Department Of Extra-Mural Studies Research Articles

Reviews of Books and Maps

REVIEWS OF BOOKSIRELAND IN PREHISTORY, by Michael Herity and George Eogan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. 302 pp. £8.95. Reviewed by: T. J. HughesTHE LIVING LANDSCAPE: KILGALLIGAN, ERRIS, CO. MAYO, by S. Ó Catháin and Patrick O'Flanagan. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, 1975. 312 pp. Reviewed by: R. H. BuchananTHE IRISH TOWN: AN APPROACH TO SURVIVAL, by Patrick Shaffrey. Dublin: The O'Brien Press, 1975. 192 pp. £5.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyLOST DEMESNES: IRISH LANDSCAPE GARDENING 1660–1845, by Edward Malins and the Knight of Glin. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1976. 208 pp. ,£15.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyNORTH BULL ISLAND, DUBLIN BAY — A MODERN COASTAL NATURAL HISTORY, edited by D. W. Jeffrey and others. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society, 1977. 158 pp. Hardback .£6.50, paperback £3.60. Reviewed by: J. P. HaughtonCONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLARISED COMMUNITY, by John Darby. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1976. 268 pp. £7.95. Reviewed by: F. W. BoalBELFAST: AREAS OF SPECIAL SOCIAL NEED. REPORT BY PROJECT TEAM. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1976. 85 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Robert D. OsborncDUBLIN: A CITY IN CRISIS, edited by P. M. Delany. Dublin: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1975. 108 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Anngret SimmsIRELAND'S VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE, by Kevin Danaher. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, 1975. 82 pp., 68 plates. £1.50. Reviewed by: F. H. A. Aalen18TH CENTURY ULSTER EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimiles 121–140. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1972. £0.45.; PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER, c. 1600–41, by R. J. Hunter. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimilies 161–180. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1975. £1.00.; RURAL HOUSING IN ULSTER IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, prepared by Alan Gailey, Victor Kelly and James Paul with an introduction by E. Estyn Evans, for the Teachers' Centre of the Queen's University, Belfast in association with the Ulster Folk Museum and the Public Record Office Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. £0.70.; LETTERS OF A GREAT IRISH LANDLORD: A SELECTION FROM THE ESTATE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE THIRD MARQUESS OF DOWNSHIRE, 1809–45, edited with an introduction by W. A. Maguire, for the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. 189 pp. £1–65.; ORDNANCE SURVEY MEMOIR FOR THE PARISH OF DONEGORE, Belfast: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Queen's University, and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1974. v + 64 pp. 1 map and 31 plates. £0.75. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerTHE LANDED GENTRY. Facsimile documents with commentaries. Dublin: The National Library of Ireland, 1977. 20 sheets and introduction. £1.00. Reviewed by: J. A. K. GrahameSANITATION, CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICES IN IRELAND, by Michael Flannery. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1976. 178 pp. £5.75. Reviewed by: Michael J. BannonGEOGRAPHY, CULTURE AND HABITAT, SELECTED ESSAYS (1925–1975) OF E. G. BOWEN, selected and introduced by Harold Carter and Wayne K. D. Davies. Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976. 275 pp. £6. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsDICTIONARY OF LAND SURVEYORS AND LOCAL CARTOGRAPHERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1550–1850 edited by Peter Eden. Folkestone: William Dawson & Sons. Part I, 1975; Parts II and III, 1976. 377 pp. £6.00 per part. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerFIELDS, FARMS AND SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE, edited by R. H. Buchanan, R. A. Butlin and D. McCourt. Belfast: Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1976. 161 pp. £5. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsREVIEWS OF MAPSNORTHERN IRELAND — A MAP FOR TOURISTS. 1:250,000(1970); CASTLEWELLAN FOREST PARK. 1:10,000(1975); ADMINISTRATIVE MAPS; MAP CATALOGUE (1975 edition). 26 pp. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame

Forever Indebted to Rex: Women Crafting a “New Story of Human Experience”

