Dentition Stage Research Articles

Assessment of Severity and Pattern of Early Childhood Caries Using ICDAS II Criteria: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Early childhood caries is highly prevalent worldwide. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System incorporates both the non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions with acceptable reliability. The objective of the present study was to assess the severity and pattern of early childhood caries among children visiting outpatient department of a dental college in Nepal. The study also aimed to compare the severity and pattern based on individual tooth type. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children of age group 24-71 months in primary dentition stage. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System II criteria was used to detect dental caries, and its severity and pattern. The ethical approval was taken from the institutional ethical committee (IRC Ref. No.: 1, 36, 2079/2080 IRC PDCH 2022 21).Results: The dental cries in children of age group 48-60 months was 1338 (33.46%) and dentinal caries (Code 5) was observed in 112 (8.37%). Multi-surface caries was 644 (16.15%), and occlusal surface caries was 481 (12.06%). Among the study population, 227 (5.69%) of the teeth assessed were associated with restoration and sealants. Enamel caries among the maxillary second molars (55/65) (Code 3) was in 94 (23.5%), and the dentinal caries (Code 5) in maxillary central incisors (51/61)was in 90 (22.78%). Conclusions: Majority of the children enrolled in the study had multiple cavitated and non-cavitated carious teeth involving different surfaces. Severity and pattern of caries also varied among individual tooth type.

Genetic and environmental contributions to the development of soft tissue facial profile: a twin study.

This study aimed to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the phenotypic variation of the soft tissue facial profile during the mixed dentition and the permanent dentition stages. In this retrospective cohort study, standardized facial profile photographs of 139 twin pairs (55 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic) were obtained from archival records at the Adelaide Dental School. Photographic analysis used 12 angular and 14 linear facial profile measurements from the mixed dentition (7-11 years) to the permanent dentition (12-17 years) stages. A genetic analysis was performed using a univariate structural equation model adhering to the normal assumptions of a twin model. In the mixed dentition stage, the additive genetic (A) and unique environment (E) model, AE model, was the most parsimonious in explaining the observed phenotypic variance for all 26 facial traits with the narrow-sense heritability estimates ranging between 0.38 and 0.79. In the permanent dentition, the AE model was the most parsimonious for 20 out of 26 traits, however, the variance of six traits, particularly those in the lower third of the face, was best explained by the shared environmental and unique environmental factors. This study exclusively included twins of European ancestry. The soft tissue facial profile demonstrated dynamic genetic and environmental influences with a greater additive genetic influence during the mixed dentition and the early stages of the permanent dentition. However, there was evidence of increasing environmental influence in the lower third of the face during the early stages of the permanent dentition.

Current trend of sexual maturity, teeth eruption, and bone fusion in the present female population, relative to documented age and development of prediction model for age of females.

Understanding sexual maturity and bone fusion is crucial in forensic investigations and legal contexts. This study investigates the contemporary trend of sexual maturity and bone fusion in females, comparing the observed age-related characteristics with documented ages. Such analyses contribute to the accuracy of age estimation methods used in medico-legal scenarios. A comprehensive study was conducted involving a diverse sample of females, and their sexual maturity and bone fusion were assessed relative to documented ages. The research utilized a cross-sectional design, collecting data through interviews, medical examinations, and radiographic imaging. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants provided informed consent. Variables included documented age, age of menarche, stages of sexual maturity, dentition, and bone fusion. Validation of model performance was conducted. Among 70 cases studied, the mean age of menarche was 10.48 years (range: 7-12 years). Maternal reports indicated menarche onset between 12-17 years. Tanner's Staging 5 for pubic hair and fully developed breasts occurred at 14 years. Permanent teeth increased with age, with 28 or more teeth present at age 14 or above. Fusion of the distal end of the Radius and Ulna with the parent bone was positive from 15 years onwards. The regression model predicted age accurately (97.99% fit). The results highlight the early onset of sexual maturation, consistent teeth eruption, and bone fusion patterns in females. The observed correlations offer valuable insights for medicolegal practitioners and forensic experts.

