Department Of Health And Mental Hygiene Research Articles

Using Civic Service Design Methods to Redevelop a Data Communication Website With a Health Literacy Lens.

Public health agencies routinely publish data in hopes that data influence public health policy and practice. However, data websites can often be difficult to use, posing barriers to people trying to access, understand, and use data. Working to make data websites easier to use can add value to public health data communication work. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) redesigned its Environment and Health Data Portal, a website used to communicate environmental health data, with the goal of making data more accessible and understandable to a broader audience. The DOHMH used Civic Service Design methods to establish priorities and strategies for the redesign work, to build a data communication website that emphasizes a high level of usability, and content that explains data. By following a Civic Service Design process, the DOHMH synthesized findings from health communications, data visualization and communication, and web usability to create an easy-to-use website with explanations of data and findings alongside datasets. On the new site, automated dataset visualizations are supplemented with narrative content, explanatory content, and custom interactive applications designed to explain data and findings. Web analytics showed that, in its first year of operation, the site's web traffic grew substantially, with the last 12 weeks recording weekly page views 150% higher than the first 12 weeks of operation (7185 average weekly page views compared with 2866 average weekly page views). Two-thirds (66.3%) of page views include recorded user engagement. Additional evaluations to measure specific aspects of usability compared with the previous version of the site are planned. By following a Civic Service Design process, the DOHMH redesigned a vital data communication platform to increase its usability and saw significant increase in engagement in its first year of operations. By designing data material with usability in mind, public health departments have the potential to improve public health data communication work.

Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Jails as an Offset to Declines in Treatment Activity in the Community, New York City, NY, 2014–2020

IntroductionThere is scant data on implementation of large scale direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in jails in the United States. New York City (NYC) Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services (CHS) aimed to scale up HCV treatment in the NYC jail system. This study describes the trends in annual HCV treatment in NYC jails compared to Medicaid-funded treatment in the NYC community from 2014-2020. MethodsIn this observational study, we extracted annual counts of DAA prescriptions for HCV for those (1) in the NYC community who were covered by Medicaid, and (2) those detained in NYC jails for 2014-2020. Data sources were NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) annual reports and CHS treatment records, respectively. We used linear regression analysis to test for significant trends in annual treatment in these two cohorts during 2015-2019. ResultsFrom 2015-2019, treatments started in NYC jails increased annually (p=0.001), while Medicaid-funded prescriptions in the NYC community declined since a peak in 2015 (p<0.001). In 2019, NYC jail-based treatment initiations totaled the equivalent of 10% of treatment covered by Medicaid in NYC, up from 0.3% in 2015. ConclusionsScale up of jail-based HCV treatment is an important strategy to offset declines observed in the community. Addressing barriers to care in jail, such as improving testing, linkage to care, and affordability of DAAs for jail-based health services can help sustain high levels of treatment in US jails and other carceral facilities.

Pediatric Outpatient, Urgent-care Emergency and Disaster Planning

Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters; however important gaps remain in pediatric disaster planning. This includes a lack of resources for pediatric preparedness planning for patients in outpatient/urgent-care facilities. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYCPDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to improve NYC’s pediatric disaster preparedness and response.After creating planning resources in Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities, Hospital Pediatric Departments, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units, and Obstetric/Newborn Services within NYC hospitals, the NYCPDC partnered with leaders and experts from outpatient/urgent-care facilities caring for pediatric patients and created the Pediatric Outpatient Disaster Planning Committee (PODPC). PODPC’s goal was to create guidelines and templates for use in disaster planning for pediatric patients at outpatient/urgent-care facilities.Method:The PODPC includes physicians, nurses, administrators and emergency planning experts who have experience working with outpatient facilities. There were 21 committee members from eight organizations (the NYCPDC, DOHMH, Community Healthcare Association of NY State, NY State DOH, NYC Health and Hospitals, Maimonides Medical Center and Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center). The committee met six times over a four-month period and shared information to create disaster planning tools that meet the specific pediatric challenges in the outpatient setting.Results:Utilizing an iterative process including literature review, participant presentations, discussions review and improvement of working documents, the final guidelines and templates for surge and evacuation of pediatric patients in outpatient/urgent care facilities were created in 2018. Subsequently model plans were completed and implemented at five NYC Outpatient/Urgent-care facilities.Conclusion:An expert committee utilizing an iterative process successfully created disaster guidelines and templates for pediatric outpatient/urgent care facilities. They addressed the importance of matching the special needs of children to available space, staff and equipment needs and created model plans for site-specific use.

