Department Of Pharmacology Research Articles

Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart from Premixed Insulin Therapy: a Quasi Experimental Study

Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart from Premixed Insulin Therapy: a Quasi Experimental Study

Associiattiion of Cycllooxygenase 1 ((COX1)) Pollymorphiism att SNP RS1330344 wiitth Aspiiriin Resiisttance iin Pakiisttanii Pattiientts Of Ischemiic Heartt Diisease

Objective: To find an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1330344 in cyclooxygenase-1 gene with Aspirin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Pakistani population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Pharmacology Department, National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Institute of Heart Diseases and Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Islamabad, Pakistan, from Oct 2018 to Dec 2021. Methodology: The Study was conducted on 384 patients (272 males and 112 females) with ischemic heart disease. Patients on Aspirin for at least seven days were selected. Platelet aggregation was performed using a Light Transmission Aggregatometer and arachidonic acid as an agonist. DNA extraction was done using the kit method (Invitrogen, Thermofisher). Then, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, and gel electrophoresis were used to identify SNP rs1330344. Results: In this study, 14.0% (n=54) and 86.0% (n=330) of ischemic heart disease patients were resistant to Aspirin and Aspirin, respectively. The genotyping of Cyclooxygenase 1, SNP rs1330344 showed 24.41% (n=94),17.56% (n=67), and 57.98% (n=223) patients had wild type allele (CC), homozygous (TT) and heterozygous (CT) genotype respectively. Gel electrophoresis results for allelic identification were correlated with the anti-platelet efficacy of Aspirin among ischemic heart disease patients. No association was found between a polymorphic form in SNP and the development of aspirin resistance. Conclusion: Aspirin resistance is not associated with any specific polymorphic form of Cyclooxygenase-1 at SNP rs1330344 in the Pakistani population.

Impact of CYP3A4 rs2242480 polymorphisms on Imatinib HPLC determined trough concentration and response in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia in Pakistani patients

Objective To ascertain the impact of CYP3A4 polymorphism on the therapeutic outcome of imatinib and its trough concentration Study design Descriptive analytical study Place and duration of the study This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Islamic International Medical College, between December 2020 and February 2022, in collaboration with the Institute of Biomedical Genetic Engineering, KRL Hospital Islamabad. Methods Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia age range–18-70 years were included in this study. One group comprised responders and the other group comprised non-responders. Imatinib trough levels in both groups were determined using High-performance Liquid Chromatography and compared, and the association was determined with therapeutic outcomes. DNA was extracted, and the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to identify the alleles. The results were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results The imatinib concentration in patients with the homozygous wild allele CC of rs2242480 was higher(1298ng/ml) as compared with the mutant homozygous TT allele (489ng/ml) or heterozygous allele CT(873ng/ml) Conclusion There was a significant association between imatinib trough levels and CYP3A4 polymorphism, and trough concentration was found to be lower in patients with the TT or CT variant of rs2242480 than in patients with the CC genotype.

Assessment of cardiac parameters after the administration of nicorandil before primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

To assess cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-myocardial band levels, electrocardiogram changes and major adverse cardiac events after treatment with nicorandil before primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The comparative, analytical study was conducted from October to November 2022 at the Pharmacology Department of Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in collaboration with the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi. The sample comprised ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients of either gender aged at least 30 years with an ejection fraction of at least 35% undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Participants were selected based on the above-mentioned inclusion and informed consent was taken before their enrolment in this research study. The sample was randomised into control group A receiving conventional acute coronary syndrome treatment, and intervention group B receiving nicorandil in addition to the conventional treatment. Cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-myocardial band levels, electrocardiogram changes, and major adverse cardiac events noted and compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 140 patients, 70(50%) were in each of the 2 groups. In group B, 60(85.7%) patients achieved a completely settled ST segment on electrocardiogram compared to 25(35.7%) in group A (p=0.001). There was a significant inter-group difference with respect to cardiac troponin I value 6 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention and major adverse cardiac events (p<0.05), but creatine kinase-myocardial band level was no significantly different between the groups (p=0.761). Prophylactic use of nicorandil in ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients decreased the incidence of reperfusion injury.

