Departmental Decisions Research Articles

THE MECHANISM OF CRIMINOLOGICAL POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FIELD OF COUNTERING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME

The objective of this article is to elucidate the fundamental components of the mechanism for formulating criminological policy in the context of combating transnational organised crime. In addition, it aims to analyse the subjective composition of the counteraction to such criminal offences and to identify the measures that are necessary to neutralise threats and risks to national security. The article presents a scientific discussion of the mechanism of formation and implementation of criminological policy. It is determined that the nationwide system of combating transnational organised crime can counteract the systemic threats reflected in the Strategy for Combating Organised Crime. This necessitates the establishment of a singular entity: a state body endowed with distinctive status, entrusted with the requisite authority over other entities, including competence related to the budget allocation process and control over its implementation in terms of combating such crime. This entity must possess a sufficient information and analytical component, the result of which should be both the assurance of the agency's ongoing activities and the preparation of strategic programme documents on combating transnational organised crime in general and in its individual areas. These documents must then be approved by the President of Ukraine, who serves as the guarantor of national security. Results. The author develops a scientific concept of the criminological policy of combating transnational organised crime based on the system of coordinated measures to ensure criminological security. This concept has been tested by domestic and foreign practice, with the development and implementation of a set of strategic legal, economic and social measures in the activities of entities involved in combating transnational organised crime (decisions, recommendations, and methodologies) at the legislative and governmental levels. These measures are aimed at identifying criminogenic factors and making effective legal and regulatory, organisational and managerial decisions, including departmental (and interdepartmental) decisions, by authorised entities on this basis.

Empirical Examination of Factors that Influence Official Decisions in Criminal Cases Against Police Officers

In the current paper, we examine departmental and court decision-making in criminal cases against police officers. The study has two objectives: 1) to examine variables that impact departmental decisions in criminal cases against police officers, and 2) to examine factors that affect case disposition/conviction decisions by the courts. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed nationally representative arrest data using multiple statistical approaches. The results obtained revealed important patterns that are critical to our understanding of how the courts and police departments decide matters relating to police criminality. For instance, victim characteristics significantly influenced decision-making by both the police agency and the court. Also, officer characteristics and crime types were important indicators of how offending officers were punished by both the courts and the agencies that employed them. Specifically, officers whose cases involved child victims and officers who were not familiar with their victims had greater odds of being convicted. The implications of our findings for policy and research in policing, especially research on police misconduct, are discussed.

A Narrative Review on Radiation Oncology Physician Well-Being in the United States

Abstract Objective: To summarize articles reporting on burnout and well-being among attending and resident radiation oncologists in the United States in a narrative review. Methods: PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed articles from 2010 through 2023 reporting on burnout and well-being among radiation oncologists in the United States. Each study was critically reviewed and included if it reported primary data utilizing a validated tool to measure burnout among radiation oncologists. A subset of high-quality studies was included. Results: There are limited studies regarding burnout among radiation oncologists in the United States, especially when compared with data from other countries. Despite these limitations, there is a prevalence of burnout among radiation oncologists of all career stages, with rates of burnout ranging from 30% to 63%. A few smaller studies have explored interventions to decrease burnout and enhance professional fulfillment among radiation oncologists. Best practices to enhance professional fulfillment for radiation oncologists include optimizing support structures to alleviate physicians of administrative duties; including physicians in departmental decisions that affect their work; providing dedicated time for research; promoting work-life balance and job satisfaction; providing support for trainees, including psychological tool-focused approaches and humanities exercises; and encouraging mindfulness. Conclusions: A large cross-sectional study is warranted to further explore modern burnout rates and causes among radiation oncologists in the United States. This may inform areas of advocacy to improve professional fulfillment among radiation oncologists.

