Water Resources Department Research Articles

Effect of Humic Acids Extracted From Different Organic Sources and Inoculation of Bacillus Subtilis or Aspergillus Niger in Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Calcareous Soil

Humic acids have received a large attention of researching and development as amendments for poor fertility conditions and deteriorating physical properties, since the process of extracting is an easy common process to implement, as well as dilution of these acids with water enables to be used at economically acceptable levels over large areas. It is necessary to notice that the properties of these acids depending on the organic source and the concentration added to the soil.A laboratory experiment was conducted at the department of soil Sciences and water resources, collage of Agriculture ,University of Basrah ,Iraq to demonstrate the effect of humic acids extracted from different sources and inoculation with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus niger on alkaline phosphatase activity in calcareous soil calcareous, southern Iraq. Humic acids extracted from wheat straw, alfalfa leaves, goat manure, and poultry manure which composted previously . Humic acid levels were 0, 25 and 50 L ha-1 .The soil also inoculated with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus niger, then samples were incubated at 28±2°C. After 7 or 30 days of incubation the activity of alkaline phosphatase was estimated . Enzyme phosphatase activity was increased in soils treated with humic acid as compared to control with highest activity at Poultry manure (391.54 µg p-nitrophenol gm-1 soil.1h-1).The results also indicated that increasing the level of humic acid significantly increased enzyme activity. For soil treated with Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger , phosphatase activity increased-as compared to control with a higher activity at Bacilluas subtilis (373.1 µg p-nitrophenol gm-1 soil.1h-1).

Effect of humic acids extracted from different organic sources and inoculation with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus Niger on urease activity in calcareous soil

Humic substances have received a large share of research and development as amendments to poor fertility soils that are poor in fertility and have deteriorating physical properties, since the process of extracting is a common process and easy to implement, as well as diluting these acids with water enables them to be used at economically acceptable levels over large areas. It is necessary to noticed that the properties of these acids depending on the organic source and the concentration added to the soil. A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah ,IRAQ to demonstrate the effect of humic substances extracted from different sources and inoculation with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus niger on the activity of the urease in calcareous soil. Wheat straw, alfalfa leaves, goat waste and poultry waste were composted aerobically for 3 months by filling a hole of 2×2×1.5 m by layers of such waste ,turned weekly for aeration. Each pile was extracted for humic acids (humic acid + fulvic acid) . Humic acid mixed with to soil at levels of 0, 25, and 50 L h-1. The soil was also inoculated with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus niger isolated from local soil at rates of 20.06×106 and 40× 103 cfu ml-1, respectively The samples were incubated at field capacity level 28±2°C for 30 days. Urease activity was estimated after 7 or 30 days by determining NH4+ released using steam distillation method . A decrease in urease activity was observed when treated with different types of humic acid compared to the control treatment. The lowest activity was obtained at humic acids extracted from poultry waste, reaching 312.0 and 188.72 µg N-NH4+g-1soil.2h-1 at incubation periods of 7 and 30 days, respectively .The results also indicated that increasing the level of humic acids significantly inhibited the activity of the enzyme. However, in soil treated with Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus niger, an increase in urease activity was observed compared to the non-inoculation treatment. Treatment with the fungal inoculant had higher activity than the bacterial inoculum, reaching 324.5 and 297.2 µg N-NH4+ g-1 soil 2 hours-1 for both inoculants at a period of 7 days, and 178.09 and 150.31 µg N-NH4+g-1soil.2h-1at a period of 30 days, respectively.It is proposed that the inhibition of urease by humic acid addition may benefit for increasing urea fertilizer efficiency.

Evaluating the impact of porcupine systems in the flow field of the river: a hydrodynamic model study

ABSTRACT Riverbank and in-stream protection are crucial in numerous river stretches, where erosion of banks and bed material instigates river course alterations, consequently leading to land and property damage. In large Indian braided rivers like Brahmaputra, implementing tetrahedron frames commonly referred to as ‘porcupines’ has emerged as a cost-effective strategy for river training, yielding commendable outcomes in near bank sedimentation. Using flexible river training structures, such as porcupine, presents an appealing option for managing braided river channel networks in areas where permanent control structures like groynes or dams prove excessively costly or potentially ineffective, particularly in systems exhibiting highly dynamic flow regimes and morphology. This work aims to develop a hydrodynamic model that integrates the porcupine systems within its framework. The model’s effectiveness was assessed through a field test near Nematighat, Brahmaputra River, in collaboration with Assam’s Water Resources Department. The mathematical modelling provided some valuable insights regarding the flow characteristics surrounding the porcupine structure, shedding light on its hydrodynamic behaviour.