Pediatric Long-Term Care Disaster and Pandemic Planning

Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters. However, significant gaps remain in pediatric disaster preparedness planning. This includes a lack of planning for pediatric residents in long-term care facilities. The New York City (NYC) Pediatric Disaster Coalition (PDC) is funded by the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to improve NYC’s pediatric disaster preparedness and response. The NYC PDC partnered with experts in pediatric disaster management and the care of pediatric residents in long-term care facilities to create the Pediatric Long-Term Care Planning Committee (PLTCPC).Method:The PLTCPC included physicians, nurses, administrators, and emergency planning experts. The PLTCPC’s goal was to create guidelines and templates for use in disaster planning for pediatric residents at long-term care facilities. The committee met bi-weekly over three months and shared facility resources to create tools that meet the specific challenges presented by this population.Results:Utilizing an iterative process that included a literature review, participant presentations, review and improvement of the working documents, the final guidelines and templates for surge and evacuation of pediatric residents in long-term care facilities were created. Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NYC PDC reconvened the PLTCPC to focus on surge planning for pandemics at pediatric long-term care facilities. Two pediatric infectious disease clinicians were added to the committee. Utilizing the same process delineated above, a detailed pandemic specific annex was created based on clinical pediatric experience gained throughout the pandemic.Conclusion:To the authors' knowledge, these are the first pediatric-specific resources for long-term care disaster planning. They address the importance of matching resources to the unique needs of PLTC facilities, in regard to space, equipment, staffing, and training. Pediatric long-term care facilities present special needs during pandemics and this approach can be utilized as a model for other facilities.

Lessons Learned from an OB / Newborn / Neonatal Intensive Care Full-Scale Exercise

Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters. However, gaps remain in disaster planning for pediatric patients. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYCPDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to prepare NYC for mass casualty incidents that involve large numbers of children.On April 26, 2018, the NYC PDC conducted a first in NY, full-scale exercise with the NYC Fire Department (FDNY) testing evacuation, patient tracking, communications, and emergency response of the Obstetrics, Newborn and Neonatal units at a NYC based hospital. The goal of the exercise was to evaluate current Ob/Newborn/Neonatal plans and assess the hospital’s ability to evacuate patients.Method:The exercise planning process included a review of existing OB / Newborn / Neonatal plans, four group planning meetings, as well as, targeted specific area meetings and plan revisions. The exercise incorporated scenario-driven, operations-based activities, which challenged participants to employ the facility's existing evacuation plans during an emergency.Results:The Exercise assessed the following: Communication, Emergency Operation Plans, Evacuation, Patient Tracking, Supplies and Staffing. Internal and external evaluators rated exercise performance on a scale from 1-4. Evaluators completed an exercise evaluation guide based on the Master Scenario Event List.An After Action Report was written based on the information from the exercise evaluation guides, participant feedback forms, hot-wash session, and after action review meeting. Strengths included the meaningful improvement of plans before the exercise (including the fire department) and the overall meeting of exercise objectives.Conclusion:Lessons learned included: addressing gaps in effective internal and external communications, adequate supplies of space, staff, equipment needed for vertical evacuations; providing staging and alternate care sites with sufficient patient care and electrical-power resources. The lessons learned are being utilized to improve existing hospital plans to prepare for future full-scale exercise and or real-time events.

The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition Pediatric Intensive-Care Response Team (PIRT)

Introduction:Children represent 25% of the population, have special needs, and are often over-represented in disasters. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYC PDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to improve pediatric disaster preparedness and response. PDC worked with a network of pediatric intensivists to create the Pediatric Intensive-Care Response Team (PIRT). PIRT consists of volunteer pediatric intensivists that currently practice in New York City.Method:Secondary transport may be requested by hospitals due to a mismatch of resources to needs for patients requiring critical and/or subspecialty care. The team is activated when a disaster involves a significant number of pediatric patients. In the proposed plan, the PIRT physician on-call will triage/prioritize the patients based on acuity and need for services and relay the necessary information to the transport agency. PIRT is designated to provide subject matter expertise and resources during real-world events. PIRT maintains a 24/7 on-call schedule with backup. The PIRT system was tested in four call-down communications drills and a tabletop exercise for prioritization of pediatric mass casualty victims.Results:The call-down drills demonstrated the ability to contact the on-call and backup physicians by email or text within 20 minutes and others within one hour. In the tabletop, PIRT members were given 15 patient profiles based on a scenario and asked to prioritize patients based on their injuries/medical needs. This was accomplished in less than 30 minutes, followed by a review and discussion of the rank order. A number of lessons learned were identified and will be presented.Conclusion:The NYCPDC has developed and tested a PIRT that is available 24/7 to prioritize patients for secondary transport and offer subject matter expertise during pediatric mass casualty events. This model can be utilized to enhance pediatric disaster preparedness.

