds. Here, we show that its temperature dependence in AF MPS3 (M(II) = Fe, Co, Ni) can be probed via the anisotropy in the resonance frequency of rectangular membranes, mediated by a combination of anisotropic magnetostriction and spontaneous staggered magnetization. Density functional calculations followed by a derived orbital-resolved magnetic exchange analysis confirm and unravel the microscopic origin of this magnetization-induced anisotropic strain. We further show that the temperature and thickness dependent order parameter allows to deduce the material’s critical exponents characterising magnetic order. Nanomechanical sensing of magnetic order thus provides a future platform to investigate 2D magnetism down to the single-layer limit.

Constitutive modelling and damage prediction of AlSi10Mg alloy manufactured by SLM technology with emphasis on ratcheting in LCF regime

The present work has been aimed at developing an improved cyclic plasticity model in the framework of Ohno-Wang kinematic hardening formulation and evaluating the performance of the model with reference to the critical experimental investigation. LCF test specimens of the AlSi10Mg aluminium alloy have been fabricated through selective laser melting technology. The material shows strain-range dependent variation of modulus of elasticity under symmetric strain-controlled loading. The modulus of elasticity decreases with increasing strain amplitude. Stress–strain responses have been critically examined under multistep uniaxial ratcheting in the LCF regime with incremental mean stress and stress amplitude. Damage calculation considering ratcheting and LCF mechanisms as independent gives unconservative predictions. The linear damage accumulation rule taking the largest contribution of both is bringing much more accurate estimates. The proposed model incorporates effects of mean stress and stress amplitude under uniaxial multistep ratcheting in the LCF regime. All fatigue tests in the LCF regime have been simulated using the proposed improved model. Evolution of strain-range dependent elastic modulus has been incorporated in the formulation of the improved model through the memory history dependent parameter. The ratcheting parameter is newly formulated in this present work to account for the effects of accumulated mean plastic strain on the opening of stress strain hysteresis loops that results in a better prediction of the behaviour of cyclic plastic deformation. The proposed model has been validated by comparing simulated results with experimental observations and reference published simulation results.

A simulation of a high-resolution cadmium zinc telluride positron emission tomography system.

A CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) PET (positron emission tomography) system is being developed at Stanford University. CZT has the promise of outperforming scintillator-based systems in energy and spatial resolution but has relatively poor coincidence timingresolution. To supplement GATE (GEANT 4 Application for Emission Tomography) simulations with charge transport and electronics modeling for a high-resolution CZT PET system. A conventional GATE simulation was supplemented with electron-hole transport modeling and experimentally measured single detector energy resolution to improve the system-level understanding of a CZT high-resolution PET system in development at Stanford University. The modeling used GATE hits data and applied charge transport in the crystal and RC-CR processing of the simulated signals to model the electronics, including leading-edge discriminators and peak pick-off. Depth correction was also performed on the simulation data. Experimentally acquired data were used to determine energy resolution parameters and were compared to simulationdata. The distributions of the coincidence timing, anode energy, and cathode energy are consistent with experimental data. Numerically, the simulation achieved 153 ns FWHM coincidence time resolution (CTR), which is of the same order of magnitude as the raw 210 ns CTR previously found experimentally. Further, the anode energy resolution was found to be 5.9% FWHM (full width at half maximum) at 511 keV in the simulation, which is between the experimental value found for a single crystal of 3% and the value found for the dual-panel setup of 8.02%, after depth correction. Developing this advanced simulation improves upon the limitations of GATE for modeling semiconductor PET systems and provides a means for deeper analysis of the coincidence timing resolution and other complementary electron-hole dependent systemparameters.