Deodorizer Distillate Research Articles

Palm oil deodorizer distillate as toughening agent in polylactide packaging films

AbstractPolylactide (PLA) is the most used biodegradable and biobased food packaging polymer for rigid containers and films. However, its low ductility is a hurdle for increasing its applications in flexible food packaging. A solution is the use of additives. Palm oil deodorizer distillate (PODC) is revealed to be an excellent additive promoting PLA ductility. PODC is a by‐product of vegetable oil refining, which is available in stable quality and in sufficient amounts. Amorphous PLA/PODC blends had an elongation at break of around 130% and that of semi‐crystalline blends was still around 55% compared to the initial 5% of neat PLA. At the same time the PLA rigidity and high glass transition temperatures were kept. PODC was also a very efficient processing aid, allowing for film blow extrusion. The blends were stable in properties during six months without exudation. They complied with legal norms of Food Contact Materials (EU 10/2011) and induced no sensorial alteration of packed food. Therefore PODC is a very interesting alternative to common plasticizers for the production of flexible PLA packaging films. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Fast Production of Diacylglycerol in a Solvent Free System via Lipase Catalyzed Esterification Using a Bubble Column Reactor

AbstractIn this study, diacylglycerols (DAG) were synthesized rapidly (~30 min) in a solvent‐free system via esterification of glycerol with fatty acids (FA, the mixture of 60 wt% palm oil deodorizer distillate and 40 wt% oleic acid) catalyzed by Lipozyme 435 (Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) using a bubble column reactor. The content of DAG, monoacylglycerols (MAG), triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) in the crude product were 57.94 ± 1.60 wt%, 24.68 ± 2.08 wt%, 2.67 ± 1.72 wt% and 14.69 ± 1.22 wt%, respectively under the selected conditions, which were enzyme load of 5.0 wt%, glycerol/FA mole ratio of 7.5, initial water content of 2.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 30 min and N2 gas flow of 10.6 cm min−1. The final product containing 91.30 ± 1.10 wt% of DAG was obtained by one‐step molecular distillation at 200 °C. The reusability of Lipozyme 435 was investigated by evaluating the esterification degree (ED) and the DAG content in the crude products in 30 successive runs. The enzyme retained 95.10 % of its original activity during 30 successive runs according to comparison of the ED. The new process showed a very high efficiency in production of DAG with a high purity. The ratio of positional isomers 1,3‐DAG to 1,2 ‐DAG was 2:1 in the final product. The certain plasticity (melting point of 44 °C) and content of unsaturated fatty acids made the product a valuable food ingredient.

Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate usingcalcined duck eggshell as catalyst

Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) using calcined duck eggshell (DES) as catalyst was studied. An inexpensive and environment-friendly catalyst was prepared from waste DES which is a source of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate could be changed to calcium oxide (CaO) under high temperatures. The obtained CaO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRF was used to determine the elemental composition of the catalyst. BET analysis was performed to determine specific surface area, pore volume and particle size of the catalysts. Results showed that at 800°C and 900°C the calcium carbonate in DES was changed to CaO. The pre-esterification of SODD was conducted under the following conditions: H2SO4 concentration (v/w, based on oil weight) 1.5%, methanol to oil molar ratio 12:1, reaction time 120min and reaction temperature 60°C. Thephytosterols were removed by cooling down step by stepand temperature steps were 15°C, 5°C, −5°C. The process of biodiesel production from pre-esterified SODD using the obtained CaO as catalyst was studied and the optimal conditions were: calcination temperature of 900°C, catalyst amount of 10wt.%, methanol to oil ratio of 10:1, reaction temperature of 60°C and reaction time of 80min and the biodiesel yield was 94.6% at these conditions. The reusability of the DES-derived catalyst was tested and the results showed that the biodiesel yield was above 80% after five times usage and was lower than 60% after 8 times usage.

Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate: A Rich Source of the Natural Bioactive Components.

