Dentition Of Children Research Articles

Exploration and innovative application of digital technology in pediatric dentistry

Pediatric dentistry treats patients aged 0-18 years, encompassing the characteristics of general dentistry. The clinical techniques are closely related to restorative dentistry, endodontics, orthodontics, and maxillofacial surgery, while also possessing unique aspects. It particularly focuses on the growth and development patterns of children's dentition and maxillofacial structures. Currently, digital technology has deeply integrated with various clinical disciplines of dentistry, and pediatric dentistry has made significant progress with pediatric-specific digital applications. On one hand, the introduction of mature digital technologies is enabling the digital transformation of pediatric dental treatment models; on the other hand, there is innovative development of new digital technologies tailored to the specific needs of pediatric dental care, filling gaps in the field. Based on years of research in digital technology for pediatric dentistry, our team details the current innovative applications and scientific explorations in this area from these two perspectives. Additionally, we anticipate the potential expansion of digital technologies not yet applied in pediatric dentistry, providing a reference for clinical scholars in the field to conduct exploratory research.

Characterization of Tissue Immunity Defense Factors of the Lip in Primary Dentition Children with Bilateral Cleft Lip Palate.

Bilateral cleft lip palate is a severe congenital birth defect of the mouth and face. Immunity factors modulate immune response, inflammation, and healing; therefore, they are vital in the assessment of the immunological status of the patient. The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of Gal-10, CD-163, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in tissue of the bilateral cleft lip palate in primary dentition children. Five patients underwent cheiloplasty surgery, where five tissue samples of lip were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. A statistically significant increase in HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 was found in skin and mucosal epithelium, hair follicles, and blood vessels. A notable increase was also noted in IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in the mucosal epithelium and CD163 in blood vessels. The connective tissue of patients presented with a statistically significant decrease in Gal-10, IL-10, and HBD-3. Spearman's rank correlation revealed multiple significant positive and negative correlations between the factors. Upregulation of CD163 points to increased angiogenesis but the increase in IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the decrease in Gal-10 points to suppression of excessive inflammatory damage. Decreased connective tissue healing and excessive scarring are suggested by the decrease in HBD-3 and IL-10 and the increase in IL-6.

Mandibular response after rapid maxillary expansion in mixed dentition children with different vertical growth patterns: a retrospective study.

This study evaluated the mandibular development induced by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) therapy in mixed dentition patients with different vertical growth patterns through long-term observation. The research utilized a retrospective design that included two cohorts: a control group consisting of pediatric subjects with individualized malocclusions, and an experimental group received RME therapy. A total of 60 subjects were included; 37 in the RME group (17 males and 20 females) and 23 in the control group (13 males and 10 females). Based on mandibular plane angles, 19 pertinent cephalometric variables were quantified with Dolphin Imaging software, and participants were subclassified into high-angle and normal-angle subgroups. Changes in the groups during the observation period were statistically analyzed with a t-test. Compared to the control group, both sagittal parameters tended to decrease after treatment in the RME group (p < 0.05), and none of the vertical correlations were statistically different (p > 0.05). Within the normal-angle experimental subgroup, sagittal parameters markedly decreased when contrasted with their normal-angle control group (p < 0.05). Notably, a substantive decrease in overjet was solely observable in the sagittal dimension among the high-angle expansion subgroup when compared to the high-angle control subgroup (p < 0.05). In the vertical dimension, neither the normal-angle nor high-angle subgroups exhibited any statistically significant differences from their respective control cohorts (p > 0.05). Based on long-term observation, RME therapy promotes mandible sagittal growth of the mandible in subjects with normal-angle vertical growth patterns. A similar tendency was not observed in subjects with high-angle vertical growth patterns. In addition, the mandibular plane angle did not increase after RME in children with high-angles.

Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study.

To assess and compare the mandibular intercanine width (ICW) of children at three stages of mixed dentition in children at Namakkal district. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 135 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years, with 45 children in each group. Group I included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, group II included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, and group III included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Impressions were made in the mandibular anterior region, and study casts were prepared. Measurements of the mandibular ICW were taken using a digital vernier caliper. The mean mandibular ICW after the complete eruption of permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 23.7, 25.5, and 25.7 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the ICW between the three groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that mandibular ICW was statistically significant between groups I and II and group III (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that age does not contribute to the changes in mandibular ICW. The average mandibular ICW found can be a standard comparison for treatment planning in the western Tamil Nadu population. Mandibular ICW reaches its maximum after the eruption of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. Changes in mandibular ICW should be attributed to the eruption of permanent mandibular anterior teeth and not to the age of the child. Balaraman C, Asokan S, Pollachi Ramakrishnan GP, et al. Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):737-741.