Lessons Learned from 28 Hospitals and City Agencies: Pediatric Disaster Exercise

Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters. However, gaps remain in pediatric disaster preparedness. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYCPDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to prepare NYC for mass casualty events that involve large numbers of children. The NYC PDC conducted a functional exercise testing surge, communications, and secondary transport. Participants included 28 NYC hospitals, the NYC Fire Department-Emergency Medical Services (FDNY-EMS), NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM), NYC DOHMH and the NYC Medical Reserve Corps (MRC).Method:The hospitals and agencies participated in group and individual planning meetings. Scenario-driven, operations-based activities challenged participants to employ their facility's existing pediatric surge and secondary transport plans during an event. The exercise assessed: Communications, Emergency Operation Plans, Surge, Patient Tracking, Patient Transfer, Supplies, and Staffing. Internal and external evaluators assessed the exercise performance.Results:An After-Action Report was written based on information from evaluation data, site-specific and group hot-washes, and an after-action conference. Strengths included meaningful improvement of plans before/after the exercise and doubling pediatric critical care capacity through the implementation of the exercise objectives. Challenges included: gaps in communication/patient tracking, lack of sufficient sub-specialty support, the need for "babysitters” and inadequate supplies of blood products and ventilators.Conclusion:Conducting a multi-hospital and agency pediatric specific exercise demonstrated current planning and produced lessons learned to address planning and training gaps that can improve citywide planning and capabilities during future full-scale exercise and real-time events.

Assessing targeted invitation and response modes to improve survey participation in a diverse New York City panel: Healthy NYC.

Healthy NYC is an innovative survey panel created by the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) that offers a cost-effective mechanism for collecting priority and timely health information. Between November 2020 and June 2021, invitations for six different surveys were sent to Healthy NYC panelists by postal mail, email, and text messages. Panelists had the option to complete surveys online or via paper survey. We analyzed whether panelists varied by sociodemographic characteristics based on the contact mode they provided and the type of invitation that led to their response using logistic regression models. Poisson regression models were used to determine whether the number of invitations received before participating in a survey was associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Younger age and higher education were positively associated with providing an email or text contact. Furthermore, age, race, and income were significant predictors for invitation modes that led to a survey response. Black panelists had 72% greater odds (OR 1.72 95% CI: 1.11-2.68) of responding to a mail invite and 33% lesser odds (OR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54-0.83) of responding to an email invite compared with White panelists. Additionally, in five of the six surveys, more than half of the respondents completed surveys after two invites. Email invitations garnered the highest participation rates. We recommend using targeted invitation modes as an additional strategy to improve participation in panels. For lower-income panelists who do not provide an email address, it may be reasonable to offer additional response options that do not require internet access. Our study's findings provide insight into how panels can tailor outreach to panelists, especially among underrepresented groups, in the most economical and efficient ways.

Delayed Recognition of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in New York City: A Descriptive Analysis of COVID-19 Illness Prior to 29 February 2020.

BackgroundOn January 30, 2020 COVID-19 was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization. Almost a month later, on February 29, 2020, the first case in New York City (NYC) was diagnosed.MethodsThree-hundred-sixty persons with COVID-like illness were reported to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) before February 29, but 37 of these tested negative and 237 were never tested for SARS-COV-2. Records of 86 persons with confirmed COVID-19 and reported symptom onset prior to February 29, 2020, were reviewed by four physician-epidemiologists. Case-patients were classified as possible delayed recognition (PDR) of COVID-19 when upon medical review the reported onset date was believed to reflect the initial symptoms of COVID-19, or insufficient evidence to classify, when the onset could not be determined with confidence. Clinical and epidemiological factors collected by DOHMH and supplemented with emergency department records were analyzed.ResultsThirty-nine PDR COVID-19 cases were identified. The majority had severe disease with 69% presenting to an ED visit within 2 weeks of symptom onset. The first PDR COVID-19 case had symptom onset on January 28, 2020. Only 7 of the 39 cases (18%) had traveled internationally within 14 days of onset (none to China).ConclusionsCOVID-19 was in NYC before being classified as a PHEIC, and eluded surveillance for another month. The delay in recognition limited mitigation efforts; by the time city and state-wide mandates were enacted,16 and 22 days later, there was already widespread community transmission.