Deodorizer distillates are waste products of edible oil processing industries obtained during deodorization process of vegetable oils. It is very cheap source of several health beneficial components such as tocopherols, sterols, squalene as well as free fatty acids which have numerous industrial applications. These valuable components are being used in different foods, pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics. Traditional sources of these useful components are vegetable oils, fruits, vegetables and nuts. Global need of these important components has been exceeded than their availability. The deodorizer distillates of various vegetable oils are considered to be a rich source of several valuable components. Present review will cover brief introduction of common processing stages involved in all vegetable oil processing, analytical methods for characterization of deodorizer distillates by instrumental techniques, importance and commercial value of deodorizer distillates. Future prospective of current field may leads to cost efficient processes and increased attention on the nutritional quality of deodorized oil and commercial applications of deodorizer distillates as well as their valuable components.

Side-stream products of edible oil refining as feedstocks in biodiesel production

Biodiesel, a diesel fuel alternative, is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats by the transesterification reaction of triacylglycerols and lower aliphatic alcohols. Beside number advantages related to fossil fuels, the main barrier to biodiesel wider commercial use is the high price of edible oils. Recently, the special attention was given to side-stream products of edible oil refining as low-cost triacylglycerol sources for biodiesel production because of their positive economic and ecological effects. In this paper, the different procedures for biodiesel production from side-stream refining products such as soapstock, spent bleaching earth and deodorizer distillate were analyzed. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the possibilities for reusing the by-products of edible oil refinement in the biodiesel production.

Selection of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids for Vitamin E Extraction from Deodorizer Distillate

Deodorizer distillate as a byproduct of vegetable oil refining is an important source of natural vitamin E. Simple and green extraction can be employed to recover vitamin E from deodorizer distillate, and its performance strongly relies on the solvent used in the process. In order to screen an imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) as entrainer, a methodology integrating theoretical and experimental evaluations was applied. ILs composed of 47 types of anions were first investigated by COSMO-RS to figure out the most promising one, and the effect of the alkyl chain on the imidazolium ring was addressed by experiments. The IL [C6MIm]Ac was finally determined as the most promising solvent with the selectivity of 108.23 and the partition coefficient of 8.182 for α-tocopherol. The liquid–liquid equilibrium data and the extraction result for corn oil deodorizer distillate indicate its superior performance for the extraction process dealing with a low concentration of vitamin E.

A single-step isolation of squalene from olive oil deodorizer distillates by using centrifugal partition chromatography

ABSTRACTHigh added-value squalene (SQ) was purified in one step from olive oil deodorizer distillates (OODD) using preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) method, operating in the dual mode. The fractionation was performed using a non-aqueous biphasic solvent system consisting of heptane–acetonitrile–butanol (1.8:1.4:0.7, v/v/v), leading to the isolation of the target compound in 4 hours, using a preparative 1L column. Furthermore, a fast UHPLC-DAD method was developed and applied for the identification and quantification of SQ in both OODD and purified form. The content of SQ in the initial material was 23.4%, while the purity of the isolated SQ was 95.5%. The recovery of SQ was calculated at 76.3%. The productivity of the process was calculated at 234 mg/h/L.

Characterization of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate produced from olive oil deodorizer distillate

Olive oil deodorizer distillate (OODD) was used for the first time as the sole substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by the bacterium Pseudomonas resinovorans in bioreactor cultivation. A PHA content in the biomass of 36±0.8wt% was attained within 19h of cultivation. A final polymer concentration of 4.7±0.3gL−1 was reached, corresponding to a volumetric productivity of 5.9±0.2gL−1day−1. The PHA was composed of 3-hydroxyoctanoate (48.3±7.3mol%), 3-hydroxydecanoate (31.6±2.6mol%), 3-hydroxyhexanoate (12.1±1.1mol%) and 3-hydroxydodecanoate (8.0±0.7mol%) and it had a glue-like consistency that did not solidify at room temperature. The polymer was highly amorphous, as shown by its low crystallinity of 6±0.2%, with low melting and glass transition temperatures of 36±1.2 and −16±0.8°C, respectively. The polymer exhibited a shear thinning behavior and a mechanical spectrum with a predominant viscous contribution. Its shear bond strength for wood (67±9.4kPa) and glass (65±7.3kPa) suggests it may be used for the development of biobased glues.