Analysis and Consideration of Factors for Predicting Cooperation Levels in Pediatric Dentistry

This study aimed to evaluate various factors related to cooperation levels in pediatric dentistry and determine their correlation with children’s cooperation during dental treatments. This study included one hundred children and their guardians who visited the dental hospital at the Chonnam National University. Children and their guardians completed surveys regarding dental fear, dental caries experience, dental treatment experience, temperament, and guardians’ dental anxiety, as well as the background characteristics of the children. Based on these data, factors associated with children’s cooperation during dental treatment were investigated. Dental fear, caries experience during the primary and mixed dentition stages, and temperament traits such as shyness and negative emotionality significantly impacted children’s cooperation during dental visits, with higher levels of these factors corresponding to lower cooperation. The extent of dental experience also modestly influenced children’ s cooperation, with higher levels of cooperation observed in children with greater dental experience. Additionally, children’s dental fear was strongly correlated with guardians’ dental anxiety, increasing as guardians’ anxiety levels increased. Twelve-year-old children exhibited significantly lower levels of dental fear compared to other age groups, and regardless of cooperation levels, injections (shots) were identified as the primary factor inducing dental fear among the children. To improve children’ s cooperation in pediatric dentistry, strategies should focus on alleviating their fears and adopting an individualized approach that consider their oral health status and temperamental traits.

Arrest and Repair of Inflammatory Root Resorption After an Endodontic Regeneration Procedure – A Hypothesis and Case Report

IntroductionExternal inflammatory root resorption (EIRR) is a significant complication that can occur following traumatic dental injuries, with a prevalence of approximately 18%. Most cases occur during the early stage of the mixed dentition. Specifically, EIRR occurs in approximately 5%–8% of luxation injuries, 30% of replanted teeth following avulsion, and 38% of intruded teeth. Conventional methods for addressing EIRR in immature teeth pose several challenges. This often requires numerous dental visits where Ledermix and calcium hydroxide are used, which may significantly prolong the treatment. Additionally, the effect of prolonged use of calcium hydroxide medication in the root canal is debatable. Recent publications have highlighted the ability of regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) to effectively stop and repair EIRR in a relatively brief time, yielding impressive results. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. MethodsA hypothesis is proposed and drawn from existing data, explaining the mechanism by which RET triggers alterations in the root dimensions of necrotic immature teeth, facilitating continuous root maturation. The hypothesis suggests that bioactive molecules, including growth factors, might be able to penetrate the denuded dentin, reach the resorbed area, and attract stem cells from the surrounding periodontal ligament and adjacent bone, leading to the arrest of the resorption process. ResultsThis recruitment may trigger repair mechanisms, ultimately resulting in the coverage of the denuded dentin with a new layer of periodontal ligament, cementoid, and cementum. ConclusionsA hypothesis of the potential mechanism in which RET may arrest EIRR is presented along with a case report.

Cross-bite and oral habits among Albanian autistic children according to the stages of occlusal development

This study had two aims. First, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of ACB, PCB, and oral habits among a group of Albanian children with ASD compared with a group of children without ASD. Second, we aimed to identify the associations of ASD with ACB, PCB, and oral habits. The sample inlcuded 125 children with ASD (91 males, 34 females) from 2 special schools for children with disabilities and 2 daily residential centers in Tirana. The control group included 125 children without ASD. The relationships between categorical variables were evaluated via the chi-square test. To identify the potential risk factors for ASD, we performed binary logistic regression. No statistically significant differences were found for CB or oral habits between the primary and adolescent dentition stages. A comparison of children with ASD with CB and oral habits revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of PCB. Binary logistic regression revealed that ACB, PCB and oral habits were not associated with ASD. CB was more prevalent among children with ASD in the primary and mixed dentition stages. Oral habits were more prevalent in the mixed and adolescent dentition stages. However, ASD is not a risk factor for CB or other oral habits.

Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study.