The hypothermic effect of the antihypoxant 2-aminobenztiazole

BACKGROUND: One of the compounds studied at the Department of Pharmacology of the Kirov Military Medical Academy is a compound with a proven antihypoxic effect of 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-ABT). The mechanism of action of this substance is partially associated with the central action, and its protective effect may potentially be due to the general hypothermic effect.&#x0D; AIM: To determine the effect of 2-ABT on body temperature.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 24 adult males of white outbred mice. 2-ABT was previously dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution and administered intraperitoneally to mice at doses of 32.5 mg/kg (with proven antihypoxic effect), 21.7 mg/kg or 10.8 mg/kg. Rectal temperature was measured with an electronic thermometer DT-623 (China) before administration of the test substance, as well as 5, 30 and 60 minutes after the injection.RESULTS: Compound 2-ABT has a pronounced dose-dependent hypothermic effect. This effect is maximally expressed in a dose in which the compound has a proven antihypoxic property – 32.5 mg/kg. The hypothermic effect manifests itself within 5 minutes after administration, the maximum decrease in body temperature is observed after 30 minutes, while the effect persists for an hour.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: 2-ABT may be a promising compound for the creation of a drug for drug-induced (controlled) hypothermia.

Senna alata with Selenium Mitigates Liver and Kidney Injury from Isoniazid and Rifampicin in Mice

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potentials of S. alata in combination with Selenium on liver and kidney injury induced by Isoniazid-Rifampicin (INH-RIF). Study Design: Original Research work. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, between August and October 2023. Methods: Hydroethanolic extract of S. alata (EESA) was obtained by maceration, 25 Swiss mice (25-35g) were divided into 5 groups, GP1 received distill water, GP 2-5 INH-RIF 150mg/kg for the first two days; while groups 3-5 received S.alata 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in combinAtion with Selenium 1mg/kg respectively from day 3 till day 14 orally. Sera samples were obtained and organs (liver and kidney) for weighing and histopathology on day 15. Results: This study showed that S.alata (EESA) (100mg/kg) and Selenium (1mg/kg) showed no reduction (P&gt;.05) in the biochemical parameters (AST, ALP, ALT, BUN, Uric acid, and creatinine); histo-anatomy of both organs showed injury. The 200mg/kg EESA/Se (1mg/kg) reduced significantly (P&lt;.05) elevated parameters for liver only (ALT, ALP); liver histo-picture showed no lesion; 400mg/kg combination decreased all parameters significantly (P&lt;.05); histo-pathology showed no lesion in both organs. Weights of the liver showed significant reduction (P=.0025, .0052, and .0027) at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg respectively; but no significant difference in weights of the kidney compared to the toxic group. Conclusion: It was concluded that EESA 200mg/kg with Selenium 1mg/kg can mitigate the toxic effects of Isoniazid-Rifampicin on the liver, while EESA/Se 400mg/kg combination has ameliorative potentials on liver and kidney toxicity from INH-RIF. These effects may be dose-dependent. It was recommended that 400mg/kg of EESA and 1mg/kg of Selenium combination be considered in drug development.

Creator of the concept of antihypoxants and actoprotectors: On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Professor V.M. Vinogradov

