Department Of Potosi Research Articles

Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils from male and female specimens of Baccharis punctulata (Asteraceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBaccharis punctulata (Asteraceae), popularly known as “Chíllka saru saru” in Bolivia, has been used by rural communities in Bustillo Province of the Potosi Department for treatment of asthma, luxations and contusions. Aim of the studyTo analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from leaves of female (BPF) and male (BPM) specimens and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Material and methodsChemical composition analyses of Baccharis punctulata essential oils isolated by hidrodistillation from leaves of male and female specimens were performed by GC-FID-MS. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the model of TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) induced ear edema, and the polymorphonuclear cell migration was evaluated by mieloperoxidase (MPO) and analyzed histologically. To measure the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the inflamed tissue, the DCFH-DA fluorescent probe was used. The chemical in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oils was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. ResultsThe chemical analysis showed high proportion of sesquiterpenes in the volatiles samples obtained from BPM, such as δ-elemene (14.29%), germacrene D (11.29%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.90%), and in the sample from BPF, bicyclogermacrene (42.44%), germacrene D (21.18%) and β-caryophyllene (14.06%). A statistical difference (p < 0.05) on chemical composition between both essential oils was observed. Topical administration of both BPM and BPF essential oils was able to inhibit the formation of TPA-induced edema in the treated groups. Isolated administration of TPA promoted an increase in MPO enzyme activity, and inhibition of the increase of MPO activity was observed when animals were treated with BFP at concentrations of 0.1 mg/ear (13.69 ± 0.20%), 0.3 mg/ear (22.35 ± 0.11%), and 1.0 mg/ear (44.98 ± 0.27%). Topical treatment with BPM was able to inhibit MPO activity at 22.40 ± 0.29% (0.1 mg/ear), 36.49 ± 0.07% (0.3 mg/ear) and 52.19 ± 0.28% (1.0 mg/ear). The positive control of dexamethasone (DEXA, 0.1 mg/ear) was able to revert the increase in the enzymatic activity of MPO caused by TPA (65.16%). Histological analysis showed that topical application of TPA promoted intense cellular infiltration. This inflammatory parameter was reduced with the topical application of the BPF and BPM oil samples as well as with DEXA. The results observed in the ROS and DPPH tests suggest that both samples were able to reduce the inflammatory cells influx and have in vitro antioxidant properties, respectively. ConclusionsThis study presents, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from leaves of male and female specimens of Baccharis punctulata, and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The results presented by the volatile samples in our biotests support traditional uses of this plant species.

The definition and crystal structure of clino-oscarkempffite, Ag15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72

Clino-oscarkempffite, Ag 1.27 Pb 0.49 Sb 1.68 Bi 1.54 S 6.01 , idealized as Ag 1.25 Pb 0.5 Sb 1.75 Bi 1.5 S 6 ( Z = 12), from the Colorada vein, Animas mine, Chocaya Province, Department of Potosi, Sur Chichas, Bolivia, is an N = 4 member of the lillianite homologous series, oversubstituted according to the Ag + (Bi, Sb) ↔ 2Pb substitution to 122.8% in comparison to the formula of gustavite, AgPbBi 3 S 6 . Optical properties of clino-oscarkempffite are very similar to those of oscarkempffite and other Bi (Bi–Sb) lillianite homologues. Reflectance values in air vary between 47.5 and 35.2%. Hardness was evaluated to 3–3½, based on VHN 50 range 189–208, mean 200 kg mm −2 . Density was calculated to 6.04 g cm −3 . Minerals associated with clino-oscarkempffite are aramayoite, oscarkempffite, arsenopyrite, ferrokesterite, freibergite, miargyrite, pyrite and quartz. Clino-oscarkempffite is monoclinic, lattice parameters a 39.811(25) A, b 19.280(12) A, c 8.278(5) A, β 96.195(9)°, V 6316.7 A 3 , space group P 2 1 / c . It is a three-fold superstructure of the lillianite aristotype, with a doubled 4 A axis and, uniquely, a tripled ∼13.3 A a parameter. In the crystal structure, configured as a general N = 4 lillianite homologue, the central octahedra of the PbS-like slabs are mixed (Bi,Sb), (Sb,Bi) and Sb sites in alternation along the 8.3 A direction, whereas in the marginal coordination octahedra (Sb,Bi) positions alternate with distorted tetrahedral coordinations of Ag. The bicapped trigonal coordination prisms on meeting planes of two octahedral slabs are occupied by mixed (Pb,Bi) sites. Cation occupation schemes result in blocks with monoclinic overall symmetry which alternate along [1 0 0] with blocks with orthorhombic overall symmetry. The order–disorder implications of this division are discussed in the paper.