To assess and compare the mandibular intercanine width (ICW) of children at three stages of mixed dentition in children at Namakkal district. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 135 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years, with 45 children in each group. Group I included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, group II included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, and group III included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Impressions were made in the mandibular anterior region, and study casts were prepared. Measurements of the mandibular ICW were taken using a digital vernier caliper. The mean mandibular ICW after the complete eruption of permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 23.7, 25.5, and 25.7 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the ICW between the three groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that mandibular ICW was statistically significant between groups I and II and group III (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that age does not contribute to the changes in mandibular ICW. The average mandibular ICW found can be a standard comparison for treatment planning in the western Tamil Nadu population. Mandibular ICW reaches its maximum after the eruption of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. Changes in mandibular ICW should be attributed to the eruption of permanent mandibular anterior teeth and not to the age of the child. Balaraman C, Asokan S, Pollachi Ramakrishnan GP, et al. Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):737-741.

Assessing the Efficacy of Early versus Late Orthodontic Intervention in the Management of Class II Malocclusion: A Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Class II malocclusion is a common orthodontic issue characterized by the excessive protrusion of the upper teeth relative to the lower teeth. Early intervention during mixed dentition has been advocated to guide skeletal growth and potentially reduce the severity of malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of early (before the pubertal growth spurt) versus late (after the pubertal growth spurt) orthodontic intervention in managing Class II malocclusion. A cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with Class II malocclusion was divided into two groups: early intervention group (n = 50) and late intervention group (n = 50). Treatment outcomes including changes in overjet, molar relationship, and cephalometric measurements were assessed before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: In the early intervention group, the mean reduction in overjet was 5.2 mm (SD = 1.3), while in the late intervention group, it was 3.8 mm (SD = 1.6). The improvement in molar relationship was greater in the early intervention group (mean change = 4.5 mm, SD = 1.1) compared to the late intervention group (mean change = 3.1 mm, SD = 1.4). Cephalometric analysis revealed significant differences in skeletal and dental parameters between the two groups, with greater improvements observed in the early intervention group. Conclusion: Early orthodontic intervention shows superior efficacy in managing Class II malocclusion compared to late intervention. Early treatment leads to greater reductions in overjet, improvements in molar relationship, and favorable changes in skeletal and dental parameters. These findings underscore the importance of timely orthodontic intervention, particularly during the mixed dentition stage, for optimal management of Class II malocclusion.

Onset of dental emergence stages among 4-15 years old Nigerian children: A guide for clinical intervention

ABSTRACTBackground: Dental emergence staging involves the utilization of a group of teeth to categorize the dentition into deciduous, mixed, adolescent and permanent. The various stages serve as guides for clinical intervention.Aims: This present study was conducted to determine the onset of the various dentition stages among a group of Nigeria children. Materials and method: it was a cross-sectional descriptive study and data were collected over a fourteen-month period among clinically healthy 424 participants comprising of 186 male and 238 females aged 4-15 years and analysed using SPSS statistics 22.0. The mean ages of onset of the various dental stages, the overall dental stages and the dental stages of each jaw were compared according to gender using unpaired t-test. Statistical significance level was set at P&lt;0.05. Result: The average age of the fully established deciduous dentition was 4.61 ± 0.79 years among females and 5.00 ± 1.16 years in males, p=0.153. Females were also observed to have attained early mixed dentition, late mixed dentition and adolescent dentition earlier than male participants. The average age of the fully erupted first and second molars were 9.76 ±2.36 years and 13.06 ± 1.71 years respectively with female participants observed to have attained each of the stages earlier than male participants, P&gt;0.05. Conclusion: The results shows that female participants attained early mixed dentition, late mixed dentition and adolescent dentition earlier than males. However, males had early attainment of the intermediate mixed dentition. The average age of the fully erupted first and second permanent molars which also tend to have occurred earlier among the females. Therefore, there is the need to individualized staging of the dentition stage to guide the appropriate timing of treatment intervention.Keywords: Dental emergence, Dental eruption, Dentition stage

The Evaluation of Occlusion Characteristic and Deleterious Oral Habits in 3- to 5-year-old Children