Water Level Classification for Early Flood Detection Using KNN Method

Floods occur when water levels exceed normal limits, causing rivers to overflow and inundate low-lying areas. Early warning systems for flood disasters are crucial to mitigate the damage caused, such as loss of life and property. A flood classification system can be developed by utilizing water level data from the Department of Water Resources to predict the likelihood of flooding using the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm. This study aims to determine the flood status classification based on water levels using the KNN method in the Ciliwung River. The research data were obtained from the DKI Jakarta open data site, consisting of 564 samples. The study evaluated K values ranging from 1 to 10. The average accuracy across all K scenarios was 99%, with the best K value being 1, which provided 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. These results indicate that the KNN method is effective in classifying flood status based on water level data, making it a reliable tool for early warning systems. This system is expected to help reduce the negative impacts of floods by providing accurate and timely information to the public and authorities. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of disaster mitigation technology, particularly in flood risk management in urban areas.

Effect of bioremediation or organic treatments of soil contaminated with some heavy metals on the biological and L- glutaminase activity

For the purpose of identify the ability of bioremediation or organic treatments of soil to reduce the harmful effect of heavy metals including Zn, pb and cd on the biological activity such as soil respiration, the total number of fungi and the activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme have been studied. A laboratory incubation experiment was applied in the Soil Microbiology Laboratory in the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources in the College of Agriculture– Basrah University. The soil of the surface layer (0-30 cm) from Qurna district, north of Basrah province was contaminated with the critical levels of the heavy metals cd, Pb, Zn and were placed in an incubator at 30°C for 14 days. The biological and organic treatments process was applied by inoculating soil contaminated with Aspergillus niger or humic acid (40 L ha-1) or sterilized cow manure (4%), incubated at 25°C for 30 days, then some biological parameters were estimated at the periods of 10, 20 and 30 days. Results have been showed that an inhibitory effect of the studied heavy metals on the biological parameters, and the Cd has been recorded the highest percentage of inhibition of total number of fungi (30.67%), the amount of CO2 released (13.93%) and the activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme (45.33%) compared to the control treatment. The ability of the treatments materials to remove heavy metals were (89.02%) for A. niger compared to humic acid (63.48%) and cow manure (48.71%). It was reflected in an increase in the number of fungi, which recorded 152, 167.75, 174.5 cfu g-1 when treated with A. niger, cow manure and humic acid, respectively compared to the control treatment which was (65.92 cfu g-1). The biological and organic treatments also increased the level of liberated CO2 from the polluted soil to 268.62, 253.86, 303.59 mg CO2 g-1, respectively compared to the control treatment. The activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme has increased due to application of treatments. It was 57.02, 48.97, 70.41 µg NH4+ g-1 2hr.-1 for inoculated with A. niger or treated with cow manure and humic acid, respectively, while the control treatment was 37.19 µg NH4+ g-12hr.-1.

Hydraulic Simulation for Flow One Dimension of Shatt Al-Hilla River

Floods are considered the most serious disaster among all-natural catastrophes because they occur more frequently than any other natural hazard and strongly impact more individuals than all other natural disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to study flood risk. Hillah River is critical in securing industrial, agricultural, and civil water in three Iraqi governorates: Babil, Diwaniyah, and Muthanna. Its primary source is the Euphrates River, which extends approximately 100 kilometers within Babil Governorate – the study area. This research aims to evaluate and study the river's capacity and predict future floods by developing scenarios for anticipated events. Also, a hydraulic model was developed to assess the manning coefficient for Shatt Al-Hillah. The one-dimensional HEC-RAS 6.0.1 program has been used to simulate water flow in the river, incorporating over 350 cross-sections spaced at 250-meter intervals surveyed in 2018 by the Department of Water Resources in Babil Governorate. The model was calibrated using observed discharge data from 2004 to 2022 in Shatt al-Hillah. Subsequently, it was compared with a range of water levels by varying manning factors. The calibration results indicated that a roughness coefficient of 0.023 was suitable for unstable flow conditions, and the least mean square root error between the measured and simulated water levels was 0.053. The simulation results showed that the current capacity of Al-Hilla River was 205 m3/s, such that it cannot pass the design discharge of 303 m3/s. After conducting scenarios greater than 205 m3/s, the results showed that increasing the discharge increased the areas exposed to flooding so that when the discharge was 450 m3/s, flooding of the submerged areas increased. With a percentage of 92.2%, the northern side of Babil Governorate will be more vulnerable to flooding than the southern side because the southern part levels are lower than the northern part.