New Mineral NamesAlfredopetroviteBussyite-(Y)ColinowensiteEsquireiteFerromerrilliteFluornatropyrochloreFluor-SchorlHogarthiteShiloviteTapiaiteWaimirite-(Y)

This New Mineral Names has entries for 11 new minerals, including alfredopetrovite, bussyite-(Y), colinowensite, esquireite, ferromerrillite, fluornatropyrochlore, fluor-schorl, hogarthite, shilovite, tapiaite, waimirite-(Y). # Alfredopetrovite* {#article-title-2} A.R. Kampf, S.J. Mills, B.P. Nash, B. Thorne and G. Favreau (2016) Alfredopetrovite, a new selenite mineral from the El Dragόn mine, Bolivia. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28(2), 479–484. Alfredopetrovite (IMA 2015-026), ideally Al2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O, is a new selenite mineral from the El Dragόn mine, Antonio Quijarro Province, Potosi Department, Bolivia. The mine exploited a telethermal deposit consisting of a single selenide vein hosted by sandstones and shales. The main primary mineral is a Co-rich krut’aite–penroseite. Clausthalite, petrovicite, watkinsonite, eldragόnite, and grundmannite were crystallized from later solutions. Alfredopetrovite is a secondary mineral and occurs in vugs in a krut’aite-penroseite-dolomite-goethite matrix. Other closely associated secondary minerals are: ahlfeldite, allophane, calcite, chalcomenite, favreauite, felsőbanyaite, malachite, and molybdomenite. Alfredopetrovite forms colorless to blue (transmit chalcomenite color) drusy/scaly coatings and compact balls up to 0.5 mm. Individual crystals are up to ~0.1 mm. Crystals are transparent with a white streak and a vitreous luster. The mineral is brittle with a smooth curved fracture and no apparent cleavage. Mohs hardness is 2½. The density was not measured because crystal fragments are virtually invisible in density liquids; D calc = 2.504 g/cm3. Alfredopetrovite is optically uniaxial (+), ω = 1.554(2), and e = 1.566(2) (white light); non-pleochroic. The average of 3 electron probe WDS analyses [wt% (range)/wt% normalized to 100%] is: …

Oscarkempffite, Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)∑26S48, a new Sb-Bi member of the lillianite homologous series