Aim: Malocclusion is a prevalent public health concern, impacting craniofacial growth and development, and significantly affecting the quality of life of children in terms of oral health. This study investigated the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 3 to 5 years, aiming to understand its occlusal characteristics, deleterious oral habits, correlations, and their parents’ attitudes toward malocclusion. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study included 275 children aged 3-5 and their parents. The occlusion characteristics of the children participating in the study, including the relationship of the primary molar and canine teeth, overjet, crossbite, deep bite and anterior open bite, were evaluated and recorded by a researcher. A 7-item questionnaire was administered to the parents to collect sociodemographic data and oral health habits of the children's parents. The chi-square test was used for statistical assessment of results. Results: The results revealed that 40.7% of the children had malocclusion during their primary dentition period. It was found that the most common malocclusion was deep bite (15.7%) and harmful oral habits, especially bruxism (16.3%), were commonly observed among children in the researched age group. Conclusion: The results of this study will play an important role in shaping future oral health planning, especially regarding malocclusions seen in the primary dentition. It is thought that the findings from the study will guide strategies to improve oral health and preventive measures.

Vertical and transverse treatment effects of Invisalign First system compared to Hyrax maxillary expanders with fixed appliances in mixed dentition patients.

To compare vertical and transverse changes in mixed dentition patients treated with the Invisalign First System (IFS) to those treated with a banded hyrax expander with fixed appliances (Hyrax) and control groups, and to assess the efficiency rate of dental arch expansion with IFS. The study included 80 mixed dentition patients, with 40 in each group (IFS and Hyrax) and 40 controls from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection. Skeletal and dental vertical dimension changes and arch width changes between pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) were evaluated. Age at T1, time interval (T1-T2), sex, and Angle class did not significantly differ among the groups. Mandibular plane angle changes showed a similar reduction for the control and IFS groups, with no changes in the Hyrax group. However, the differences among the three groups did not reach statistical significance (P = .06). The Hyrax group showed significantly greater expansion in maxillary intermolar width compared to the IFS group, 4.4 vs 2.5 mm, respectively. The efficiency of maxillary expansion using IFS ranged from 52.3% to 76.87%. During the mixed dentition stage, no significant changes occurred in vertical dimensions among the control, Hyrax, and IFS groups. Although there was a trend suggesting a greater reduction in mandibular plane angle in the IFS group compared to the Hyrax group, this may not be clinically significant given the less than 1° difference. IFS can be a viable option for addressing mild arch width deficiencies, with a predictable increase in intermolar width of approximately 2.5 mm.

Catch them early and treat them Young: Early Orthodontic treatment in developing Class II cases, a review and case report

Developing Class II malocclusion is relatively a common presentation in the mixed dentition stage. Early interception and treatment at an appropriate age can avoid a host of problems that may complicate future orthodontic treatment. This article highlights a case report and gives an insight regarding the topic.

Mandibular Interincisor and Intercanine Width at Three Different Stages of Dentition: A Cross-sectional Study.

Malocclusion is a manifestation of normal biological variability, defined as a misalignment of the teeth or an incorrect occlusion between the upper and lower dental arches. This study aimed to evaluate the mandibular intercanine primary, mixed, and permanent dentition in school children of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,392 children between the ages of 4 and 18 years from schools that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The dental casts were poured and further divided based on the dentition stage, i.e., primary, mixed, and permanent dentition stages. Mandibular arch widths-interincisor and intercanine were measured on the casts by a digital vernier caliper. The statistically significant difference was found as the interincisor width increased from primary to mixed dentition and between males and females for permanent dentition. Intercanine width significantly increases from primary to mixed dentition and gradually from mixed to permanent dentition stages. The present study found that there is a significant increase in interincisor and intercanine width in the lower dental arch from primary dentition to permanent dentition. Singhal P, Jaswal O, Thakur S. Mandibular Interincisor and Intercanine Width at Three Different Stages of Dentition: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):417-424.

Preformed Elastodontic Appliances: Awareness and Attitude of Orthodontists and General Dental Practitioners.

Preformed elastodontic appliances (EAs) have been described as safe, cost-effective, and easy-to-use devices for interceptive orthodontic treatment in growing patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and the attitude of dentists toward the use of EAs and to compare the behaviors of orthodontists (Os) with those of general dental practitioners (GDPs). An anonymous survey was distributed among dentists through social media. Twenty-two items were divided as follows: characteristics of respondents; general knowledge about EAs; section for EA-users; and section for EA non-users. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze differences in responses between groups. Participants included 226 Os and 168 GDPs. The majority in both groups reported having adequate knowledge about EAs and utilizing them in their practice. GDPs usually use EAs to treat children during the early phase of growth, while Os also use EAs to address orthodontic problems in different stages of dentition, experiencing a chair time reduction compared with traditional appliances. Regarding EA non-users, GDPs seem not to find an application among their patients, whereas Os reported not having enough patient compliance during treatment. Although treatment with EAs is common among all dentists, differences exist between Os and GDPs in the awareness and application, as well as in the reasons provided for not using EAs.