Analisis Anggaran Belanja Daerah pada Dinas Bina Marga dan Sumber Daya Air Kota Bekasi Tahun 2019-2022

This research aims to analyze the regional expenditure budget at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022. The research object used is regional expenditure The research method used is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used include observation, interviews, and literature studies. The Budget Realization Report (LRA) at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022 is used as the population, and budget items and expenditure realization are used as samples. Descriptive statistics are used as the data analysis technique with the theory of regional expenditure analysis (Mahmudi, 2019). The results obtained regarding the analysis of regional spending at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022 are spending variance has an average of 12.57% or categorized as preferred difference ((favourable variance), spending growth has an average of 22.61%, the harmony of operational spending to total spending has an average of 29.88% or categorized as less harmonious, the harmony of capital spending to total spending has an average of 70.11% or categorized as harmonious, and spending efficiency has an average of 87.43% or categorized as fairly efficient. From the description above, it can be concluded that the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City for the years 2019-2022 was able to absorb budget expenditures according to its needs each year. This can be seen from its prudent use of the budget without exceeding the set budget, wise spending despite fluctuations in spending growth, prioritizing capital spending over operational spending, and efficiently managing the budget to achieve its goals.

Education Of Water Needs And Management For Agriculture In Garagahan Irrigation Area

Irrigation Areas (DI) were built to meet various needs of life, especially to achieve the level of community welfare. D I Sangkir Garagahan was built by the Department of Water Resources and Construction Development in 1986 and is located in the Lubuk Basung sub-district, Agam regency. The current irrigation management is 671 hectares covering 3 working areas, namely Nagari Garagahan which has an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, Nagari Kampuang Tangah 136 hectares and Nagari Manggopoh 120 hectares. On April 15, 2022 an educational training was conducted to determine the needs and management of water for agricultural land. The methods used are lectures, discussions and training on the use of formulas to regulate plant water and soil management. The training was attended by the Nagari Garagahan community who are members of the Water User Farmers Association (P3A) and Water User Farmers Association (GP3A). Availability of water by adjusting plant water in the field and at the entrance gate for an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, the water requirement is 0.7204 m3/second. Soil management for agriculture is carried out by biological, non-biological and mechanical methods. By adjusting the capacity of the nagari for its implementation

The influence of job characteristics and team work on employee performance with organizational culture as an intervening variable in the water resources department of Bina Marga and Bina Construction Deli Serdang District

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of job characteristics and team work on employee performance with organizational culture as an intervening variable in the Water Resources, Highways and Construction Services Department of Deli Serdang Regency. The method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive method which is carried out through data collection using questionnaires and statistical testing data analysis. The population in this study was 151 employees, with sampling using the Slovin formula to obtain a sample of 110 employees. The data analysis used was path analysis using the SPSS Statistics version 18 application. The results of the study showed that job characteristics had an influence on organizational culture at the Department of Water Resources, Highways and Construction, Deli Serdang Regency. Team work influences organizational culture at the Deli Serdang Regency Water Resources and Construction Services Department. Job characteristics influence employee performance at the Department of Water Resources, Highways and Construction, Deli Serdang Regency. Team Work influences employee performance at the Department of Water Resources, Highways and Construction, Deli Serdang Regency. Organizational culture influences employee performance at the Department of Water Resources, Highways and Construction, Deli Serdang Regency. Organizational culture is able to mediate the influence of job characteristics on employee performance at the Water Resources Department of Highways and Construction of Deli Serdang Regency. Organizational culture is able to mediate the influence of team work on employee performance at the Water Resources Department of Highways and Construction of Deli Serdang Regency.