AbstractOscarkempffite, ideally Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)∑=26S48, is a new mineral species found in old material (1929–30) from the Colorada vein, Animas mine, Chocaya Province, Department of Potosi, Bolivia. It is associated with aramayoite, stannite, miargyrite, pyrargyrite and tetrahedrite. Oscarkempffite forms anhedral grains and grain aggregates up to 10 mm across. The mineral is opaque, greyish black with a metallic lustre; it is brittle without any discernible cleavage. In reflected light oscarkempffite is greyish white, pleochroism is distinct, white to dark grey. Internal reflections are absent. In crossed polars, anisotropism is distinct with rotation tints in shades of grey. The reflectance data (%, air) are: 39.9, 42.6 at 470 nm, 38.6, 41.7 at 546 nm, 38.1, 41.2 at 589 nm and 37.3, 40.6 at 650 nm. Mohs hardness is 3–3½, microhardness VHN50 exhibits a range 189–208, with a mean value 200 kg mm–2. The average results of four electron-microprobe analyses in a grain are: Cu 0.24(7), Ag 14.50(8), Pb 11.16(14), Sb 28.72(16), Bi 24.56(17), S 20.87(5), total 100.05(6) wt.%, corresponding to Cu0.24Ag9.92Pb4.00Sb17.36Bi8.64S47.84 (on the basis of Me + S = 88 apfu). The simplified formula, Ag10Pb4Sb17Bi9S48, is in accordance with the results of a crystal-structure determination. The density, 5.8 g cm–3, was calculated using the ideal formula. Oscarkempffite has an orthorhombic cell with a = 13.199(2), b = 19.332(3), c = 8.249(1) Å, V = 2116.3(5) Å3, space group Pnca and Z = 1. The strongest eight lines in the (calculated) powder-diffraction pattern are [d in Å(I)hkl]: 3.66(35)(122), 3.37(70)(132), 3.34(100)(250), 2.982(55)(312), 2.881(86)(322), 2.733(29)(332), 2.073(27)(004) and 2.062(31)(182). Comparison with gustavite, andorite and roshchinite confirms its independence as a mineral species.

Grundmannite, CuBiSe2, the Se-analogue of emplectite, a new mineral from the El Dragón mine, Potosí, Bolivia

Grundmannite, ideally CuBiSe 2 , is a new mineral species from the El Dragon mine, Department of Potosi, Bolivia. It either fills small shrinkage cracks or interstices in brecciated krut’aite – penroseite solid solutions or forms independent grains in the matrix. Grain size of the anhedral to subhedral crystals is usually in the range 50–150 μm, but may approach 250 μm. Grundmannite is usually intergrown with watkinsonite and clausthalite; other minerals occasionally being in grain-boundary contact comprise quartz, dolomite, native gold, eldragonite, eskebornite, umangite, klockmannite, Co-rich penroseite, and three unnamed phases of the Cu–Hg–Pb–Bi–Se system, among which is an as-yet uncharacterized species with the ideal composition Cu 4 Pb 2 HgBi 4 Se 11 . Grundmannite is non-fluorescent, black and opaque with a metallic lustre and black streak. It is brittle, with an irregular fracture and no obvious parting. Some grains display a perfect {001} cleavage. The VHN 20 values range from 45 to 61 (mean 53) kg mm −2 , which equates to a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2½. In plane-polarized incident light, grundmannite is weakly bireflectant and weakly pleochroic, from cream to light grey, and shows no internal reflections. Between crossed polarisers, grundmannite is distinctly anisotropic, with light-brown to brown rotation tints. The reflectance values in air for the COM standard wavelengths are: 41.0–43.4 (470 nm), 41.8–45.1 (546 nm), 42.1–45.7 (589 nm), and 42.5–46.2 (650 nm). Electron probe micro-analyses yielded a mean composition Cu 14.88, Pb 1.23, Hg 0.07, Ni 0.05, Bi 44.90, Se 38.92, total 100.05 wt.%. The mean empirical formula, normalized to 4 atoms per formula unit ( apfu ), is Cu 0.99 (Bi 0.91 Pb 0.02 ) ∑0.93 Se 2.08 ( n = 19). The ideal formula is CuBiSe 2 , which requires (in wt.%) Cu 14.76, Bi 48.55, Se 36.69, sum 100.00. Grundmannite is orthorhombic, space group Pnma , with a = 6.6362(5), b = 4.2581(3), c = 15.3691(9) A, V = 434.29(5) A 3 , and Z = 4. Density, calculated on the basis of the mean chemical composition and unit-cell parameters derived from the single-crystal X-ray study, is 6.582 g cm −3 . The five strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [ d in A ( I/I 0 ) ( hkl )] are: 3.4901 (50) (111), 3.3180 (70) (200), 3.2746 (100) (013), 2.4923 (45) (015), and 2.3307 (50) (213). The crystal structure of grundmannite is topologically identical to that of emplectite, CuBiS 2 , with the two independent sulfur positions occupied by Se, thus being the Se-isotype of emplectite. In the structure, Bi forms BiSe 3 trigonal pyramids (with two additional longer distances) and Cu nearly regular CuSe 4 tetrahedra. Grundmannite is a primary mineral, deposited from an oxidizing low- temperature hydrothermal fluid at the waning stage of selenide-mineral formation at El Dragon, at a f Se 2 / f S 2 ratio greater than unity and in the presence of hematite, conditions typically prevailing during the formation of telethermal vein-type selenide deposits. The mineral was named after Gunter Grundmann, in recognition of his pioneering work on the El Dragon mine.