Introduction: Nettleford on womenLOCATING WOMEN AT THE centre of analysis and action within the Extra Mural Department was high on Rex Nettleford's agenda. Within the context of complex social structures which hold dear traditional patriarchal values of male dominance, and in an institution constructed on elitist biases embedded in the offering of higher education, Nettleford's embrace of women was both significant and radical. It was significant because he opened the gateway through which many women, particularly poor, black women, entered the University of the West Indies (UWI) in an attempt to improve the quality of their lives. It was radical because such an action veered from the conventional direction being taken by the UWI and sanctioned by society which had long marginalised its women, both ideologically and socially. That doorway which opened in 1978 was the Women and Development Unit (WAND) which, among other things, was involved in the Project for the Development of Caribbean Women in Trade Unions, the most comprehensive and significant training programme ever undertaken for women trade unionists in the Caribbean.1One can understand Professor Nettleford's willingness to house WAND in the Extra Mural Department and to include and address issues of social inequality within the remit of the department, because he himself appreciated the socially adverse conditions under which the majority of the region's people have to exist. His expressions of solidarity and sympathy with the disadvantaged were clearly shown in his support of the development of Caribbean women in trade unions. Furthermore, on reflection, Nettleford said of the United Nations Decade of Women (1975-85):But the consciousness, programmes and actions initiated by the UN Decade for Women, suggest that the common understandings once held about the varied particulars of Caribbean social life and individual/ gender behaviours, are being dissembled by cadre of cross-generational women determined to write new story of human experience. It is story of personal achievement and significant contributions to Caribbean social development within the context of complex social structure which values traditional notions of male dominance and female subservience.2Therefore, the establishment of WAND in 1978, during the Decade for Women, was no accident. Neither was it the consequence of idle musing. It marked the beginning of the crafting of a new story of human experience within, but outside the walls of the institutional structures of the UWI. This essay, therefore, highlights the two main women's projects, mentioned above, which were implemented under Nettleford's stewardship: WAND and the Project for the Development of Caribbean Women in Trade Unions.Women and Development Unit (WAND)The establishment of WAND was deliberate recommendation of 1977 regional seminar held in Jamaica under the theme Integration of Women in the Development of the Its main focus was the status and condition of Caribbean women. seminar was an initiative of Sybil Francis, social worker and staff tutor at the Social Welfare Training Centre, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, and was jointly sponsored with the Jamaican Bureau of Women's Affairs. At time when women's issues were taking centre stage, WAND was accepted within the structure of the UWI and within the Department of Extra-Mural Studies because of the structure ofthat department with its network of centres throughout the anglophone Caribbean. More importantly, the focus of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies on adult education and its autonomy and flexibility within the academy made it the ideal place to locate unit whose work was to be decidedly outside the walls. Nettleford not only understood the effectiveness of extra-mural education, but also had keen interest in women accepting and playing central role in the Caribbean region. In his article The Caribbean Woman and the Labour Movement, he would later write:I come in the wake of the Beijing Olympics where the Caribbean out-performed itself with Jamaica placing third in the Planet's display of achievement largely in the field of track and field. …

“Mirror Mirror on the Wall/Who is the Fairest of Them All?”

IN THE LATE 1960S, REX NETTLEFORD was my tutor in the undergraduate course Modern Political Thought, and the class, made up of Trinidadians, Guyanese, Barbadians, Antiguans and Jamaicans, met in his office in the Trade Union Education Institute, University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona. I remember studying the text Two Concepts of Liberty by Isaiah Berlin, and Nettleford was able to interpret in an insightful way that classic statement of twentieth-century Western liberalism. Berlin had been a political emigre to England from the Russian Revolution of 1917, had critically engaged Marxism and written extensively on Russian intellectual history and its relationship to Western intellectual thought. Berlin had been Nettleford's tutor at Oxford and he had heard Berlin deliver Two Concepts of Liberty as his inaugural professorial lecture in 1958.1 Berlin's writings in political theory dealt with issues of freedom and the global political impact of Marxism and the Russian Revolution.Nettleford, on the other hand, had been able to bring his intellectual powers and sensibility to bear on the consequences of the fall of empires and the wave of decolonisation that was reshaping the political geography of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. It is this period of world history that provides the context to Nettleford's political thinking and his extraordinary creative work. Unlike many of the brilliant West Indian minds who had been educated abroad, especially in England, our tutor did not simply impose what had been the intellectual fare of his own education in Oxford, but challenged us to take a hard look at the newly independent societies that were being reshaped. His approach helped me to think in terms of what we now call the Caribbean intellectual tradition.2 What Nettleford brought to his sense of Caribbean reality is a mixture of intellectual craftsmanship in thought and word, logic, creativity and aesthetic sensibility of a high order.The two main movements that shaped Nettleford's work in the Caribbean were the labour and nationalist movements of the 1930s to the 1950s and the Rastafari and Black Power movements of the 1960s and 1970s. His book Norman Washington Manley and the New Jamaica: Selected Speeches and Writings 1938-68 pays tribute to one of the founding fathers, and his monograph Manley and the Politics of Jamaica: Towards an Analysis of Political Change in Jamaica 1938-1968 was published as a supplement to Social and Economic Studies in 1971 as well.3 This was a fertile period for him in writing on Jamaican political history. At this time he was doing much work in the Trade Union Education Institute and political education through the Department of Extra-Mural Studies. However, it was in his response to the movements of Rastafari and Black Power of the 1960s that he engaged the complex issues of race, identity and protest in Jamaica, finding a vocabulary to speak about a topic that was deeply rooted in the social relations of three centuries of plantation systems that had indelibly marked the psyche of the region's population. Caribbean modernity continues to be shaped by this experience.2010, the year of Nettleford's death, marked fifty years since the publication of The Rastafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica and forty years since the publication of Mirror Mirror: Identity, Race and Protest in Jamaican Mirror Mirror engaged the first decade of independence, the youth activism around Black Power and Rastafari, the talk and thinking through postcolonial revolution in newspapers such as Abeng and little publications such as Bongo-Man, Sufferer, Harambee, BUckman Speaks, Our Own, Sufferer, Tussle, Land and Labour, Lij, Workers' Monthly and many others that cropped up in the late 1960s and early 1970s.5 In the context of the feverish and youthful expression of postcolonial activism, Nettleford was an activist and creative person, interpreting, building institutions at the UWI and in the National Dance Theatre Company (NDTC), choreographing, teaching and leading. …