Satellite Remote Sensing: A Tool to Support Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Recreational Health Advisories in a California Reservoir.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) can harm people, animals, and affect consumptive and recreational use of inland waters. Monitoring cyanoHABs is often limited. However, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) is a common water quality metric and has been shown to have a relationship with cyanobacteria. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently updated their previous 1999 cyanoHAB guidance values (GVs) to be more practical by basing the GVs on chl-a concentration rather than cyanobacterial counts. This creates an opportunity for widespread cyanoHAB monitoring based on chl-a proxies, with satellite remote sensing (SRS) being a potentially powerful tool. We used Sentinel-2 (S2) and Sentinel-3 (S3) to map chl-a and cyanobacteria, respectively, classified chl-a values according to WHO GVs, and then compared them to cyanotoxin advisories issued by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) at San Luis Reservoir, key infrastructure in California's water system. We found reasonably high rates of total agreement between advisories by DWR and SRS, however rates of agreement varied for S2 based on algorithm. Total agreement was 83% for S3, and 52%-79% for S2. False positive and false negative rates for S3 were 12% and 23%, respectively. S2 had 12%-80% false positive rate and 0%-38% false negative rate, depending on algorithm. Using SRS-based chl-a GVs as an early indicator for possible exposure advisories and as a trigger for in situ sampling may be effective to improve public health warnings. Implementing SRS for cyanoHAB monitoring could fill temporal data gaps and provide greater spatial information not available from in situ measurements alone.

Comparison of different rainfall products with gauge-based measurements over Narmada River Basin, India.

The present study evaluates and compares the performance of different rainfall products, namely, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS), India Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded, Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) with gauge-based measurements over Narmada River basin, India. The ground-based daily rainfall data (1981-2020) of 11 gauging stations have been collected from the Water Resources Department, Madhya Pradesh and the evaluation of rainfall product has been accomplished on a point-to-grid basis (nearest neighbor method) at annual and seasonal scales with the help of continuous and categorical statistical metrics. The results reveal a strong positive correlation (> 0.75) between rainfall estimates of different products and gauge-based measurements at annual scale demonstrating higher similarity in rainfall estimates and observed data, whereas seasonal estimates have exhibited comparatively weaker relationship. Likewise, percent bias (PBIAS) demonstrates least bias in annual and monsoon rainfall estimates and high in other seasons. These findings reveal that rainfall estimates tend to improve with increasing time scale (season to annual). However, majority of the rainfall products have overestimated the low rainfall (western region) and underestimated the high rainfall (eastern and southeastern regions). Further, the values of critical success index (CSI) indicate IMD gridded product outperforms in detecting rainfall events accurately followed by POWER, PERSIANN-CDR, and CHIRPS. These results suggest that IMD gridded estimates provide the best alternate to ground-based rain measurements. However, rainfall estimates from POWER, PERSIANN-CDR and CHIRPS can also be used in various hydrometeorological investigations over Narmada River basin.

Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Enterobacter cloacae and Kineococcus radiotolerans from Red Clover nodules and evaluation of the prepared inoculum from them as a stimulator for plant growth

To obtain biological inoculum that promotes plant growth and contributes to a clean environment and sustainable agriculture, twentyone samples were collected from the root nodes of the red clover plant (Trifolium paratens) grown in gypsiferous soils at the Research Station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, samples were cultured in the medium of YEMA. Two isolates belonging to Enterobacter cloacae and Kineococcus radiotolerans were diagnosed phenotypically and molecularly. The diagnosis was confirmed by analyzing the nitrogen bases sequence of the DNA of the 16S rRNA gene. It was recorded in the National Center Biotechnology Information(NCBI) with the numbers MN310027.1 and KT216573.1 respectively, these isolates were activated and tested their efficiency as a bio-stimulant by testing their ability to dissolve insoluble phosphate compounds and produce indole acetic acid and chelating compounds, the results showed the ability of all isolates to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), chelating compounds, and solubility of phosphates, E. cloacae isolate outperformed K. radiotolerans isolates in these parameters, as it gave E. coloaca solubilization of phosphate and IAA production of 40.3 mg p L-1 and 11.2 µg ml-1 respectively, and it showed a high output of the chelating compounds compared to the treatment inoculated with K. radiotolerans, which gave 27.20 mg p L-1 and 7.21 µg ml-1, and medium production of iron chelating compounds, the results also showed the superiority of the inoculated treatments over the uninoculated treatments in the percentage of germination, the speed of germination, the length of tomato seedlings, the dry weight of the Shoot and root parts and the number of leaves, and the results showed the superiority of the inoculated treatment with E. cloacae significantly on K. radiotolerans isolate. Keywords: Enterobacter cloacae; Kineococcus radiotolerans; Molecular Diagnosis; Bacterial inoculation; Eggplant seedlings.