Implementation of buprenorphine services in NYC syringe services programs: a qualitative process evaluation

BackgroundSyringe services programs (SSPs) hold promise for providing buprenorphine treatment access to people with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are reluctant to seek care elsewhere. In 2017, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) provided funding and technical assistance to nine SSPs to develop “low-threshold” buprenorphine services as part of a multipronged initiative to lower opioid-related overdose rates. The aim of this study was to identify barriers to and facilitators of implementing SSP-based buprenorphine services.MethodsWe conducted 26 semi-structured qualitative interviews from April 2019 to November 2019 at eight SSPs in NYC that received funding and technical assistance from DOHMH. Interviews were conducted with three categories of staff: leadership (i.e., buprenorphine program management or leadership, eight interviews), staff (i.e., buprenorphine coordinators or other staff, eleven interviews), and buprenorphine providers (six interviews). We identified themes related to barriers and facilitators to program implementation using thematic analysis. We make recommendations for implementation based on our findings.ResultsPrograms differed in their stage of development, location of services provided, and provider type, availability, and practices. Barriers to providing buprenorphine services at SSPs included gaps in staff knowledge and comfort communicating with participants about buprenorphine, difficulty hiring buprenorphine providers, managing tension between harm reduction and traditional OUD treatment philosophies, and financial constraints. Challenges also arose from serving a population with unmet psychosocial needs. Implementation facilitators included technical assistance from DOHMH, designated buprenorphine coordinators, offering other supportive services to participants, and telehealth to bridge gaps in provider availability. Key recommendations include: (1) health departments should provide support for SSPs in training staff, building health service infrastructure and developing policies and procedures, (2) SSPs should designate a buprenorphine coordinator and ensure regular training on buprenorphine for frontline staff, and (3) buprenorphine providers should be selected or supported to use a harm reduction approach to buprenorphine treatment.ConclusionsDespite encountering challenges, SSPs implemented buprenorphine services outside of conventional OUD treatment settings. Our findings have implications for health departments, SSPs, and other community organizations implementing buprenorphine services. Expansion of low-threshold buprenorphine services is a promising strategy to address the opioid overdose epidemic.

Collecting Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons From an In-Person Survey of People Who Use Opioids.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, much in-person data collection has been suspended or become tele-remote. However, tele-remote methods often exclude marginalized groups, including people who use drugs, many of whom lack the technology to participate. To inform future surveillance and research during the pandemic and other public health disasters, we report methods and lessons learned from an in-person survey of people who use opioids conducted by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This public health surveillance was a component of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Overdose Data to Action initiative and aimed to inform overdose prevention efforts. Survey domains inquired about participants' drug use patterns, risk behaviors, overdose history, and service use. From June 16 through September 9, 2020, DOHMH staff members conducted 329 surveys with participants from 4 syringe service programs (n = 148, 44.9%) and via street intercept (n = 81, 55.1%). To survey participants safely and effectively, it was important to build rapport upfront so that requests to maintain distance were not perceived as stigmatizing. DOHMH staff members offered all participants, regardless of survey eligibility, Narcan and hygiene products, including face masks and soap. Surveys administered outdoors during the COVID-19 pandemic should be limited to 30 minutes. Although conducting in-person surveys poses unique challenges, this method should be considered so marginalized populations are included in data collection and public health responses.