Alfredopetrovite, a new selenite mineral from the El Dragón mine, Bolivia

Alfredopetrovite, Al 2 (Se 4+ O 3 ) 3 · 6H 2 O, is a new secondary selenite mineral from the El Dragon mine, Antonio Quijarro Province, Potosi Department, Bolivia. The mineral occurs in vugs in a matrix of Co-rich krut’aite–penroseite, dolomite and goethite. Associated minerals are: ahlfeldite, allophane, calcite, chalcomenite, favreauite, felsőbanyaite, malachite and molybdomenite. Crystals occur in drusy/scaly coatings and compact balls, the latter to 0.5 mm in diameter. Individual crystals are up to about 0.1 mm across. The Mohs hardness of alfredopetrovite is 2½; it has no cleavage, curved fracture and a vitreous lustre. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 2.504 g cm −3 . Alfredopetrovite is uniaxial (+), with ω = 1.554(2) and e = 1.566(2) (white light), and exhibits no pleochroism. Electron microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Al 1.94 Cu 0.07 Ni 0.03 Co 0.01 Se 2.95 O 15 H12.16, based on 15 O apfu . Alfredopetrovite is hexagonal, space group P 6 ¯ 2 c , with the unit-cell parameters: a = 8.818(3) A, c = 10.721(2) A, V = 722.0(5) A 3 and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [ d obs /A ( I ) ( hkl )]: 7.63(55)(100), 6.22(55)(101), 5.37(26)(002), 4.398(40)(110,102), 3.404(100)(112), 2.783(50)(211), 2.606(22)(203), and 1.6609(26)(410,322,314,116). The crystal structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0268 for 240 observed reflections [ F o > 4σ F ]. The structure is comprised of fairly regular AlO 6 octahedra and Se 4+ O 3 triangular pyramids. Three Se 4+ O 3 pyramids link two adjacent AlO 6 octahedra forming a [Al(H 2 O) 3 | 2 (Se 4+ O 3 ) 3 cluster structural unit. These structural units are bonded to one another only via hydrogen bonds yielding a structure with relatively large channels along [001]. The configuration of the cluster is similar to that of the distinctive unit in the NASICON structure, commonly referred to as a lantern unit .

Para beneficiar la plata: mano de obra, papel, y posición social en una refinería de plata durante el primer siglo del imperialismo español en el pueblo de Porco

Before the Spanish conquest, the town of Porco, in the Department of Potosi in modern-day Bolivia, was the site of one of the most important Inca mining projects. During the viceregal period it became the focus of the first Spanish silver mining operations of the in the Andes. This region offers an excellent opportunity for historical archeology to ask questions about the relationship between the states that organized such mining projects and the workers who exploited the ore. Such an undertaking grants us a better understanding of the dynamics that had a profound impact on the origins of the modern Andean economy. This article presents ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence in order to discuss the organization of colonial labor categories, and the development of the changing social roles and status of skilled workers associated with the south-central Andean mining industry. In doing so, I trace the regional transitions in labor from the Inca to Spanish empires. Excavations at the colonial site of Ferro Ingenio, a silver refinery in the San Juan Valley, southwest of the village of Porco, shed new light on labor in the first century of Spanish colonialism and how skilled indigenous workers negotiated their positions within colonial society.