Early Days of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Aberdeen

Early Days of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Aberdeen

Anglo-Saxon Settlements

Introduction: Later Anglo-Saxon England. DELLA HOOKE 1. Pre-Conquest: Territorial and administrative organization in east Suffolk. PETER WARNER, Lecturer in History, Homerton College, Cambridge 2. Minster churches in the landscape. JOHN BLAIR, Lecturer in History, The Queen's College, Oxford OXl 4QW 3. Towards a chronology for English place-names. MARGARET GELLING, Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Birmingham 4. Towards a model of Anglo-Scandinavian rural settlement in England. TIM UNWIN, Lecturer, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway & Bedford New College 5. The late Saxon countryside - villages and their fields. DAVID HALL 6. Regional variation in southern and central England in the Anglo-Saxon period and its relationship to land units and settlement. DELLA HOOKE 7. Settlement chronology and regional landscapes: the evidence from the claylands of East Anglia and Essex. TOM WILLIAMSON, Lecturer, Centre of East Anglian Studies, University of East Anglia 8. Countryside and town: the animal resources of Saxon Southampton. JENNIFER BOURDILLON, Faunal Remains Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton 9. Towns as structures and functioning communities through time: the development of central places from 600 to 1066. DAVID HILL, Department of Extra Mural Studies, University of Manchester 10. The Anglo-Saxon towns of Kent. TIM TATTON-BROWN 11. The making of Domesday York. RICHARD HALL, Lecturer, University of York 12. Settlement structures and settlement systems of the Frankish central state in Carolingian and Ottonian times (8th to 10th centuries). HANS-JURGEN NITZ, Professor, Geographisches Institut, Universitat Gottingen 13. Systems of agriculture in Central Europe up to the tenth and eleventh centuries. HELMUT HILDEBRANDT, Professor, Geographisches Institut, Universitat Mainz 14. Anglo-Saxon England and the origins of the modern world economy. RICHARD HODGES, Lecturer, Department of Archaeology & Prehistory, University of Sheffield.

University of Bristol, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Summer Schools and Courses for the Visually Impaired

University of Bristol, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Summer Schools and Courses for the Visually Impaired