Fate of contaminants during the refining process of vegetable oils and fats: A calculation model

Crude vegetable oils and fats after oil extraction may contain contaminants introduced in the supply chain. Many of these contaminants are largely removed from the oil by the refining process. However, these contaminants will concentrate in the refinery by‐products; acid oil from soapsplitting and filter blowing, spent bleaching earth, and deodorizer distillate. The contaminant levels in these by‐products are calculated by determining the lipids balance of the refinery and the fate of the contaminants in the refining process. Calculations of some example oils with characteristic contaminant levels show that deodorizer distillate from chemical refining has a high‐contamination risk, deodorizer distillate from physical refining and spent bleaching earth has a medium risk, whereas acid oil from soapsplitting and filter blowing have a low‐contamination risk.Extracted oils and fats contain impurities like free fatty acids, phospholipids, etc., and may contain contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. The impurities and some entrained oil form the refinery by‐products; acid oil, spent earth, and deodorizer distillate. The contaminants will concentrate in these by‐products. For application in animal feed, acid oil is relatively safe (green), oil from spent bleaching earth requires contaminant analysis (orange), whereas contaminant levels in deodorizer distillate are often too high for use in feed (red).

Isolation of Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate Using Flash Chromatography

AbstractGamma (γ‐T3) and delta (δ‐T3) tocotrienols are the most potent natural protective agents against harmful effects of radiation exposure and there is substantial interest in advancing these tocols toward Food and Drug Administration approval. However, co‐administration with alpha tocopherol is reported to interfere with the radioprotective properties of the tocotrienols. The objective of this study was to test various flash chromatography conditions for the purification of fractions with a high proportion of γ‐T3 or δ‐T3 and a minimal amount of alpha isomers from tocol extract obtained from rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD). Load size (0.125, 0.250, 0.500 and 1.000 g), sample cartridge type (pre‐packed silica cartridge, empty cartridge+Celite 545) and mobile phase gradient [varying proportions of hexane–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) and ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v)] were evaluated. Peak resolution was best with a load size of ~1 % column capacity and a 5‐g silica sample cartridge coupled with a 12‐g silica column. A linear gradient of 0.8 % ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) to hexane–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) (50 min) → 100 % ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) (5 min) resulted in the best separation of tocols. The method developed was used to isolate tocols from samples of crude RBODD, tocol concentrate and tocol‐rich extract. The use of these conditions with a tocol‐rich extract resulted in several fractions containing 100 % purities of both γ‐T3 and δ‐T3.

Novel simple process for tocopherols selective recovery from vegetable oils by adsorption and desorption with an anion-exchange resin

A novel and simple low-temperature process was used to recover tocopherols from a deodorizer distillate, which is a by-product of edible oil refining. The process consists of three operations: the esterification of free fatty acids with a cation-exchange resin catalyst, the adsorption of tocopherols onto an anion-exchange resin, and tocopherol desorption from the resin. No degradation of tocopherols occurred during these processes. In the tocopherol-rich fraction, no impurities such as sterols or glycerides were present. These impurities are commonly found in the product of the conventional process. This novel process improves the overall recovery ratio and the mass fraction of the product (75.9% and 51.0wt%) compared with those in the conventional process (50% and 35wt%).

Rice phytochemicals concentrated by molecular distillation process and their use as co-surfactant in water dispersion.

This study investigated the effects of evaporating temperature during molecular distillation (MD) process employed to deodorizer distillate (DD) on the retention of rice phytochemicals in the unevaporated fraction (UMDs), which were then further used as co-surfactants in the fabrication of water-dispersible vesicles. The pilot-scale MD unit was operated at 120, 140 or 160°C and 0.1Pa to concentrate rice phytosterols from 1540.8mg in 100g DD to 3990.2-4904.8mg in 100g UMDs by evaporating out free fatty acids. Although γ-oryzanol content was increased from 598.9mg in 100g DD to 870.0-1018.1mg in 100g UMDs when the temperature was raised to 160°C, such high temperature decreased tocols from 2185.7mg in 100g DD to 850.5mg in 100g UMDs and antioxidant capacity of UMDs measured as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity. The UMD obtained after distillation at 140 °C was used as co-surfactant with soy lecithin, sucrose palmitate or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) to fabricate vesicles in pH7.0 phosphate buffered saline (PBS). This study showed potential use of the UMD as a source of rice phytochemicals and a co-surfactant when used with Tween80 in small vesicle fabrication. The fabricated Tween 80/UMD vesicles in PBS had the size range of 200-300nm and were stable within a temperature range of 4 to 37°C for 96h.