In this June issue

In line with several other journals we co-publish the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care Low Back Pain Clinical Care Standard. It describes the early clinical management of people who present with a new acute episode of low back pain. The background to how the standard was developed and finalised are described in an introductory editorial. Coronial findings and royal commissions have repeatedly identified deficiencies in the emergency health care provided to prisoners in Australia. These deficiencies are operational, clinical and stigmatic and not limited to a single prison or jurisdiction. Applying a health quality of care framework focused on prevention and chronic health management appropriate assessment and escalation when urgent medical assistance is requested, and a structured audit framework could avoid future preventable deaths in prisons. We publish an editorial on this topic to accompany the paper written by a team from Victoria and Queensland. A group from the neurosurgery department of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital report that the availability of cranial access equipment outside Queensland tertiary centres is limited. Inter-hospital transfers are likely to persist in Queensland and so improving access to cranial access equipment in hospitals where it is currently lacking is highly warranted. They surveyed senior theatre nurse or surgical service directors from rural and regional Queensland hospitals located outside the local catchment of a tertiary centre and had a CT scanner. Questions regarded availability, location and storage conditions of mechanical cranial access kits, as well as last usage, and associated patient outcomes. Life-threatening thoracic trauma requires emergency pleural decompression, and thoracostomy and chest drain insertion are core trauma procedures. Reliably determining a safe site for pleural decompression in children is challenging, even for experienced clinicians. A team from Melbourne report that the Mid-Arm-Point (MAP) technique, a procedural aid for use with injured adults, is also a safe site for pleural decompression in children <4 years and with a very minor modification is safe in children ≥4 years. An excellent study from Queensland describes the demographics, presentation characteristics, clinical features and cardiac outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients who present to a regional cardiac referral centre ED with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The authors conclude this cohort with suspected ACS have a high burden of traditional cardiac risk factors, regardless of whether they are eventually diagnosed with ACS. These patients may benefit from assessment for coronary artery disease regardless of age at presentation. In a nice paper, James Mallows explores the concept of collegiality, something considered to be any extra-role behaviour that is discretionary, not recognised by a formal reward system and that promotes the effective functioning of the organisation. There are few studies examining collegiality in the medical profession and none looking at collegiality among emergency physicians (EPs). He explores the perceptions of different ED health care professionals on the meaning of collegiality among EPs, the benefits of collegiality and behaviours they identify as indicative of collegiality. He identifies distinct themes and behaviours indicative of collegiality among EPs. Promoting these behaviours could improve staff well-being, ED efficiency, patient safety and productivity. Continuing with the previous theme, team culture underpins team performance. Psychological safety is a critical component of team culture for high performing teams. A group from the Gold Coast Hospital decided to explore this further. They conclude that familiarity of team members and leaders is critical to the development of psychological safety within the ED. Fostering familiarity should be a focus for frontline leadership each shift and a priority in broader departmental decisions for those seeking to enhance the psychological safety of their teams. The focus in this issue is on the anaesthetic component of the Fellowship training programme.

Psychological safety and emergency department team performance: A mixed-methods study.

Team culture underpins team performance. Psychological safety - 'a shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking' - is a critical component of team culture for high-performing teams across contexts. However, psychological safety in ED teams has not been well explored. We aimed to explore this core teamwork concept in the ED. This was a sequential mixed-methods study of nursing and medical staff at a large tertiary care ED in Australia from October 2020 to March 2021. First, participants completed the 'Team Learning and Psychological Safety Survey' and a narrative questionnaire. These findings informed semi-structured interviews. We determined median psychological safety and compared results across role and length of time working in the department. Qualitative results were analysed using a deductive thematic analysis using a previously generated framework for enablers of psychological safety at the individual, team and organisational levels. The survey was completed by 72/410 participants and 19 interviews were conducted. The median psychological safety score was 37/49 (IQR 13). Psychological safety was not experienced universally, with nurses and new staff experiencing lower levels. Individual, team and organisational factors impacted psychological safety. The primary force shaping psychological safety was familiarity with colleagues and leaders. Familiarity of team members and leaders was critical to the development of psychological safety within the ED. Fostering familiarity should be a focus for frontline leadership each shift and a priority in broader departmental decisions for those seeking to enhance the psychological safety of their teams.

항공운항서비스학과 추천인이 학과결정요인 및 학과만족에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to derive the determinants of choosing the Department of Airline Cabin Service Management and to identify the factors and effects of the recommended persons on the decision factors and satisfaction of the department and to provide the basic data for the entrance examination and employment of students who decided on the Dept. of Airline Cabin Service Management. In order to achieve the research objective students enrolled in the Dept. of Airline Cabin Service Management were selected as the population students enrolled in the Dept. of Airline Cabin Service Management for four years were sampled and 355 copies of the effective samples were used for empirical analysis. The results of the hypothesis test are presented as follows: First, the department's recommendation was derived by variables that affect department decision factors and department satisfaction. Second, it was found that department recommendation persons have a significant influence on the decision factors of the department. Third, it was found that departmental recommendations had a significant impact on department satisfaction. Fourth, departmental decisions. Causes have been shown to have a significant effect on academic satisfaction.