SADCC, SANCTIONS AND SOUTH AFRICA

THIS ONE-DAY CONFERENCE on 18 April 1986 at the University of Birmingham, jointly sponsored by the Royal African Society and the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Birmingham, brought together 57 participants drawn from public life, business, the academic world, journalism and the diplomatic service to discuss current problems and future prospects for relations between South Africa and her neighbours in the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference. The special focus was on the possible impact of sanctions on the states. The conference was opened by Douglas Rimmer, Vice-Chairman of the Council of the Royal African Society. He thanked Ian and Willie Henderson for their initiative in calling the conference, and urged that the meetings should be used not to provide an outlet for the passions which South African affairs provoke, but to examine objectively the oppositions of ideologies, economic interests and political forces in the region. He called for reali-sm in a spirit of free enquiry and rational debate. The day was divided into four sessions, the first of which provided a historical perspective to the formation of SADCC in 1980. Ian Henderson's paper reviewed South Africa's relations with the region from 1910 to 1975, reminding participants that Smuts's objectives in seeking afronding (rounding-off) of the Union's frontiers in the years after 1910 by the incorporation of the High Commission Territories were similar to the goals of detente in the 1970s: to structure the politics and the economies of southern Africa so that the Union/Republic defined development ob jectives for her neighbours in the interests of white South Africa. In one sense, South Africa's regional diplomacy in the 20th century was highly unsuccessful, Namibia being the only addition to the frontiers of 1910. But in a more important sense, South Africa's 'informal empire' in the region expanded in a silent but effective process about which little has been written. Responding to the theme that South Africa had failed by diplomacy to achieve direct political control over the hinterland, Willie Henderson looked at the origins of SADCC, not so much as a set of written agreements produced by the front-line states at the height of the war in Rhodesia but as a search for effective regional diplomatic alliances pre-dating the front-line brotherhood. Seretse Khama's key role in picking up and developing the

Control in the Organization

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsTerry CaseyTerry Casey is Senior Staff Tutor in the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Hong Kong.

Power Within and Without the Organization

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsTerry CaseyTerry Casey is Senior Staff Tutor in the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Hong Kong.

General and Thematic - Philip Riden (ed.), The Medieval Town in Britain (Papers from the first Gregynog Seminar in Local History: December 1978), Cardiff Papers in Local History, 1. University College, Cardiff: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, 1980. vi + 98 pp. 2 figures. 9 maps. £2.50.

General and Thematic - Philip Riden (ed.), The Medieval Town in Britain (Papers from the first Gregynog Seminar in Local History: December 1978), <i>Cardiff Papers in Local History, 1</i>. University College, Cardiff: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, 1980. vi + 98 pp. 2 figures. 9 maps. £2.50.

Reviews of books and maps

REVIEWS OF BOOKS IRELAND IN PREHISTORY, by Michael Herity and George Eogan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. 302 pp. £8.95. Reviewed by: T. J. Hughes THE LIVING LANDSCAPE: KILGALLIGAN, ERRIS, CO. MAYO, by S. Ó Catháin and Patrick O'Flanagan. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, 1975. 312 pp. Reviewed by: R. H. Buchanan THE IRISH TOWN: AN APPROACH TO SURVIVAL, by Patrick Shaffrey. Dublin: The O'Brien Press, 1975. 192 pp. £5.00. Reviewed by: K. A. Mawhinney LOST DEMESNES: IRISH LANDSCAPE GARDENING 1660–1845, by Edward Malins and the Knight of Glin. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1976. 208 pp. ,£15.00. Reviewed by: K. A. Mawhinney NORTH BULL ISLAND, DUBLIN BAY — A MODERN COASTAL NATURAL HISTORY, edited by D. W. Jeffrey and others. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society, 1977. 158 pp. Hardback .£6.50, paperback £3.60. Reviewed by: J. P. Haughton CONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLARISED COMMUNITY, by John Darby. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1976. 268 pp. £7.95. Reviewed by: F. W. Boal BELFAST: AREAS OF SPECIAL SOCIAL NEED. REPORT BY PROJECT TEAM. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1976. 85 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Robert D. Osbornc DUBLIN: A CITY IN CRISIS, edited by P. M. Delany. Dublin: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1975. 108 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Anngret Simms IRELAND'S VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE, by Kevin Danaher. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, 1975. 82 pp., 68 plates. £1.50. Reviewed by: F. H. A. Aalen 18TH CENTURY ULSTER EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimiles 121–140. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1972. £0.45.; PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER, c. 1600–41, by R. J. Hunter. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimilies 161–180. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1975. £1.00.; RURAL HOUSING IN ULSTER IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, prepared by Alan Gailey, Victor Kelly and James Paul with an introduction by E. Estyn Evans, for the Teachers' Centre of the Queen's University, Belfast in association with the Ulster Folk Museum and the Public Record Office Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. £0.70.; LETTERS OF A GREAT IRISH LANDLORD: A SELECTION FROM THE ESTATE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE THIRD MARQUESS OF DOWNSHIRE, 1809–45, edited with an introduction by W. A. Maguire, for the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. 189 pp. £1–65.; ORDNANCE SURVEY MEMOIR FOR THE PARISH OF DONEGORE, Belfast: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Queen's University, and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1974. v + 64 pp. 1 map and 31 plates. £0.75. Reviewed by: A. A. Horner THE LANDED GENTRY. Facsimile documents with commentaries. Dublin: The National Library of Ireland, 1977. 20 sheets and introduction. £1.00. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame SANITATION, CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICES IN IRELAND, by Michael Flannery. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1976. 178 pp. £5.75. Reviewed by: Michael J. Bannon GEOGRAPHY, CULTURE AND HABITAT, SELECTED ESSAYS (1925–1975) OF E. G. BOWEN, selected and introduced by Harold Carter and Wayne K. D. Davies. Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976. 275 pp. £6. Reviewed by: J. H. Andrews DICTIONARY OF LAND SURVEYORS AND LOCAL CARTOGRAPHERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1550–1850 edited by Peter Eden. Folkestone: William Dawson & Sons. Part I, 1975; Parts II and III, 1976. 377 pp. £6.00 per part. Reviewed by: A. A. Horner FIELDS, FARMS AND SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE, edited by R. H. Buchanan, R. A. Butlin and D. McCourt. Belfast: Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1976. 161 pp. £5. Reviewed by: J. H. Andrews REVIEWS OF MAPS NORTHERN IRELAND — A MAP FOR TOURISTS. 1:250,000(1970); CASTLEWELLAN FOREST PARK. 1:10,000(1975); ADMINISTRATIVE MAPS; MAP CATALOGUE (1975 edition). 26 pp. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame

Centre for Environmental Studies, Progress in Structure Planning: Integration of Local Government Services, Papers from the CES/RTPI Conference held in Birmingham, 26–8 March, 1973, CES Conference Paper 8, London, 1974. 100 pp. £1.00; - Peter Stringer and Gillian Plumridge, Publicity and Communications Media in Structure Planning, Interim Paper 1.12 pp. 40p - Peter Stringer and Susan Ewens, Participation Through Public

Centre for Environmental Studies, Progress in Structure Planning: Integration of Local Government Services, Papers from the CES/RTPI Conference held in Birmingham, 26–8 March, 1973, CES Conference Paper 8, London, 1974. 100 pp. £1.00; - Peter Stringer and Gillian Plumridge, Publicity and Communications Media in Structure Planning, Interim Paper 1.12 pp. 40p - Peter Stringer and Susan Ewens, Participation Through Public

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Et in arcadia ego: Politics and learning in Ghana

Fragments of an autobiography are of little interest in themselves, but they may be of help in putting together the history of the times from which they are remembered. In the pages which follow, which include such fragments, I have tried to pursue a simple theme. It is that of the export of ideas and institutions from Britain to a colonial country, and the difficulties which arose from their import into Ghana. I was no more than half oonscious of such problems during the 1950s when I was engaged in adult education. I was too busy enjoying myself in as devoted a way as I could under the aegis of the department of extra-mural studies, and the questions which troubled others became for me of academic interest only later when I began to look back at the relationship between the university at Legon and the government in Accra. What that relationship was and what it is today reflect a familiar theme. It can be restated by noting that the location of political power in Ghana after the first election in 1951, as under the present military Redemption Council, was out of line with the very high social status accorded the educated elite of the universities. Admittedly, there was nothing very new in that: the correspondence between political and social power is rarely exact. It is also easy as Professor Mackenzie once pointed out for observers to mistake one for the other, to look at institutions and the powers vested in them without noticing the sometimes rival, sometimes complementary, strength of a social hierarchy in which power may rest on a very different footing.1 In Ghana, however, in the decade before and after independence, the educated elite and the political leadership were sharply opposed. They were opposed in a very broad sense as "rival colonists". From 1945 onwards, graduates from the universities had begun to enter the public service, local government, the professions and business enterprises, replacing the British, and becoming a new administrative elite with direct access to the resources of the state. But in laying hold of the proto-independent state, they were opposed by the power of a nationalist party in the hands of a " political class on-the-make " which was certainly no less determined to exploit the resources they were beginning to control. Of course, such differences were often blurred by expediency and common sense: but they were " encapsulated ", so to speak, in the opposition of the university as an institution of privilege to the nationalist and today the military government as an apparatus of control. These differences were sharpened

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

Publications of the Department of Extra-Mural Studies

INNER TEMPLE REVELS, 1561

Journal Article INNER TEMPLE REVELS, 1561 Get access D. S. BLAND D. S. BLAND Department of Extra Mural Studies, University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 16, Issue 12, December 1969, Pages 464-c–465, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/16-12-464c Published: 01 December 1969