The Interaction Effect Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on Soil Biological Traits, Yield, and Quantity of Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.)

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023, in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in improving soil biological characteristics, quantity, and yield of aromatic oil of the medicinal coriander plant. The treatment of a mixture of bacteria and fungus residues with the presence of mycorrhizae achieved the highest amounts in oil yield, total yield, biomass carbon, numbers of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, and the percentage of mycorrhizae infection, which recorded (153 L.ha-1, 632.50 kg.ha-1, 222.65 mg C kg soil-1, 15.66 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 30.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 90.66%), respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded (13.65 L.ha-1, 270.50 kg.ha-1, 133.33 mg C kg.soil-1, 2.33 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 10.00 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 17.33%), respectively, and the treatment of fertilizer recommendation, which recorded (47.22 L.ha-1, 540.00 kg.ha-1, 150.75 mg C kg.soil-1, 5.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 14.66 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 26.66%), respectively.

Effect of the Substrate and Inoculation of Phosphate-Dissolving Bacterial and Fungal with Humic Acids in the Activity of the Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, to identify the role of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Aspergillus niger, with humic acids extracted from fermented cow dung, the effectiveness of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme in soil contaminated with cadmium and compare it with uncontaminated soil. The soil was treated with a cadmium sulfate solution up to the critical limit (3 mg Cd L-1) and humic and fulvic acid were added at a level of 50 L ha-1 separately, leaving the treatment without addition for control. Then the soil was inoculated with bacterial B. subtilis and fungal A. niger isolates individually and with a mixture of isolates, leaving a treatment without inoculation for control, the treatments were incubated at a temperature of 28±2 °C. Different levels of substrate concentration were used (0.010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 M). The results showed that cadmium contamination decreased alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity by 12.28%. There was also an increase in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme at all inoculation treatments compared to the control treatment, with the bio-mixture treatment being superior to the rest of the treatments, reaching 436.944 µg P. nitrophenol gm-1 soil 1 hour-1 in uncontaminated soil and 402.558 µg P. nitrophenol gm-1 soil 1 hour-1 in cadmium contaminated soil. The humic acid treatment showed a similar increase in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme compared to the control treatment the highest increase was in the fulvic acid treatment. As for the effect of the substrate, the concentration of 0.075 M recorded the highest increase in alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in unpolluted and cadmium-polluted soil for all treatments.

The Effect of the Interaction Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on the Proportions of Active Ingredients in Coriander Plant Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.) using the Technique of GC/MS-QP2010 Plus

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in proportions of the active ingredients of the medicinal coriander plant oil. The results showed a difference in the number and proportions of the active compounds according to the different treatments of the experiment. Where the treatments of comparison and fertilizer recommendation achieved a decrease in the number of oil-forming active compounds, all treatments were superior by giving the highest number of oil compounds and their proportions compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation. The treatment of the bacterial mixture and oyster mushroom residues with mycorrhizae recorded the highest number of components, reaching 171 compounds, with an increase in the proportions of all compounds. The compound 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 20.71%, followed by the compound (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester with a percentage of 16.69%, compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which recorded (13.33, 14.33%), respectively, and the percentage of Linalool was 2.30% compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which gave (2.13, 0.95%), respectively.

Effect of Zeolite and Silica Gel in Regulating the Water Requirement of Cabbage and Their Effect on some Physical Properties of the Soil

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m. Above sea level. The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in regulating the water requirement of the cabbage and some physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, The first to occupy the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second agent is silica gel (S) with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g For each plant S1, add 20 gm of the plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 square meters) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The treatment W1Z2S3 recorded the highest value for the total porosity of the soil and the average weighted diameter and the lowest for the bulk density and soil resistance to penetration, and the values were 57.98%, 1.710 mm, 1.113 μg m-3, 0.900 kg cm-2, respectively, while the treatment W1Z0S0 recorded the highest value for the bulk density, which amounted to 1.380 Mgm-3, as for the soil penetration resistance, it reached its maximum in treatment W2Z0S0 and was 4.166 kg cm-2.