Corporation and State Interests in Industry: Nevsky Plant in 1855-1888

The formation of the joint-stock company of the “Nevsky Zavod” from the mid-1850s to the end of the 1880s as a large machine-building enterprise is studied. It is shown how an industrial company was able to use human and investment resources in combination with early control of rapidly developing technology (steam locomotive construction) in order to gain and then hold the corresponding share of the Russian market in the 1870s. Based on the analysis of materials and available studies in the field of industrial entrepreneurship, the author asserts that, moving from the industry level to the company level, one can better understand the ability of corporations to create innovative products in a specific historical period. It is proved that such a technique (the transition from one level of analysis to another) allows us to identify the prospect of entrepreneurial activity, which is missed when focusing exclusively on the industry level. At the same time, it explains the reasons why the corporation could not maintain its position in these years, despite the existing technological competitiveness. The company had a variety of relationships in the business environment, but it was most critical with the government and its regulatory bodies. The presented analysis of the influence of departmental decisions on the activities of the “Nevsky Zavod” company is relevant to the discussion about the relationship between private and state interests in domestic industry in the 1860-1880s.

Ethical Issues in Radiation Oncology During a Pandemic

Medicine in the United States has generally followed ethical principles espoused by Immanuel Kant where the individual patient takes priority in decision-making. With the advent of coronavirus disease 2019 as a major health event, radiation oncologists in some situations need to alter the manner in which they act with individual patients. The well-being of health care workers and society as a whole needs to be considered in management decisions. During the time of a pandemic, ethics principles may be based more on a utilitarian approach that emphasizes the common good. Thus, at times treatment decisions might result in delays in initiating therapy, modifying the radiation treatment course (such as to a short course rather than a long course of therapy), and the sequence of therapies, all to minimize viral exposure. It is important that altered therapy is based as much as possible on institutional or departmental decisions and, to the extent possible, not on a case-by-case basis. However, in all situations, we need to still respect the individual's autonomy and fully inform patients of our decisions and the reasons for those decisions.

The role of education, participation in departmental decisions, and burnout in social support and consulting networks in juvenile probation departments

Juvenile probation officers (JPOs) play an important role as decisionmakers for adolescents under their supervision in the community. While some research has examined how individual and organizational characteristics may affect their decision-making, this is the first study to examine the role of social networks that naturally occur within the juvenile probation department workplace. Specifically, demographics, attitudes about participation in the workplace, and burnout were examined as predictors of social support and consultation networks within the workplace. The current study was exploratory in nature. Participants were JPOs who supervised adolescents in the United States within one state. JPOs who felt more involved in workplace decision-making processes reported receiving more social support from their colleagues. JPOs with some graduate education or a Master’s degree were less likely to provide consultation to others on tough cases or to be rated by others as providing social support. Implications are discussed.

Implicit Gender Bias, Engagement, and Protective Factors in STEM Faculty

The present study assessed implicit gender bias and job engagement among STEM faculty at a mid-size liberal arts university. Forty-nine faculty in each of the departments of natural and social sciences were assessed for implicit gender bias and job engagement. We found that men had greater implicit gender bias than women in the natural sciences. In addition, women in natural science departments felt marginally less engaged than women in social science departments. Women’s disengagement was positively associated with imposter phenomenon and perceived lack of control in departmental decisions. However, women who actively participated in a women’s organization or had an advocate had more positive psychological outcomes. These findings suggest that although women STEM faculty, particularly in the natural sciences, experience challenges, support provided by women’s organizations or advocates may be an important strategy to reduce the effects of these challenges.