Vasiliy M. Vinogradov (1924–2003) and his scientific school are famous for their creation and study of two fundamental new classes of pharmacological drugs, promising for military medicine, medicine for disasters and extreme conditions, and for civilian healthcare. This refers to the development of antihypoxants, which are drugs that protect the body when there is a lack of oxygen in the cells or disturbances in its utilization, and actoprotectors (from the Latin “actus” — movement), which are drugs of a nondepleting type of action that increase and maintain the physical performance of the body in unfavorable conditions. At the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy in the 1960s, F.Yu. Rachinsky synthesized the first highly effective antihypoxants structurally related to aliphatic and cyclic aminothiols — gutimin, amtizole, bemitil, almid, and etomerzole. Hypoxia is the most common, everyday factor in resuscitation practice; however, it is not the only factor causing energy deficiency with severe, often dramatic consequences for cells, organs, and the body as a whole. Therefore, when we talk about antihypoxants, we are referring to drugs that can smooth out this deficiency using various mechanisms, protect cells at the reversible stage of their damage, and activate the formation of structure and functions. These drugs were subjected to a detailed pharmacological study, and a key link in their mechanism of action was identified — normalization of energy metabolism when there is a lack of oxygen in cells or disturbances in their use. All aliphatic and cyclic aminothiols (gutimin, amtizole, bemitil, almid, etomerzol, and many of their analogs) have three main types of activity, which are expressed differently in each of the drugs, which makes it possible to profile their use in different clinical situations and in healthy people. These include (1) antihypoxic effects, (2) antioxidant effects, and (3) ability to accelerate the repair and adaptive synthesis of RNA, enzymes, and functional and structural proteins under various types of damage, such as hypoxic, infectious, toxic, and stress, and in adaptation to complicated conditions. All these directions were not only evaluated experimentally but also confirmed in practice. This article examines various aspects of antihypoxic drugs synthesized and studied at the Department of Pharmacology of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy for the last 60 years.

ANTIFUNGAL STEWARDSHIP: MITIGATING INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIPTIONS IN VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, CENTRAL INDIA

This study aims to reduce the inappropriate prescriptions of antifungal medications for vulvovaginitis candidiasis in a tertiary care hospital in central India. An ambispective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology of MGM Medical College and Maharaja Yashwantrao Hospital in Indore, MP, over three months (i.e.,12 w from August to October 2023). The study encompassed a retrospective analysis of prescriptions for vaginal candidiasis over a period of five weeks in August-September 2023, followed by a prospective analysis over the subsequent five weeks of September-October 2023post-implementation of interactive training sessions, discussions, and antifungal guidelines for two weeks. From a total of 130 randomly selected prescriptions, 69 prescriptions were perused retrospectively, while 61 prescriptions received prospective analysis. The post-implemented audit showed a marked reduction in antifungal prescriptions with a difference of 12.4%. An increase in the documentation of examination findings was also observed, from 46.7% to 69.7%. This implementation successfully mitigated inappropriate prescriptions of antifungals, with sustained reductions demonstrated over the 3 mo of the study period, emphasizing the effectiveness of educational interventions.

Evaluation of Elective Posting on Adverse Drug Reaction and Pharmacovigilance under Competency-based Medical Education Curriculum among Undergraduates: A New Step in Medical Education

Abstract Context: The revised competency-based medical education, the students of 3rd-year part I MBBS are required to undergo elective postings of 1 month based on the student’s needs and choice. Aims: This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of elective posting of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting as a new teaching tool in pharmacology among 3rd-year part I MBBS students. Settings and Design: The students undergoing the elective posting of pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting were evaluated for their knowledge, completeness score (out of 10) of ADRs reported, and their feedback with respect to the posting, in a pretested questionnaire. Subjects and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional type conducted in the Pharmacology Department of Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College and Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni. Results: Six students participated in the study, who reported 96 ADRs. Most of the ADRs (39, 40.6%) were reported immediately after their appearance. The average completeness score of the ADRs reported was 9.44 ± 0.41. The students gave an average score of 1.2 for overall experience of the posting (1 – best and 5 – worst). Conclusions: The elective posting with pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting module had a positive impact on the quality of ADR reporting in terms of completeness, causality assessment as well as time of reporting. The students felt confident in reporting ADRs and reflected positively toward the training module.