“I didn't feel like a number”: The impact of nurse care managers on the provision of buprenorphine treatment in primary care settings

Background and objectiveTo promote increased access to and retention in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) implemented the Buprenorphine Nurse Care Manager Initiative (BNCMI) in 2016, in which nurse care managers (NCMs) coordinate buprenorphine treatment in safety-net primary care clinics. To explore how patients experienced the care they received from NCMs, DOHMH staff conducted in-person, in-depth interviews with patients who had, or were currently receiving, buprenorphine treatment at BNCMI clinics. Participants were patients who were receiving, or had received, buprenorphine treatment through BNCMI at one of the participating safety-net primary care practices. MethodsThe study team used a thematic analytic and framework analysis approach to capture concepts related to patient experiences of care received from NCMs, and to explore differences between those who were in treatment for at least six consecutive months and those who left treatment within the first six months. ResultsThemes common to both groups were that NCMs showed care and concern for patients’ overall well-being in a nonjudgmental manner. In addition, NCMs provided critical clinical and logistical support. Among out-of-treatment participants, interactions with the NCM were rarely the catalyst for disengaging with treatment. Moreover, in-treatment participants perceived the NCM as part of a larger clinical team that collectively offered support, and the care provided by NCMs was often a motivating factor for them to remain engaged in treatment. ConclusionFindings suggest that by providing emotional, clinical, and logistical support, as well as intensive engagement (e.g., frequent phone calls), the care that NCMs provide could encourage retention of patients in buprenorphine treatment.

1 Correlation Between New York City Hot Spotting Policy and Mobility to Reduce COVID-19 Spread

In October 2020, New York State initiated a micro-cluster strategy (“hot spotting”) that divides into three categories based on COVID-19 cases and hospital capacity, each with successively more restrictions: Yellow, Orange, and Red Zones. Our objectives were to evaluate the influence of hot spotting on mobility and subsequent mortality, and then to identify underlying social determinants of health associated with the neighborhoods most affected by hot spotting. We combine several data sources in our analysis. Time-dependent data were obtained from SafeGraph for cellphone mobility at the Census Block Group, New York State Governor’s Office for hot spotting, school and indoor dining, and NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) for COVID-19 cases and mortality. Using the DOHMH’s “Modified Zip Code Tabulation Areas” (MODZCTA), we matched these to community-level data obtained from 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates for population density. Our main outcomes are Average Median Percentage Time Home (AMPTH) and Device-Weighted Average Median Percentage Time Home (DWAMPTH) from SafeGraph Social Distancing Metrics summarized to MODZCTA boundaries. Home is defined as the common nighttime location of each mobile device over a 6-week period to a Geohash-7 granularity (∼153m x ∼153m). We implemented the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with a <0.05 p-value threshold for each day since hot spotting policy to compare MODZCTA with any of the Zone's designation to those without designation. Our main outcomes are Average Median Percentage Time Home (AMPTH) and Device-Weighted Average Median Percentage Time Home (DWAMPTH) from SafeGraph Social Distancing Metrics summarized to MODZCTA boundaries. NYC residents from October 5, 2020, to December 31, 2020 (87 days total) using the 177 MODZCTA within NYC as geographic unit of analysis. For the AMPTH measurement, MODZCTAs with hot spotting Zone's designation had 84 days (95% of the days) with statistically significantly lower mobility than non-intervention MODZCTAs, and for the DWAMPTH measurement, 83 days (97% of the days) had statistically significantly lower mobility. 58 of the days had p-value<0.001 for AMPTH and 49 had p-value<0.001 for DWAMPTH, and only a minority of days had p-value>0.1 (2 days for AMPTH and 3 for DWAMPTH). Looking at individual boroughs, Brooklyn had 42 statistically significant days for AMPTH and 49 for DWAMPTH, while Queens had 12 statistically significant days for AMPTH and 7 for DWAMPTH. New York State’s micro-cluster focus Zones is associated with decreased mobility in high COVID-19 prevalence areas. Our study suggests that shutdowns targeted at small geographic areas may reduce mobility and thus can potentially help control COVID-19 spread.