An epidemiological study on early orthodontic treatment need among eastern Saudi Arabian children in the mixed dentition stage.

Estimation of early orthodontic treatment need among children is essential for planning orthodontic interventions in the mixed dentition stages thereby reducing the burden in a publicly funded healthcare system. The present study aimed to assess the early orthodontic treatment need among children with mixed dentition in the Eastern Saudi Arabia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among Saudi children visiting the outpatient clinics in a University dental setting, and data were collected based on Index for preventive and interceptive orthodontic need (IPION). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The category of 'no treatment need' accounted for 11.3% while 'moderate treatment need' and 'definite treatment need' categories accounted for 29.3% and 59.4% respectively. There was no statistical difference between males and females in the distribution of the three categories of treatment need (p = 0.513). This study demonstrated a very high need for early orthodontic treatment among Saudi children in the mixed dentition stage. Emphasis should be placed on increased awareness and benefits of seeking early orthodontic treatment involving preventive and interceptive procedures in the mixed dentition.

The Impact of Early Orthodontic Intervention on Dental and Skeletal Development in Children with Mixed Dentition.

The mixed dentition stage in children is a critical period for orthodontic assessment and intervention. This study investigates the effects of interceptive orthodontics on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition, aiming to evaluate the potential benefits of early orthodontic treatment. A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 150 children with mixed dentition (aged 7-11 years), who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. Dental and skeletal records, including cephalometric radiographs and dental cast models, were collected before and after treatment. A control group of 150 untreated children with mixed dentition was also assessed for comparison. Various dental and skeletal parameters, such as dental alignment, overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), and cephalometric measurements, were recorded and analyzed. The results of this study indicate significant improvements in dental alignment and occlusion in the group of children who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. The average reduction in OJ was 3.5 mm, and the OB correction averaged 2.1 mm. Cephalometric analysis showed positive changes in skeletal relationships, with a mean reduction in the angle formed by point A, nasion (N) and point B. (ANB) angle of 2.8 degrees. These improvements were statistically significant compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Early orthodontic intervention, such as interceptive orthodontics, has a positive impact on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Parents about Oral Health in the Primary Dentition Stage in a Peruvian High Andean City.

Children's oral health depends on parents' knowledge and attitudes. The primary dentition stage, in particular, plays a crucial role in the comprehensive development of children. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate parents' knowledge and attitudes about oral health in the primary dentition stage in Chachapoyas (Amazonas, NW Peru). A questionnaire was administered to 409 parents from 15 educational institutions, and the data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Among the surveyed parents, 75.3% could identify at least one habit harmful to their children's teeth (such as excessive sugar consumption) and one of its effects (such as dental caries). Additionally, 77.5% reported that their children presented some dental problem, more frequent in the peripheral areas than in the city's center. Gender (odd ratio, OR = 0.484; p = 0.037), educational level (OR = 2.144; p = 0.043), and type of health insurance (OR = 2.627; p = 0.044) of the parents influenced awareness of taking care of their children's primary dental health. The geographic location of the school (1.729 < OR < 2.079; p ≤ 0.011) and family income (OR = 3.504; p = 0.028) influenced parents' identification of the different harmful effects of children's habits. Factors such as low socioeconomic status and never taking the child to the dentist increased the risk of dental problems (p < 0.05). It is suggested that peripheral areas, like rural areas, lack the same oral health programs and access to treatment as central urban areas, leading to disparities in parental knowledge and attitudes.

Prevalence and contributing factors of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7-8 years in southern China.