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SILYMARIN AND CHOLCALCIFEROL ON ISONIAZID INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN MICE

Background: Hepatotoxicity is the gravest concern associated with use of anti-tuberculous drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the individual and combined hepatoprotective effect of silymarin and cholecalciferol in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: This animal experimental study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, and Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Islamic International Medical College, in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan. Fifty adult Balb-C mice were included in this study. They were distributed into 5 groups. Each group contained 10 mice. Group 1 was normal control, Group 2 disease control, and Group 3, 4, and 5 were experimental groups. Except Group 1, all other groups were given isoniazid (150 mg/Kg) and only Group 2 was not fed with any drugs. Group 3 received silymarin (50 mg/Kg dissolved in physiological saline) through intragastric gavage for 28 days. Group 4 was given Vitamin D (1,000 IU/Kg) for 28 days. Group 5 was given isoniazid (150 mg/Kg) along with silymarin and Vitamin D for 28 days. Serum ALT and bilirubin levels were estimated on day 0, 14, and 28. Results: As compared to Group 2, Group 3 to Group 5 showed a lower rise in serum ALT and bilirubin (p&lt;0.001). Group 4 and 5 showed significantly reduced biochemical markers (ALT and bilirubin) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Silymarin and cholecalciferol effectively and synergistically ameliorate hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid. Silymarin offers better hepatoprotection than cholecalciferol in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity. Pak J Physiol 2024;20(1):37-40

Biological Properties of Cyclohex-3-Encarbonyl Acid Pyridin-2-Yl Amide Compound

The synthesized carboxyamide compound was obtained by the reaction of cyclohex-3-ene carbonic acid chloroanhydride with 2-aminopyridine. The biologically active property of this compound has been studied. Based on the experience in the pharmacology department, it was determined that the carboxyamide compound can be used as a drug. The experiment was conducted on animals in the laboratory and how those substances affect the cell was studied. Substances can cause certain changes in the body only when they react with the cells of the body and combine with them; for this, the structure of their molecules must be specific. Not only the composition of the molecules, but also all the structural details, including the distribution of their charges and the location of their functional groups, are of great importance. The general structure of molecules of physiologically active substances should correspond to the structure of specific molecules of cells. As a result of biological research, it was determined that this substance has a calming effect on the nervous system, eliminates muscle spasms. It has myorelaxation and antihypoxia properties. Myorelaxation in animals strengthens skeletal muscles. And the antihypoxia effect doubles the duration of life in animals.

Gastroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Musa Paradisiaca (Banana) Fruit in Rats with Experimentally Induced Gastric Lesions

Background: Unripe banana fruit extract is used to relieve stomach distress in some countries. A few studies in India, China, Sudan, Nigeria and South Africa revealed protection of gastric mucosa after exposed to aggressive agent following administration of unripe banana fruit extract in experimental animals. Objective: To determine the protective effect of aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca (banana) fruit against ethanol induced gastric lesion in rats. Methodology: This was a prospective experimental study carried out in the department of Pharmacology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka within the period from January 2015 to June 2015. Aqueous extract of unripe banana fruit was prepared accordingly. Total 24 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 in each group. Group-A served as a control group and provided with distilled water (5 ml/kg/body weight) orally by gastric tube. Aqueous extract of Musa paradisiaca was administered orally as Group-B: 0.2 mg/kg/body weight/day, Group-C: 0.4 mg/kg/body weight/day and Group-D: 0.8 mg/kg/body weight/day for 7 days. After 7 days, 1 ml absolute ethanol (a known gastric lesion inducing agent) was orally administered to all groups by gastric tube. After 30 minutes of ethanol administration, all rats were sacrificed and dissected. After separating and opening stomachs, observed lesions were examined and measured with some morphological &amp; histological parameters. Obtained data were subjected to analysis by Student’s unpaired t-test. p-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At the end of experiment, Group-A (control) showed a total of 33 gastric lesions. Group-B, Group-C and Group-D showed 22, 20 and 19 stomach lesions respectively. The difference between control group and experiment groups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: The unripe banana fruit extract has dose-dependent gastroprotective effect on rats. So, it may be effective in treating peptic ulcer disease. Eastern Med Coll J. July 2023; 8 (2): 19-23

Early initiation of Dapagliflozin and its effect on health related quality of life in acute heart failure: a randomised controlled trial.