Enhancing the effect of soybean oil refinery byproducts on erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea

Erythromycin production is clearly enhanced by the addition of vegetable oils. However,whether this positive effect is brought about by the triglyceride or non-triglyceride fraction, isnot clear. The non-triglyceride portions of the oils accumulate in the waste during the refiningprocess leaving mainly triglycerides in the refined oil. In this research, sub-fractions of soybeanoil, including lecithin, soap stock, free fatty acid, deodorizer distillate and unsaponifiable matterwere supplemented by batch and fed-batch to chemically defined and complex fermentationmedia. The fermentation flasks were incubated at 30°C for 8 days at 220 rpm. It resulted in theproduction of low concentrations of oil by-products (1-5 g/l) at the beginning of fermentation,increased antibiotic production and had a greater enhancing effect than using crude oil.However, some fractions of oil such as free fatty acids considerably reduced antibioticproduction. The results of this study highlight the advantages of substitution of vegetable oilwith its refining by-products in the fermentation media.

Factores que influyen en el contenido de escualeno, fitoesteroles totales y esterificados en el subproducto ácidos grasos destilados de soya para su potencial aprovechamiento

Una necesidad actual de la industria de extracción y refinación de aceite vegetal es la reducción y/o explotación de sus subproductos. Uno de estos, conocido como Ácidos Grasos Destilados de Aceite de Soya (AGDAS), resulta potencialmente valioso para la industrias alimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética por la presencia de compuestos con actividad biológica favorable como fitoesteroles y escualeno, los primeros como agentes hipocolesterolemiantes y el escualeno como emoliente y humectante. En este trabajo, mediante Cromatografía de Gases se determinó el contenido de escualeno y fitoesteroles libres y esterificados para evaluar la viabilidad de aprovechamiento de AGDAS como fuente de dichos compuestos y establecer la influencia de algunos factores en la composición del mismo. AGDAS representa una fuente viable de fitoesteroles totales con 14.92% p/p, no así de escualeno con 1.75% p/p. La concentración de escualeno está influenciada por la procedencia del grano y la condición de cultivo, mientras que la de fitoesteroles esterificados por el grado de calidad y condición de cultivo. Ninguno de los factores influyó en el contenido de fitoesteroles totales. Esto permite establecer que la composición del subproducto AGDAS no es constante y se justifican protocolos como el de este estudio para su caracterización con fines de aprovechamiento.

Recent Developments in Phytosterol Recovery from Oil Deodorizer Distillates

The sterols naturally occurring in plants, known as “phytosterols”, constitute a class of secondary metabolites of the triterpene family with important biological functions. Phytosterols are in fact very important in some scientific and industrial fields. Thus, they are widely used by the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries, which obtain them from various natural sources but especially from oil deodorizer oil distillates (ODDs), which are by-products of the oil refining industry. In fact, ODDs contain variable proportions of various interesting compounds including phytosterols. This paper reviews recent methods for recovering phytosterols from ODDs, which essentially rely on four different principles: molecular distillation, enzyme treatment, crystallization or extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Composition of Plant Sterols and Stanols in Supplemented Food Products.

All fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant materials contain small amounts of plant sterols, which are essential for the function of the biological membranes in living cells. The average human consumption of plant sterols has been estimated to be about 150-350 mg/day and trace amounts of stanols (which are defined as saturated sterols such as sitostanol), but this number varies regionally and is higher for vegetarians. When consumed in the diet, plant sterols reduce the levels of serum cholesterol. In 1995 the first functional food product, Benecol spread (enriched in plant stanol fatty acid esters), was developed by Raisio and marketed, first in Finland and then globally. Since then many other functional food products have been developed and are now available globally. In addition to stanol esters, other functional food products contain plant sterol esters and/or free (unesterified) plant sterols and stanols. In essentially all of the current functional foods that are enriched in sterols and stanols, the feedstock from which the sterols and stanols are obtained is either tall oil (a byproduct/coproduct of the pulping of pine wood) or vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (a byproduct/coproduct of the refining of vegetable oils).