The first longhorned beetle record for the Prepuna in the Bolivian Andes and Potosi Department in Bolivia: a new species of Dirocoremia (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Rhopalophorini).

Compared to other Bolivian ecoregions, the Prepuna and Puna in the Bolivian highlands are distinguished by low precipitation and low biological diversity. These factors have likely contributed to the perception that the Prepuna and Puna are less interesting for entomological studies, and reports of longhorned beetles from these regions remain scarce. Here, the first longhorned beetle record for the Bolivian Prepuna and Potosi Department is reported, an unknown species of Dirocoremia Marques, 1994. Dirocoremia tupizai sp. n. can be distinguished from congeners by its dark-brown to black metatibiae with short and sparse subapical brushes of hairs.

Gentianella zaratei(Gentianaceae), a New Species from Bolivia

The new species Gentianella zaratei J. S. Pringle (Gentianaceae) is described from the departments of Potosí and Oruro, Bolivia. It has longitudinally striped, scarlet and yellow, scarcely opening corollas like those of G. erythrochrysea (Gilg) Fabris and G. hirculus (Griseb.) Fabris but differs in its ascending, narrowly linear leaves.

Desde el diabólico mundo de los gentiles. Lecturas sobre un pasado muy presente en el espacio alto-andino de Potosí y Chuquisaca (Bolivia)

Building off data collected in the departments of Potosi and Chuquisaca in Bolivia, this paper addresses certain aspects of «chullpas» related to the perception of these archeological sites and in dialogue with the past, analyzing not only the historical profundity of the categories, entities and principles (and their relation) present today in these significant spaces, but also their participation within the intense processes of social change occurring in recent decades.

Favreauite, a new selenite mineral from the El Dragón mine, Bolivia

Favreauite, ideally PbBiCu_6O_4(SeO_3)_4 • H_2O, is a new secondary selenite mineral from the El Dragon mine, Antonio Quijarro Province, Potosi Department, Bolivia. The mineral occurs in vughs in a matrix of (Co, Cu)-rich penroseite, dolomite and goethite. Associated minerals are: ahlfeldite, allophane, calcite, chalcomenite, malachite, molybdomenite and an unnamed Al selenite. Favreauite forms tiny green square tabular crystals, flattened on {001}, up to 0.1 mm on edge and 0.01 mm thick, occurring in subparallel and divergent groups. The Mohs hardness of favreauite is estimated as ≈3; it has perfect cleavage on {001}, an irregular fracture and a vitreous lustre. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 4.851 g cm^(−3). Favreauite is uniaxial (−), with mean refractive index estimated as 1.854 from the Gladstone–Dale relationship. It is pleochroic in shades of green, O 4σF_o] and 0.0356 for all 1432 unique reflections. Favreauite is a close structural relative of nabokoite, KCu_7Te^(4+)O_4(SO_4)_5Cl, and atlasovite, KCu_6Fe^(3+)BiO_4(SO_4)_5Cl. In all cases, oxygen-centred tetrahedra share edges to form corrugated [Cu_6MO_4] layers (M = Bi or Te) which can be derived from the framework structure of murdochite, Pb^(4+)Cu^(2+)_6O_(8-x)(Cl,Br)_(2x) by selective deletion of atoms. In favreauite, additional OH and H_2O between the layers are weakly bound to Cu, giving it Jahn-Teller distorted 4 + 2 coordination. The Cu–Bi–O layer is braced by SeO_3 pyramids. The Bi^(3+) and interlayer Pb^(2+) form an approximately face-centred cubic array analogous to the Pb^(4+) sites in murdochite. Unlike Bi^(3+), Pb^(2+) is in a site with nonpolar Formula point symmetry, which suppresses the stereoactivity of its lone pair.