Decreased colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in a diverse urban population with increased colonoscopy screening

BackgroundAlthough colorectal cancer screening has contributed to decreased incidence and mortality, disparities are present by race/ethnicity. The Citywide Colon Cancer Control Coalition (C5) and NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) promoted screening colonoscopy from 2003 on, and hypothesized future reductions in CRC incidence, mortality and racial/ethnic disparities.MethodsWe assessed annual percent change (APC) in NYC CRC incidence, stage and mortality rates through 2016 in a longitudinal cross-sectional study of NY State Cancer Registry, NYC Vital Statistics, and NYC Community Health Survey (CHS) data. Linear regression tested associations between CRC mortality rates and risk factors.ResultsOverall CRC incidence rates from 2000 decreased 2.8% yearly from 54.1 to 37.3/100,000 population in 2016, and mortality rates from 2003 decreased 2.9% yearly from 21.0 to 13.9 in 2016 at similar rates for all racial/ethnic groups. Local stage disease decreased overall with a transient increase from 2002 to 2007. In 2016, CRC incidence was higher among Blacks (42.5 per 100,000) than Whites (38.0), Latinos (31.7) and Asians (30.0). In 2016, Blacks had higher mortality rates (17.9), than Whites (15.2), Latinos (10.4) and Asians (8.8). In 2016, colonoscopy rates among Blacks were 72.2%, Latinos 71.1%, Whites 67.2%, and Asians, 60.9%. CRC mortality rates varied by neighborhood and were independently associated with Black race, CRC risk factors and access to care.ConclusionsIn a diverse urban population, a citywide campaign to increase screening colonoscopy was associated with decreased incidence and mortality among all ethnic/racial groups. Higher CRC burden among the Black population demonstrate more interventions are needed to improve equity.

Rapid Emergence and Epidemiologic Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.526 Variant - New York City, New York, January 1-April 5, 2021.

Recent studies have documented the emergence and rapid growth of B.1.526, a novel variant of interest (VOI) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in the New York City (NYC) area after its identification in NYC in November 2020 (1-3). Two predominant subclades within the B.1.526 lineage have been identified, one containing the E484K mutation in the receptor-binding domain (1,2), which attenuates in vitro neutralization by multiple SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and is present in variants of concern (VOCs) first identified in South Africa (B.1.351) (4) and Brazil (P.1).* The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) analyzed laboratory and epidemiologic data to characterize cases of B.1.526 infection, including illness severity, transmission to close contacts, rates of possible reinfection, and laboratory-diagnosed breakthrough infections among vaccinated persons. Preliminary data suggest that the B.1.526 variant does not lead to more severe disease and is not associated with increased risk for infection after vaccination (breakthrough infection) or reinfection. Because relatively few specimens were sequenced over the study period, the statistical power might have been insufficient to detect modest differences in rates of uncommon outcomes such as breakthrough infection or reinfection. Collection of timely viral genomic data for a larger proportion of citywide cases and rapid integration with population-based surveillance data would enable improved understanding of the impact of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and specific mutations to help guide public health intervention efforts.

COVID-19 Outbreak - New York City, February 29-June 1, 2020.

New York City (NYC) was an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the United States during spring 2020 (1). During March-May 2020, approximately 203,000 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). To obtain more complete data, DOHMH used supplementary information sources and relied on direct data importation and matching of patient identifiers for data on hospitalization status, the occurrence of death, race/ethnicity, and presence of underlying medical conditions. The highest rates of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths were concentrated in communities of color, high-poverty areas, and among persons aged ≥75 years or with underlying conditions. The crude fatality rate was 9.2% overall and 32.1% among hospitalized patients. Using these data to prevent additional infections among NYC residents during subsequent waves of the pandemic, particularly among those at highest risk for hospitalization and death, is critical. Mitigating COVID-19 transmission among vulnerable groups at high risk for hospitalization and death is an urgent priority. Similar to NYC, other jurisdictions might find the use of supplementary information sources valuable in their efforts to prevent COVID-19 infections.

Detection and genetic characterization of community-based SARS-CoV-2 infections – New York City, March 2020

To limit SARS-CoV-2 introduction, the United States restricted travel from China on February 2 and from Europe on March 13, 2020 By March 15, community transmission was widespread in New York City (NYC) The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted sentinel surveillance of influenza-like symptoms (ILS) and genetic sequencing to characterize community transmission and determine the geographic origin of SARS-CoV-2 infections Among 544 specimens tested from persons with ILS and negative influenza test results, 36 (6 6%) were positive Genetically sequenced positive specimens most closely resembled sequences circulating in Europe Partnering with health care facilities and establishing systems for sentinel surveillance with capacity for genetic sequencing before an outbreak can inform timely public health response strategies

Making Injustice Visible: How a Health Department Can Demonstrate the Connection Between Structural Racism and the Health of Whole Neighborhoods.