To determine the role of dapagliflozin in improving functional status and health-related quality of life in acute heart failure cases. The prospective, randomised controlled study was conducted from July 2022 to January 2023 at the Pharmacology Department of Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in collaboration with the Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, and comprised hospitalised adult patients of either gender with acute heart failure. They were randomised into two equal groups, with intervention group A receiving oral dapagliflozin 10mg daily in addition to conventional therapy, and with control group B receiving conventional therapy alone. Health-related quality of life was assessed using Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. Improvement in functional status was assessed by New York Heart Association functional classification. Data was obtained at baseline and after 12-week follow-up. Data was compared using SPSS 26. Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) were group A; 62(82.66%) males and 13(17.3%) females with mean age 63.76±10.05 years. There were 75(50%) patients in group B; 60(80%) males and 15(20%) females with mean age 66.13±11.73 years (p>0.05). The study was completed by 73(97.3%) in group A and 69(92%) in group B. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores improved post-intervention compared to baseline values (p<0.001) in both groups. Group A showed comparatively greater improvement in health status compared to group B (p<0.05). Early initiation of dapagliflozin in patients admitted with acute heart failure was found to be associated with rapid and significant improvement in health and functional status. https://www.irct.ir. RCT No. (IRCT20220529055013N).

Evaluation of Prognostic Significance of Serum Magnesium Level in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Magnesium has been considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and its complications. Magnesium ions are essential for the maintenance of the functional integrity of the myocardium. It also improves vascular tone, afterload and cardiac output, and decreases peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac arrhythmias. Serum magnesium concentration has great significance in the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Aim and objective: This study aimed to assess the relation of low serum magnesium levels with post-infarction complications of acute MI. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, Rajshahi Medical College in collaboration with the Cardiology department between July 2019 to June 2020. Assessment and comparison of the serum magnesium level of the patients on the 5th day of post-infarction with the 1st day of admission in 50 patients of acute MI was done in this study. Results: The mean magnesium level was 2.25 ± 0.15 mg/dl in patients without any complications which was significantly higher than the patients who had multiple complications. The level of magnesium was 1.79 ± 0.37 mg/dl in complicated cases. (P˂0.001). These observations suggest that in acute myocardial infarction, patients with low magnesium levels are more prone to develop complications. Conclusion: So it can be concluded that measurement of serum magnesium levels has prognostic significance and magnesium treatment can be implicated in patients of acute myocardial infarction with low magnesium levels. Mediscope 2024;11(1): 27-33

Cost Analysis Study of Topical Anti-Acne Drugs Currently Available in Indian Pharmaceutical Market

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 90% individuals between puberty and 30 years of age at some point with peak prevalence in adolescence. According to Global Burden of Disease study conducted in 187 countries in 2010, acne is among top ten most prevalent disease worldwide and skin conditions are top cause of years lived with disability. The aim of the study was to analyze cost variations of different brands of topical medications used in Acne vulgaris in India. This analytical study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology at Assam Medical College and Hospital over a period of 3 months. ‘‘Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS)’’ April - July, 2023 and “Drug Today India April –July 2023’’ drug manuals were used to compare cost of different formulations of topical acne medications. Drugs manufactured by only 1 company were excluded. Cost ratio (Maximum cost/ Minimum cost) and percentage cost variation ([{Max cost – Min cost}/ Min cost] *100) were calculated. For single preparations, the percentage cost variation was maximum for Clindamycin 1% 20 grams gel (1126.66%) with maximum cost ratio followed by Tretinoin 20 gm 0.025% (cream) 721.428. Percentage cost variation was minimum with Adapalene 0.1 % cream 15gm (32.69). Among the combination topical drugs, the percentage cost variation was maximum for Clindamycin 1% + Adapalene 0.1% 15 grams gel (1843.589) and it had maximum cost ratio of 19.43. Percentage cost variation was minimum with combination of Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% + Clindamycin 1% 20gm gel(41.025).This study highlights price variation among different brands of drugs in CIMS, Drug Today and Pharma Sahi Daam app. Keywords Cost Analysis, Acne vulgaris, Percentage Cost­Variation, Pharma Sahi Daam