ELDRAGONITE, Cu6BiSe4(Se2), A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM THE EL DRAGON MINE, POTOSI, BOLIVIA, AND ITS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Eldragonite, with the simplified formula Cu 6 BiSe 4 (Se 2 ), is a new mineral species discovered in a telethermal vein-type deposit with selenides at the El Dragon mine, Province of Quijarro, Department of Potosi, Bolivia. It forms inclusions in krut’aite, and is associated with clausthalite, klockmannite, umangite and tiemannite, as well as with watkinsonite, petrovicite and two unnamed phases in the system Cu–Pb–Hg–Bi–Se. The unique vein of eldragonite-bearing krut’aite is hosted within sandstones and shales of Devonian age. Eldragonite occurs in anhedral grains and polycrystalline aggregates attaining a size of up to 100 × 80 μm. Megascopically, the mineral has a brownish to light-maroon color, is opaque and lacks internal reflections. It has a metallic luster and a brownish black streak, is brittle with an uneven to conchoidal fracture, without observable cleavage. The VHN 15 values range between 212 and 243 (mean 225) kg/mm 2 , corresponding to a Mohs hardness of ~3 ½. In plane-polarized light, eldragonite is distinctly bireflectant and pleochroic, from light grayish brown to cream; it is strongly anisotropic with rotation tints in shades of orange and blue-black. The reflectances (in air and oil, respectively) for the COM standard wavelengths are: 32.5–34.5, 17.7–19.7 (470 nm), 32.95–36.3, 18.0–21.4 (546 nm), 33.3–36.8, 18.3–21.6 (589 nm), 34.0–36.9, 19.1–21.7 (650 nm). Electron-microprobe analyses gave (mean of 24 analyses): Cu 35.9, Fe 1.25, Ni 0.35, Bi 20.3, Se 42.5, total 100.3 wt.%, corresponding to (Cu 5.98 Fe 0.24 Ni 0.06 ) ∑6.28 Bi 1.03 Se 5.70 . The ideal formula is Cu 6 BiSe 4 (Se 2 ), which requires Cu 35.84, Bi 19.64, Se 44.52 wt.%. Eldragonite has an orthorhombic cell, space group Pmcn , with a 4.0341(4), b 27.056(3), c 9.5559(9) A, V 1043.0(3) A 3 , and Z = 4. The calculated density is 6.76 g/cm 3 . The strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [ d in A ( I ) hkl ] are: 6.547(58)031, 3.579(100)052, 3.253(48)141, 3.180(77)081, 3.165(56)013, 3.075(84)102, 3.065(75)151,112, 2.011(53)200, 1.920(76)154, 1.846(52)1103. The crystal structure was solved from single-crystal data, and was refined to R 1 = 0.026 on the basis of 1731 unique reflections. There are one Bi and six Cu positions. Among the six Se positions, two Se atoms form a Se 2 pair [d(Se–Se) = 2.413 A]; eldragonite is thus a mixed selenide–diselenide compound. The crystal structure is organized according to two slabs alternating along a . The thin slab with formula Cu 6 Se 6 is a zigzag layer derived from the CaF 2 archetype; the thick slab, Cu 6 Bi 2 Se 6 , is similar to that of wittichenite, Cu 3 BiS 3 . The Se 2 pair is at the junction between these two slabs. This new mineral species is named after the location where it was discovered.