Research on transesterification parameters for producing plant sterols with supercritical methanol

The supercritical fluid method, regarded as a type of individual production process in the course of preparing plant sterols, has become a promising technology, which possesses advantages of high conversion rate without any pretreatment and need of a catalyst. This study examined the reaction process of the deodorizer distillate (DOD), which mainly included the direct transesterification of DOD to convert into free sterols. The effects of the ratio of methanol to DOD, reaction temperature and time on transesterification were studied. Furthermore, the interactions between different factors were also assessed using the response surface methodology. The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: reaction temperature 553 K, reaction time 80 min, and CH3OH: DOD = 25:1 (mass ratio). Under these conditions, 36.42% sterol concentration was obtained, which is significantly higher in comparison with the initial sterols’ concentration in raw material (22.45%).

Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Rice Bran Demonstrates Potent Radiation Protection Activity.

The vitamin E analogs δ-tocotrienol (DT3) and γ-tocotrienol (GT3) have significant protective and mitigative capacity against the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR). However, the expense of purification limits their potential use. This study examined the tocotrienol-rich fraction of rice bran (TRFRB) isolated from rice bran deodorizer distillate, a rice oil refinement waste product, to determine its protective effects against IR induced oxidative damage and H2O2. Several cell lines were treated with tocotrienols or TRFRB prior to or following exposure to H2O2 or IR. To determine the radioprotective capacity cells were analyzed for morphology, mitochondrial bioenergetics, clonogenic survival, glutathione oxidation, cell cycle, and migration rate. TRFRB displayed similar antioxidant activity compared to pure tocotrienols. Cells pretreated with TRFRB or DT3 exhibited preserved cell morphology and mitochondrial respiration when exposed to H2O2. Oxidized glutathione was decreased in TRFRB treated cells exposed to IR. TRFRB reversed mitochondrial uncoupling and protected cells migration rates following IR exposure. The protective antioxidant capacity of TRFRB treated cells against oxidative injury was similar to that of purified DT3. TRFRB effectively protects normal cells against IR induced injury suggesting that rice bran distillate may be an inexpensive and abundant alternate source.

Effects of Tocols Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate on Plasma and Hepatic Lipid Concentrations in Rats

A great deal of attention has been focused on the potential health benefits of using rice bran oil because it is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD) is a byproduct obtained from distillation of rice bran oil. Elevated plasma cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tocols (tocopherols + tocotrienols) rich fraction isolated from RBODD on plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly assigned into three groups: normal fat control (NFC), high fat control (HFC) and high fat diet plus tocols rich fraction (RBODD). RBODD was administered daily for 3 weeks by oral gavage using 5% of Tween-80 as a vehicle. The rats in the control groups received 5% of Tween-80 alone in the same manner. Blood samples and livers were collected at the end of the feeding period. RBODD group had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels compared to the HFC group (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes for plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found in RBODD compared with HFC. Compared to the rat fed HFC, hepatic free fatty acids were significantly reduced in the rats with the RBODD treatment (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the tocols rich fraction isolated from RBODD is associated with decreased plasma triglyceride and hepatic free fatty acids concentrations. Further study is needed to investigate the mechanism and optimal dose by which isomers of tocols lower triglyceride concentrations.

Simultaneous HPLC–DAD Analysis of Tocopherols, Phytosterols, and Squalene in Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillates

A simple and accurate HPLC–DAD method has been developed for simultaneous determination of tocopherols (α, (β + γ), and δ-tocopherols), phytosterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol), and squalene in vegetable oil deodorizer distillates (VODD). Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase gradient prepared from 98:2 (v/v) methanol–water and isopropanol, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1, in 33 min, at 30 °C. Tocopherols, phytosterols, and squalene were detected at 296, 210, and 210 nm, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 92.4 to 103.8 %. Limits of quantification were in the range 0.50–2.50 μg mL−1. The proposed method was successfully used for simultaneous analysis of tocopherols, phytosterols, and squalene in VODD.