More dissimilar than alike? Public values preferences acrossUSminority and white managers

Interest in public values has grown considerably over the past two decades. Much of this attention reflects a growing awareness that public values hold considerable significance for citizens and public employees. Yet, despite the rapid expansion of research on public values, we still know little about the role of race in shaping and determining public employees’ values preferences. To begin remedying this gap, this article examines whether minority and white public managers in largeUSlocal governments exhibit the same value preferences when making departmental decisions. Results from a multiple group confirmatory factor analysis indicate that minority and white managers express similar preferences for traditional public administration values; however, minority managers report a stronger preference for both traditional public administration (e.g., efficiency and effectiveness) and social equity‐oriented (e.g., equity, representation) values.

Content Analysis of Research on Department Chairs: Has the Knowledge Base Changed with the Role? (Appendix)

Sweeping changes in the structures and functions of higher and post-secondary education have occurred in the past 10 years. Scholars have estimated that department chairs make more than 80% of departmental academic decisions that impact a wide array of stakeholders. This content analysis study synthesized relevant empirical research published between 1990-2016 (N=308) to investigate the knowledge base on department chair/head roles. Findings included a wide range of academic disciplines, research methodologies, and reporting styles, however, there was little uniformity in how findings were presented and which standards of verification were used. Overall, a small proportion of publications directly addressed department chairs, and findings clustered into three groups: leadership characteristics, professional characteristics and preparation, and institutional types.

Using an Acuity Tool to Maintain Productivity While Adhering to AWHONN's Perinatal Nurse Staffing Guidelines

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The art of scheduling perinatal nursing staff in a small community hospital is challenging in a specialty where census and acuity are highly unpredictable. This challenge on a women and children's (WMCH) unit is particularly complex because of five specialties: labor and delivery, postpartum/newborn, pediatrics, Level‐II nursery, and cesarean birth operating room. The hospital was facing decreasing revenue, increased cost because of health care reform, fluctuations in volume, and uncompensated costs. The hospital took this opportunity to reevaluate productivity and used a health care analytics company to adopt a new productivity benchmark for all departments. Proposed Change The hospital's operations excellence process utilized the Lean and Six Sigma methods to improve performance, which required that frontline staff of all levels creatively develop solutions. The WMCH department used the Lean and Six Sigma methods to determine a plan to meet this goal while maintaining quality care and patient satisfaction. Previously the staffing assignments were done every shift based on charge nurse predictions not on evidence. This method was unreliable and generated frustration when there were discrepancies. To staff for patient census, varying acuity levels, and maintain staffing ratios recommended by AWHONN, the department incorporated an acuity tool into the daily nursing assignment sheet. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The sheet yielded a productivity standard that clearly demonstrated whether each nurse assignment was appropriate and the unit was staffed safely every 2 hours. Charge nurses were able to make staffing decisions based on real‐time data. Department leaders could look at retrospective long‐range acuity and productivity data that allowed them to analyze trends and make departmental decisions. The staffing decisions were based on the acuity tool were clearly and objectively displayed to staff nurses, which allowed the nurses to feel confident with their assignments because of the alignment with AWHONN guidelines. After 6 months of utilizing the acuity tool, the department reduced the hours worked per equivalent patient days from 23 hours to 18.7 hours. This reduction was projected to save $800,000 a year, although it actually resulted in hospital savings of $1,300,000. Implications for Nursing Practice These metrics demonstrate the benefits of an acuity tool in a daily nursing assignment sheet for safe patient care, improved nursing satisfaction, increased productivity, and financial savings.

Network and perceptual determinants of satisfaction among science and engineering faculty in US research universities

This study examines how personal research collaboration and advice networks of academic faculty in six fields of science and engineering affect three kinds of satisfaction: satisfaction with rewards; satisfaction with reputation of department and institution; and satisfaction with professional recognition and visibility of research. The study includes determinants found in the literature such as perceived influence on departmental decisions, departmental provision of resources, and perceptions of time spent on service and other controls. Using data collected from a national survey of academic faculty in six fields of science and engineering in Carnegie designated Research I universities, regression models test literature derived hypotheses. Findings show that the effects of network structure and resources on satisfaction depend on the kind of satisfaction studied. Non-network variables demonstrate associations with satisfaction that are generally expected from the literature. The paper provides evidence of the critical role that personal research collaboration and advice networks play for scientists’ satisfaction. It also raises important questions about the complex relationships between network structures and resources, and satisfaction. Conclusions present implications for university and departmental administrators.