Criteria-based assessment of analgesic activity of condensed 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridines and 1,4-dihydropyridines derivatives based on dataexperimental studies

BACKGROUND: An urgent task in pharmacology is to identify highly effective drugs with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Heterocyclic cyanothioacetamide compounds are of considerable interest. Most authors evaluate the results of studies with separate private indicators of analgesic activity, and their comprehensive criterion assessment is insufficiently defined.&#x0D; AIM: Development of a criterion assessment in the study of analgesic activity and the establishment of its generalized criteria for samples of chemical compounds of medicinal products.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were performed on 390 male rats weighing 250–280 g in the laboratory of the Department of Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology of St. Luke Lugansk State Medical University. Intact, control and reference (comparison group) groups of ten animals in each group were formed for each pharmacological test. In the intact group, the rats were unharmed. The control group received 2 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution intragastrically before each pharmacological test to establish analgesic activity. The reference group was injected with sodium metamizole at a dose of 7 mg/kg intragastrally once 1.5 h before modelling an acute pain reaction. Ten experimental groups were also formed, in which rats were injected with appropriate samples of new original studied derivatives of condensed 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridines and 1,4-dihydropyridine intragastrically at a dose of 5 mg/kg 1.5 h before modelling acute pain syndrome. Tests for orofacial trigeminal pain, thermal immersion and hot plate were simulated. The indicators of the analgesic effect were the frequency of scratching movements in the orofacial trigeminal pain test and a statistically significant increase in the latent reaction period after the administration of the studied substances in the thermal immersion tests of the tail and hot plate.&#x0D; RESULTS: The studied samples with ciphers AZ-023, AZ-331 and AZ-383 showed maximum analgesic activity. The proposed criterion of analgesic activity in the experimental groups receiving thienopyridine derivatives with the AZ-023 cipher, according to the results of three tests, was 50.1, exceeding the indicator in the comparison group by 42 times. The values of this criterion in the experimental groups that received new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with laboratory ciphers AZ-331 and AZ-383 for preventive purposes were the maximum in this series of experiments (64.3 and 68.4), which is 53–57 times higher than that of sodium metamizole.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The methodology for assessing analgesic activity can be improved based on a criteria-based approach with the aggregation of particular indicators into an abstract model that allows quantifying the degree of analgesic activity. An integral criterion for the analgesic activity of cyanothioacetamide derivatives based on experimental data is proposed. In the future, the proposed approach can be used in studies of various analgesic samples.

Teachers’ Opinion about Pharmacology MCQ Question Papers of MBBS Professional Examinations

Introduction: Multiple choice questions (MCQ) are very effective in assessing the students learning since it is very much objective and time saving. MBBS curriculum introduced MCQ in professional examination from 2002. Objective: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted to get the teachers’ opinion about Pharmacology professional examination MCQ papers of different Universities of Bangladesh. Methods: For this purpose, opinions of total 56 purposively selected teachers of the Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics of 20 Medical Colleges were collected through self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Most of the teachers (61%) were in favour of existing distribution of different types of question in curriculum (recall-60%, understanding-30% and problem based-10%) for MCQ paper. Results: Majority of the teachers (71% and 63%) were satisfied with the present coverage of recall and understanding type questions respectively and 60% teachers were satisfied with the coverage of problem based type questions. Fifty-seven percent teachers were satisfied with content coverage in MCQ papers. About 57% teachers were satisfied with the construction of MCQs and 78% teachers were in favour of introduction of single best answer (SBA) type MCQ. Regarding introduction of negative marking for wrong answer, 61% were agreed with the proposal. Conclusion: Findings of this study may be used to redefine the distribution of different types question in SAQ papers and to improve the quality of question papers by ensuring their coverage and construction. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 19, No 1 (June) 2023: 6-10

Antiarthritic potential of ethanolic extract of Ixora coccinea leaves on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in animal model.