Adolescent Ambiguities and the Negotiation of Belonging in the Andes

Although typically marginal to conceptions of citizenship, children also negotiate their belonging to the nation. This article explores the ways adolescent girls in a rural region of Bolivia use clothing to identify themselves with various collectivities: nation, region, and family. Their consumption and displays of fashion are shaped by national and local discourses of gender, race, and the civilized. Navigating multiple identifications simultaneously, their everyday and ritual practices disrupt assumed oppositions between Indian and Bolivian. (Youth, gender, race, identity, Bolivia) Hegemonic notions of modern citizens and national identities are typically built on unmarked categories of masculinity, whiteness, urban residence, and adulthood, yet women, nonwhites, and children also are citizens, both in the formal sense of having the right to carry a specific passport (Yuval-Davis 1997) and in a practical sense of actively negotiating their belonging to national collectivities. Although often relegated to the margins of political arenas, the ways in which women and ethnic minorities are materially and symbolically crucial to the construction and maintenance of borders between places and categorical distinctions between kinds of people have in recent years been explored by scholars from a variety of disciplinary and regional perspectives (Albro 2000; Kaplan, Alarcon, and Moallem 1999; Collins 1998; de Grazia 1996; de la Cadena 2000; Layoun 2001; Luykx 1999; McClintock 1995; Nugent 1998; Parker, Sommer, and Yeager 1992; Radcliffe and Westwood 1996; Stephenson 1999; Stoler 1995; Weismantel 2001; Yuval-Davis 1997). Much of this work, drawing on a Foucaultian framework (Foucault 1972, 1978), demonstrates the ways in which colonial and national states engage and depend on establishing not only new political and economic organizations but also social actors able to function within them. From this perspective Stephens (1995a:6) asks, what respects are children--as foci of gender-specific roles in the family, as objects of regulation and development in the school, and as symbols of the future and of what is at stake in contests over cultural identity--pivotal in the structuring of modernity? In the highland region of Pocoata (Province of Chayanta, Department of Potosi), Bolivia, children and young adults come into contact with urban hegemonic notions of national identity and become integrated into national arenas through education in rural public schools (Luykx 1999; Stephenson 1999), migration to urban areas for work (Gill 1994), consumption of commodities (Colloredo-Mansfield 1999; Parker, Sommer, and Yeager 1992), mass media, and mandatory military service (Gill 1997). But if people's subjective views are partially shaped through state and civil institutions, they are also inextricably intertwined with personal experiences and local conceptions of childhood and youth, and gender and family (Stephens 1995a: 16; Stoler 1995). Moreover, children and youth are not simply objects of regulation or symbols of future identities. Children imagine themselves and enact themselves as gendered, ethnic, national, and transnational entities. They are themselves social actors who in their ordinary lives do not simply take on the nation's politics as their everyday psychology (Coles 1986; Stephens 1995a:3; also see Amit-Talai and Wulff 1995; Bucholtz 2002; Eckert and McConnell-Ginet 1995; Lomawaima 1995; Luykx 1999; Stephens 1995b). This article explains how the consumption of clothing is a site for understanding how Pocoata youths experience the possibilities and constraints of their own belonging in Bolivia at the turn of the twenty-first century. (2) The focus on Pocoata girls particularly is meant to challenge notions of citizenship and categories of identity not usually assumed to be significant to the nation, and to analyze practices not usually considered political. The ethnographic episodes presented here are drawn from 22 months of research primarily conducted in rural Quechua-speaking communities in 1995-1996 and more recently with Pocoata migrants in the cities of Sucre and Cochabamba in 2001 and 2003. …

Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used in the Bustillo Province of the Potosi Department, Bolivia

A survey of medicinal plants used by rural communities in the Bustillo Province of the Potosi Department in Bolivia is reported in this article. Fifty-six plant species belonging to 24 families and 46 different genera were included. Their botanical and vernacular names, plant part used, popular medicinal use, forms of preparation and applications of the herbal remedies are given.

Isozymic and metric variation in the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex.