The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) has built a presence in Tremont, a historically redlined neighborhood located in Bronx, NYC. As part of an agency-wide commitment to explicitly name racism as a threat to healthy communities, DOHMH has sought opportunities to educate and engage in discussion about historical and current structural racism. Between January and September 2018, DOHMH exhibited Undesign the Redline, a pictorial timeline and historical analysis of redlining, in its Tremont office. The exhibit exposed neglected history, making concrete the concept of structural racism. DOHMH staff led 101 tours for 950 visitors, including employees, community partners, and residents. Tours were given in English and Spanish in three 2-month cycles over 8 months. Tour guides also facilitated interactive workshops with youth groups, community-based organizations, and teams from city agencies to engage participants in the design and ownership of new systems intended to "undesign" the consequences of redlining. Immediate feedback was requested from all participants at the conclusion of each tour and was collected on a bulletin board. Longer-term impact was assessed through an electronic survey sent to all participants who provided valid contact information to better understand ways that the exhibit impacted personal and professional actions. Participants reported talking with family, friends, and coworkers, seeking more information, and applying an equity lens to professional projects after experiencing the exhibit. Hosting the exhibit in a local health department building offered a concrete opportunity to learn about and discuss structural racism. Exhibit tours had immediate- and long-term impacts on participants and contributed to sustainable changes internal to DOHMH work. This work presents a concrete practice to make injustice visible and engage in open conversation about structural racism to build community trust.

Health Department Efforts to Increase Hepatitis C RNA Testing Among People Appearing Out of Care: Comparison of Outreach Approaches, New York City, 2017.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious health problem in New York City. Although curative treatments are available, many people are out of care. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) used surveillance data and various outreach methods to attempt to link to care people diagnosed with HCV infection from 2010 through 2015. We randomly assigned people out of care (ie, no HCV test >6 months after first report) to 4 outreach groups: no outreach (control group); letter only; letter and telephone call; and letter, text message, and telephone call. Three months after outreach ended, we analyzed surveillance data to identify people with a subsequent HCV RNA or genotype test suggesting linkage to care. Of 2626 selected people, 199 (7.6%) had a subsequent HCV test. People in all 3 outreach groups had higher odds of a subsequent test than people in the control group (letter only: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.81 [95% CI, 1.18-2.91]; letter and telephone: aOR = 3.11 [95% CI, 1.67-5.79]; letter, text, and telephone: aOR = 3.17 [95% CI, 1.48-6.51]). People in the letter and telephone group had higher odds of a subsequent test than people in the letter-only group (aOR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.04-2.74). Most people in the letter and telephone (136/200, 68.0%) and the letter, text, and telephone (71/99, 71.7%) groups could not be reached, primarily because telephone numbers were incorrect or out of service. Reaching out to people soon after first report or prioritizing groups in which more recent contact information can be found might improve outcomes of future outreach.

The Distribution and Spread of Susceptible and Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Across Demographic Groups in a Major Metropolitan Center.

BackgroundGenomic epidemiology studies of gonorrhea in the United States have primarily focused on national surveillance for antibiotic resistance, and patterns of local transmission between demographic groups of resistant and susceptible strains are unknown.MethodsWe analyzed a convenience sample of genome sequences, antibiotic susceptibility, and patient data from 897 gonococcal isolates cultured at the New York City (NYC) Public Health Laboratory from NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Sexual Health Clinic (SHC) patients, primarily in 2012–2013. We reconstructed the gonococcal phylogeny, defined transmission clusters using a 10 nonrecombinant single nucleotide polymorphism threshold, tested for clustering of demographic groups, and placed NYC isolates in a global phylogenetic context.ResultsThe NYC gonococcal phylogeny reflected global diversity with isolates from 22/23 of the prevalent global lineages (96%). Isolates clustered on the phylogeny by patient sexual behavior (P < .001) and race/ethnicity (P < .001). Minimum inhibitory concentrations were higher across antibiotics in isolates from men who have sex with men compared to heterosexuals (P < .001) and white heterosexuals compared to black heterosexuals (P < .01). In our dataset, all large transmission clusters (≥10 samples) of N. gonorrhoeae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin, and comprised isolates from patients across demographic groups.ConclusionsAll large transmission clusters were susceptible to gonorrhea therapies, suggesting that resistance to empiric therapy was not a main driver of spread, even as risk for resistance varied across demographic groups. Further study of local transmission networks is needed to identify drivers of transmission.