Malocclusion, a common oral health problem in children, is associated with several contributing factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mixed dentition stage malocclusion and its contributing factors in Chinese Zhuang children aged 7-8 years. Overall, 2,281 Zhuang children, about 7-8 years old, were randomly selected using a stratified whole-cluster sampling method from schools in counties in Northwestern Guangxi, China. The children were examined on-site for malocclusion and caries by trained dentists, and basic data on the children were collected using questionnaires, including age, sex, parental education, parental accompaniment, and children's knowledge of malocclusion and treatment needs. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. The total prevalence of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7-8 years was 58.5%, with the highest prevalence of anterior crossbite tendency, and the prevalence of anterior crossbite and anterior edge-to-edge occlusion was 15.1% and 7.7%, respectively. This was followed by an anterior increased overjet of 13.3% and an inter-incisor spacing of 10.3%. The lowest prevalence was 2.7% for anterior open bite. Sex, parental accompaniment, parental education, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth of the first primary molar were factors that contributed to malocclusion in Zhuang children. Malocclusion is a common oral problem among Zhuang children. Therefore, more attention must be paid to the intervention and prevention of malocclusion. The impact factors should be controlled as early as possible.

Is maxillary protraction the earlier the better? A retrospective study on early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency.

To investigate the optimal timing of maxillary protraction in children with Class III malocclusion to aid comprehension of this still non-consensual topic. In all, the data of 97 children with Class III malocclusion treated by using the Delaire facemask with maxillary expansion were collected retrospectively and divided into three groups according to their dentition stages; those subjects in the mixed dentition group were further divided into three subgroups. All patients were regrouped by the cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) and observed closely by cephalograms at the beginning of treatment (T0) and after facemask removal (T1). Comparisons between subgroups, within groups, and the final evaluation of the increment of maxillary length were performed by different statistical methods. Similar favorable maxillary traction effects were achieved in all stages. Intragroup comparisons showed changes without significance in aspect ratio during the mixed dentition stage, while there was a significant decrease during the deciduous and permanent dentition stages. The largest increment of maxillary length was obtained when the maxillary protraction began at Cervical Stage (CS)2. However, no significant difference was found in all skeletal measurements among the three groups (deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition stages) and the three subgroups with mixed dentition. The univariable linear regression analysis also showed that CVMI and dentition stage at T1 did not have a significant impact on the increment of maxillary length. In our center, Class III malocclusion patients treated with the Delaire facemask achieved similar skeletal changes in short term, when they began the treatment at different dentition stages or CVMI stages. Starting the maxillary protraction at CS2 was likely a reliable choice for those who desired more maxillary advancement.

Анкетування як важливий інструмент для виявлення факторів впливу на затримку прорізування зубів

Aim. To identify risk factors for delayed eruption of permanent anterior teeth in children aged 7 to 14 years, based on clinical examination, radiological examination, parental/caregiver questioning. Materials and Methods. The study included Ukrainian children aged 7-14 years who had delayed eruption of permanent teeth. They were divided into two groups. Group I was composed of 56 (40.0%) children aged 7-9 years with early mixed dentition; Group II was made of 84 (60.0%) individuals aged 10-14 years who had the final stage of mixed dentition. After careful history taking and physical examination, a clinical examination was performed to identify abnormal positions of incisors or canines and to determine the condition of the oral cavity and the bite; a radiological examination included CBCT; and the children’s parents /caregivers were surveyed with the use of the questionnaire we had developed. Results. It has been established that the main risk factors for delayed eruption of permanent teeth are arch-length deficiency, recurrent colds, respiratory disorders, delay in chewing food, pathology in the first trimester of pregnancy, premature extraction of primary teeth, use of a pacifier, delayed loss of deciduous teeth, bad habits, allergies, formula and mixed feeding, orthodontic treatment in the parents’ history, ectopic teething, and injuries to the maxillofacial area in children. Conclusions. A comprehensive history taking, an appropriate determination of the stages of dental development and an assessment of the potential risks of delayed teething are of paramount importance in the diagnosis of pathology, as they allow for the prediction of future orthodontic complications. Key words: delayed eruption of permanent teeth, questionnaire, X-ray examination, dental trauma, ENT pathology, bad habits, CBCT, early loss of primary teeth, allergy, burdened family history, stressor.