Bringing IT out of the shadows

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) is currently a hot topic, but it is only one (albeit major) part of the broader ‘shadow IT’ challenge. Shadow IT – where business users implement a solution outside the official corporate architecture without consulting the IT department – can include everything from the use of free online services to departmental decisions to adopt SaaS solutions, let alone the actual importing of users' own hardware devices. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) is currently a hot topic, but it is only part of the broader ‘shadow IT’ challenge. There is no silver bullet for solving a problem as complex as shadow IT. However, policy-based networking offers a very useful approach, as it builds policies into the network operating system where they can be centrally managed and maintained up to date, explains Steve Johnson of Extreme Networks.

Effect of Clothing Layers in Combination with Fire Fighting Personal Protective Clothing on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Intermittent Work and on Materials Performance Test Results

Personal protective clothing (PPC) shields firefighters from thermal and other occupational hazards; however, it also contributes to physiological and perceptual strain. This study examined the effect of clothing layers worn under structural fire fighting turnout gear (TOG) on physiological and perceptual responses during alternating work/recovery cycles and assessed the clothing ensembles’ (PPC + base layer) material performance. Values are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. Ten men (age, 21 ± 0.3 yr; height, 1.74 ± 0.02 m; weight, 74.3 ± 2.3 kg; VO2max, 58.9 ± 2.0 mL/kg/min) completed a 110-min alternating work/recovery walking protocol (three 20-min exercise bouts/10-, 20-, and 20-min recovery sessions) in a thermo-neutral (21.0°C, 58.7% RH) laboratory while wearing a cotton t-shirt (COT) or COT and a station uniform (SU) shirt under fire fighting TOG (COT+TOG and COT+SU+TOG, respectively). Changes in heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tco), skin temperature (Tsk), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensations (TS) were compared across exercise and recovery periods. During exercise sessions, HR, Tco, Tsk, and RPE reached similar levels for COT+TOG and COT+SU+TOG. During Recoveries 1, 2, and 3, mean chest Tsk decreased by 3.96, 6.64, and 6.49°C, respectively, for COT+TOG compared with 2.24, 3.78, and 4.09°C for COT+SU+TOG (p < 0.05 for each period). Change in TS differed during Exercise 1; however, mean peak TS corresponded to “hot” for both ensembles. This study demonstrates that the additional layer of clothing in the COT+SU+TOG ensemble imposed no greater level of physiological or perceptual strain during moderate-intensity work bouts compared with the COT+TOG ensemble. However, some modest benefits were experienced during the recovery sessions for the COT+TOG ensemble as evidenced by a lower chest Tsk. In addition, materials performance testing revealed COT+SU+TOG provided greater thermal protection (64.8 ± 1.9 vs. 56.4 ± 0.3 cal/cm2; p < 0.05) and equivalent heat dissipation compared with COT+TOG. These findings could guide departmental decisions about the use of station shirts.

How Departments of Economics Evaluate Teaching

Based on results from a 1999 national survey, William Becker and Michael Watts found that student evaluations of teaching were by far the most widely used, and often the only method used by economics departments, to evaluate teaching in undergraduate economics courses. To investigate whether departments of economics have moved beyond the use of student evaluations of teaching, in 2011 the current authors conducted a national survey of departments based largely on questions used in the 1999 survey. The surveys included items on how courses and teaching are evaluated, and on how that information is used in departmental promotion and salary decisions.

So You Want Tenure? Factors Affecting Tenure Decisions in Political Science Departments

AbstractThis article investigates the variables that affect the award of tenure in political science departments in the United States. We examined two dependent variables: (1) whether a department has denied tenure in the past five years, and (2) whether a positive departmental tenure recommendation has been reversed by higher college or university authorities during the same period of time. Five clusters of independent variables were evaluated: (1) college/university and departmental characteristics, (2) the procedures employed to evaluate tenure cases, (3) the instruments used to assess teaching, (4) service expectations, and (5) research and publication standards. We found that the most important factors affecting departmental decisions to deny tenure were whether teaching and substantive publications were treated as equally valuable qualifications, the number of articles a candidate published, and the candidate's level of commitment to advising. Interestingly, reversal decisions by higher authorities were not strongly affected by any of the variables in the analysis.