Male Lutzomyia longipalpis of two types from Bolivia were compared using isozyme electrophoresis and wing morphometry. One sample (ex Chiflonkaka Cave, alt. 2800 m at Toro Toro, Charcas Province, Potosi Department) was 'two-spot' phenotype males (i.e. tergites III and IV with paired pale patches of pheromone glands), whereas two other locality samples (Apa Apa and Imanaco, Sud Yungas Province, La Paz Department) were one-spot male phenotype (only tergite IV with paired pale patches). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (using ACON, aGPD, GPI, IDH, MDH, ME, 6PGD, PGM, LAP and PEPB) found no difference between samples from adjacent hen houses at Apa Apa. Nei's standard genetic distance between one-spot samples from Apa Apa and Imanaco (5 km apart, 1500 m alt.) was 0.001-0.002, whereas the two-spot males from Toro Toro (800 km away) showed a genetic distance of 0.081 from the one-spot males (Apa Apa and Imanaco). This genetic distance is commensurate with speciation, but may simply be intraspecific differentiation due to 'isolation by distance'. For comparative wing morphometry, we included additional material of one-spot males from Bolivia (Guyabal, Sud Yungas, La Paz), Brazil, Colombia and Nicaragua. These three other country samples were assumed to be different sibling species in the complex Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lanzaro et al., 1993). Statistics were based on univariate and multivariate analysis. The comparison between size-in and size-free canonical variate analysis (CVA) indicated that the wing morphometric divergence between one-spot and two-spot Bolivian phenotypes was not size dependent and could have taxonomic significance.

Les guitarrillas du département de Potosí (Bolivie). Morphologie, utilisation et symbolique

The Guitarrillas of the north of the deparment of Potosí (Bolivia): Morphology, Use and Symbolics Abstract This study presents a cordophone's family regrouped by the name of "guitarrilla", which has a deep and ancestral cultural significance, at morphological, functional and symbolical levels. This original group of instruments, is closely related to the earth, water and fertility cults, which are major elements of the andean pantheon, particularly in the native societies of the north of the department of Potosi (Bolivia). The "guitarrillas", traditional instruments of the rain season, belong more specifically to the Quechua identity, as most of the bolivian cordophones. However, at a higher level, they have to be considered as a reflection of the andean culture symbiosis, which characterizes the present traditional bolivian society. This group of concepts confers to this kind of instrument a social function, which demonstrates that music is part of the daily life of the rural bolivian society.

Integrated regional development planning: Linking urban centres and rural areas in Bolivia

Highly polarized settlement systems in developing countries reflect and tend to reinforce strong disparities in levels of development between the largest city and other regions and between urban centres and their hinterlands in rural regions. Integrated regional development planning seeks to create a more diffuse and articulated system of settlements in order to diversify the services and facilities available to rural residents, increase their access to town-based markets, new sources of agricultural inputs and non-agricultural employment opportunities, and to provide guidelines for sectoral investment and location decisions. One approach to integrated regional development planning — ‘Urban Functions in Rural Development’ - was tested in the Department of Potosi, Bolivia, and its results provide insights not only into the methodology of analysis but also into the complex relationships among rural development, patterns of human settlement and processes of spatial interaction.

Symétries en miroir. Le concept de yanantin chez les Macha de Bolivie

Avec le renouveau des études andines dû aux approches ethnohistoriques de J. Murra (1956, etc.) et de T. Zuidema (1964, etc.), l'analyse des systèmes de représentation andins est entrée dans une époque nouvelle. En caractérisant les diverses institutions locales selon les dimensions et la complexité du contexte social où elles fonctionnaient, en identifiant les problèmes écologiques et sociaux qu'elles devaient permettre de résoudre, Murra mettait au jour une perception et une organisation de l'espace andin originales, reposant sur le contrôle direct de ressources très dispersées, de la forêt tropicale à la côte du Pacifique, par un centre de pouvoir situé — à différents niveaux — sur les hautes terres (Murra, 1972).

Marine Upper Cretaceous and a New Echino-Corys from the Altaplanicie of Bolivia

Previous articleNext article FreeMarine Upper Cretaceous and a New Echino-Corys from the Altaplanicie of BoliviaEdward W. BerryEdward W. Berry Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 30, Number 3Apr. - May, 1922 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/622875 Views: 27Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.