The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Chemical Properties of Clay Loam Soil and Sandy Loam Soil

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources / College of Agriculture - the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors were the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol It has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the electrical conductivity in the two soils when using the two percentages of biochar in the two soils, while the electrical conductivity values decreased with the use of the two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Less, and the two biochar treatments increased the organic matter values in the two soils, while the organic matter values decreased in the two soils when using the two percentages of perlite. The values of nitrogen extracted from the soil, as well as the case with the use of two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Higher with the use of two percentages of biochar in the two soils.

Rationalization of the Water Requirement of the Cabbage Crop by Using Zeolite and Silica Gel and Their Effect on some Water Parameters of the Leaves of the Cabbage Crop

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of the city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m above. Sea level The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in rationing the water requirement of the cabbage and some of the physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage plant. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first Which occupied the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second factor is silica gel (S) and with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g to each plant S1, adding 20 gm plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 m2) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The highest value of relative water content % and the ability to bind water % and the ability to absorb water in treatment W1Z2S2 reached 87.96%, 10.733%, 6.123%, respectively. The lowest value of relative saturation deficit in treatment W1Z2S2 was 12.03%.. The interaction treatment between water requirement, zeolite and silica gel recorded a significant effect when treating W2Z2S2 in the ability to absorb water, as it recorded the highest value of 79.29% compared to the treatment W1Z0S0, which had the lowest value of 23.39%.

Evaluation of Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium manausense and Bradyrhizobium venae on the Elemental content of Cowpea Plant in Gypsum Soil

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season on 3/25/2022 in the fields of the University of Tikrit / College of Agriculture located in the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, with the aim of studying the effect of inoculation with Rhizobia bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of cowpea in gypsum soil, conducted in a randomized complete block design. R. C. B. D With three replications, the experiment included two main factors: inoculation with rhizobium bacteria, and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. The inoculation factor was three levels (A0 = no inoculation, A1 = inoculation with the first strain, Bradyrhizobium manausense, and A2 = inoculation with the second strain, Bradyrhizobium vignae), and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. At three levels N0 and N1 = 40 kg / ha and N2 = 80 kg / ha, the process of isolation and development of Rhizobium bacteria was conducted on the optional medium (YEMA), and the two isolates were identified and recorded in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) by number Global OP740389 Bradyrhizobium vignae, as for the results of the field experiment, the inoculation treatment with root nodes bacteria Bradyrhizobium vignae was superior to the control treatment and even to the second strain Bradyrhizobium manausense in all studied traits of cowpea plant, and the percentage increase of the inoculation treatment with Bradyrhizobium vignae with 40 kg of nitrogen fertilizer was higher than The control treatment in the number of root nodes and their wet weight (1474.87, 267.101)%, respectively, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the vegetative part (61.300, 1.600, 7.102)%, respectively.

Evaluation of Inoculation with Two Strains of Rhizobium Bacteria on some Growth and Yield Traits of Cowpea Plant in Gypsiferous Soil

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season on 3/25/2022 in the fields of Tikrit University / College of Agriculture located in the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, with the aim of studying the effect of inoculation with Rhizobia bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of cowpea in gypsiferous soil. It was conducted with a completely random block design R. C. B. D With three replicates, the experiment included two main factors: inoculation with rhizobium bacteria, and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. The inoculation factor was three levels (A0 = non inoculation, A1 = inoculation with the first strain, Bradyrhizobium manausense, and A2 = inoculation with the second strain, Bradyrhizobium vignae), and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. With three levels N0 and N1 = 40 kg / ha and N2 = 80 kg / ha, the results showed the excelled of the inoculation treatment with root nodules Bradyrhizobium vignae on the control treatment and even the second strain Bradyrhizobium manausense in all studied traits of cowpea plant, and the percentage increase of the inoculation treatment was Bradyrhizobium vignae with 40 kg nitrogen fertilizer over the comparison treatment in the number of root nodes and their wet weight (1474.87, 267.101)%, while the dry weight of the root and vegetative total, plant length and roots, the increase was (44.347, 79.283, 12.771, 21.233)%, respectively, and the number of pods of the early yield And the total (120.925, 4.303)%, and the plant yield of straw (46.054), respectively.