Tenure: Incentivize Faculty

In his Education Forum “Tenure and the future of the university” (29 May, p. [1147][1]), D. Clawson makes salient points about the damaging effects of a permanent untenured faculty underclass, but he understates the role that many tenured and tenure-track faculty play in supporting this disturbing trend. When unprotected faculty teach and tenured faculty focus on research and departmental decision-making, students are less likely to be prioritized. This occurs despite national calls for greater scientific literacy and a broadening of participation in science. Tenured and tenure-track faculty as well as university administrators need an incentive to meet student needs and to value those faculty who provide teaching services. A simple solution would be to tie a university's overhead rate on federal grants to the percentage of teaching services provided by tenured and tenure-track faculty. In such a system, a department delivering 75% of its teaching services with non–tenure-track faculty would receive only 25% of the normal overhead payment on the grants of its faculty. Such a system would give both tenured and tenure-track faculty and administrators a financial incentive to extend tenure to more of their colleagues and to reevaluate departmental decisions to farm out large introductory courses to non–tenure-track faculty. The balance of funds could be placed in a national fund reserved for professional development and research for non–tenure-track faculty, fulfilling a serious need, as these faculty generally have no access to the regular research funds needed to remain active in research and to escape the academic underclass. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1172995

Creating Links: An Inclusive Faculty Development Initiative

There's so little contact between part and full-time faculty. I don't even think they know you're alive. You just go in, you do what you do and you go home. If nobody complains about you, I guess they figure you're doing ok ... I went to one workshop ... and I was glad to be there and I was glad to meet some of the people that I only know by their signature on something. That was fine. But you know, I had to go pay my own parking. I had to give up 4 hours' of my time and 2 hours of traveling for an adjunct. We live on hourly wages. It was good, but I just laugh. Giving me a glass of orange juice and a sticky bun does not constitute payment for 6 hours of my life (Johnson, 2007, p. 174). The above quote is from a 40-year adjunct who teaches for several schools. She refers to herself as a R-O-A-D-S Scholar (Johnson, 2007, p. 174). The American Association of University Professors reports that 48% of all faculty in 2005 were part-timers. This number has increased steadily since 1975, when part-time faculty accounted for 30% (American Association of University Professors). Gappa (2000) states many part-time instructors feel anger and frustration over what they perceive as their second-class status (p. 77). These faculty members often feel invisible due to the lack of inclusion they experience in campus or departmental decisions. In addition to the increase in adjunct or part-time instructors, Fletcher and Patrick (1998) explain that higher education in the United States is going through some of the most dramatic changes in its history. Reasons for these significant changes include social, economic, and political factors which involve external forces, such as technology, public skepticism and the call for increased accountability, along with decreased financial support. These issues have impacted the role of faculty. As institutions are scrutinized because of greater-than-inflation tuition increases, they need to demonstrate willingness to improve teaching effectiveness of their faculty (Dotolo, 1999). While this should include both full-time and part-time faculty members, it often does not. The role of the instructor is often more significant in adult programs compared to traditional programs. Studies have demonstrated that traditional students learn significantly from participation in the college environment outside the classroom. In contrast, the classroom is central to the learning in adult students' experience. Adult students attribute the relationships they develop with faculty members and their in-class learning experiences as more meaningful to them than for their traditional-age peers (Imel, 2001). Additionally, research on adults' perceptions of exemplary collegiate instruction suggests that the social aspects of instruction (i.e., development of a community of learners within classes and having a respectful and caring instructor) are critical factors for adult students. A number of researchers have offered evidence that for adults, the classroom is the center stage for their learning (Graham, Donaldson, Kasworm, & Dirkx, 2000). This article focuses on a recently-developed faculty development initiative created to address the needs of a group of adjunct instructors. The goals of the program included informing the adjunct faculty on departmental issues as well as connecting them to the department and the institution in a meaningful way. An inclusive and welcoming environment for all faculty, regardless of part-time or full-time status, is desired. In addition, there is an opportunity available for professional growth for the adjunct instructors. Background Information A private university in the Midwest serves a large number of adult learners at the undergraduate and graduate levels. They hold classes at various locations, including several campuses, corporations, and community colleges. Many of the academic departments employ a large number of adjunct instructors. …