Ixora coccinea leaves possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, and gastroprotective properties. On this background, its antiarthritic potential was evaluated. The objective is to evaluate the effect of Ethanolic extract of Ixora coccinea leaves (EEICL) on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. PG research laboratory, Pharmacology Department, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha. Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were randomly distributed into sixgroups (n = 6) as follows: Gr 1 (normal control)-DW p.o, Gr-2 (disease control [DC] - Tween 80 p.o), Gr-3 (piroxicam 0.9 mg/kg p.o), Gr-4 (EEICL-1 g/kg, p.o, Gr 4-EEICL-1.5 g/kg p.o, Gr 5-ED50 (0.82 g/kg) + piroxicam (0.45 mg/kg) p.o. After induction of arthritis, drugs, and vehicles were administered daily from 5th to 25th day. On 0, 5th, 10th, 15th, and 25th day, parameters like body weight, rotarod fall time, paw volume displacement, and arthritis index were measured. On the last day, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), and histopathological analysis were done. Analysis of parametric data was done by one-way ANOVA and nonparametric data by Kruskal-Wallis test using graph pad prism 7.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. EEICL (1.5 mg/kg) showed anti-arthritic effect compared with DC. Rotarod fall-off time 137.5 ± 2.5 sec and body weight (139 ± 12.74 g) were increased significantly. The percentage inhibition of paw volume was increased(52%) whereas arthritic score(0.33), ESR(3.51mm/hr), synovial tissue MDA level (0.62±0.13µmol/gm) and Mankin score(2) were reduced significantly as compared to disease control. EEICL has anti-arthritic potential in rat model.

The Russian priority of development of intravenous anesthesia (Report I).

The article analyses research activities of the discoverers of "Russian narcosis" from the Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg: the head of the Department of Pharmacology N. P. Kravkov, the head of the Department of Hospital Surgery S. P. Fedorov and his resident A. P. Eremich. They for the first time in the world developed ideas of comprehensive experimental substantiation and then safe clinical administration of preparation "hedonal" to achieve stage of safe general anesthesia and implementation of long-term and traumatic operations. The scientific works of Russian discoverers indicated fundamentally new direction in formation of anesthesiology in the Russian Empire and in the world. A. P. Eremich at stage of preparatory tests, working out technique of intravenous infusion, determination of range of safe therapeutic doses and creation of special installation facilitating work with hedonal during operations of Professor S. P. Fedorov, can be recognized as the first Russian anesthesiologist and also as the first National resuscitator.

A study to Monitor Adverse drug reactions in a patients of Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease

Background: Inappropriate drug usage may preclude ideal benefit due to increased medical cost, adverse effects and mortality. Therefore drug utilization studies have become a plausible means in evaluating the healthcare systems. COPD management usually involves more than one drug which may escalate the risk of ADEs (adverse drug events). The present study aimed at assessing the current drug practice and ADEs in COPD management in ICU. Material and Methods: A prospective, single centered, observational and open labeled study was carried out in Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Pharmacology, Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. The patient population was broadly divided into four categories based on diagnosis ‑ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Infections, Asthma and Others. Suspected ADRs were reported, analyzed, and causality assessment was carried out using Naranjo’s algorithm scal0065. Results: In our study, most important causative drug was Budesonide (11.1%). Causality assessment of ADR by Naranjo’s algorithm showed 11.9% probable and 88.1% possible reactions. According to WHO-UMC scale, 85.9% reactions are possible, 11.1% are probable, and 3% are unlikely. Among the 270 ADR reported, the most common ADR was oral thrush which accounted for 11.1% (n = 30) of the reported cases, followed by palpitation 11.1% (n = 30), sore throat 20 (7.4%), dizziness 17 (6.3%) cases, and headache 20 (7.4%) of reported ADR cases. Conclusion: Many research have been conducted separately on various respiratory diseases such as COPD, tuberculosis, asthma, respiratory tract infections (upper/lower), and so on. However, this study included some of the most common diseases in this field, such as COPD, tuberculosis, and respiratory tract infections. A routine patient follow-up is needed for the early detection and prevention of ADRs in order to improve patient adherence to drug therapy and provide improved drug therapy by avoiding associated morbidity and mortality.