Specialists' management of permanent dentition traumatic dental injuries in 7-16-year-olds: A qualitative study.

Specialist paediatric dentists are integral to dental trauma care pathways. General dentists rely on specialist input, more so in complex cases. Little is known about specialists' role in these pathways or the perceived barriers they face. The aim is to explore specialists' role in managing traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition in children. Face-to-face (remote video) online semi-structured interviews were undertaken. All UK specialists were invited by email. Purposeful sampling aimed to investigate representation from the devolved nations, presence/absence of working within a managed-clinical network and level of care provision. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were thematically analysed. Data saturation was reached after nine interviews. Three main themes established were: inconsistent access to care; the need to formalise traumatic dental injuries care pathways; educationally upskilling general dentists. Geographical variation in provision of specialist and out-of-hours/emergency department care meant patients risked not receiving care by the most appropriate individual. Formalizing care pathways by clearly defining the role of each stakeholder (specialist, dentist, medical professionals and parents) and developing a method to assess complexity was perceived to be essential to improving treatment outcomes. Upskilling general dentists in trauma management appeared essential. A potential lack of engagement was raised, with a suggestion that trauma management education should become core continuing-professional development. Specialist input should be available in the management of traumatic dental injuries. Current access to specialist care is inequitable across the UK. Formalizing care pathways and upskilling general dentists could ease inconsistencies.

Comparative Evaluation of Horizontal Lip Position With Ricketts Esthetic Plane in Preschool and School-Going Children of Bankura, West Bengal: A Craniofacial Anthropometric Study.

Introduction The horizontal lip position and esthetic plane are two important parameters to define facial beauty, and these factors are always given importance in children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate horizontal lip position in primary and mixed dentition children with class I occlusion and to analyze its association with gender among preschool and schoolchildren of villages in the Bankura district in West Bengal. Materials and methods Researchers screened 437 children for the study and selected those who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 407 children were segregated: 201 children aged three to five years with the flush terminal plane and mesial step in primary teeth and 206 children aged seven to eleven years with class I occlusion in mixed dentition were selected from schools in villages in Bankura district, West Bengal, India. The subjects were instructed to hold the head in the natural head position by looking straight, and points were marked on the nose and chin tip, respectively. A metallic ruler was placed from nose to chin, representing Rickett's esthetic line. The horizontal lip distance to the esthetic plane of both upper and lower lips was measured as a linear distance from the most anterior part of the lip to the metallic ruler. The data were recorded, compared with gender, and statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences software (SPSS version 19.0, 2015, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The most prevalent horizontal lip distance for both upper and lower lips to the esthetic line for primary and mixed dentition in the Bankura region of West Bengal was category I, where the lip is seen beyond the E plane, followed by category II, where lips are at a horizontal distance in the range of 0-1.5 mm from the esthetic line. A significant correlation of lip position with Rickets aesthetic plane was also illustrious with gender in primary dentition, but a non-significant association with gender was noted in mixed dentition. Conclusion Children with class I occlusion from the Bankura district of West Bengal showed a higher percentage of lip position beyond the esthetic plane in both primary and mixed dentition, which is not in line with the inference of Ricketts's studies on the Caucasian population. There is a definite association between gender and horizontal lip distance in Ricketts esthetic plane. Protrusive upper lips were seen more in males, and retrusive lips were seen more in females. Clinical significance The horizontal lip position with reference to Ricketts esthetic plane has been documented in the literature for adults and teens undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. However, there is no study done to define these measurements in preschool and school-going children, which can assist in determining future esthetic profiles and in preparing a protocol for early age interceptive orthodontics along with aesthetic rehabilitation of the anterior area of the mouth.

PHACES syndrome and multi-regional odontodysplasia: a case report.

PHACES syndrome is an acronym for the syndromic presentation of Posterior fossa malformation, Hemangioma, Arterial anomalies, Coarctation of aorta/cardiac defects, Eye abnormalities and Sternal malformations. Infantile hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy. Regional odontodysplasia, commonly referred to as "ghost teeth", is a rare localized developmental malformation of enamel and dentin with varying levels of severity that results in unusual clinical and radiographic appearances of affected teeth. This report describes a rare case of a two-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed with PHACES syndrome also presenting with multi-regional odontodysplasia. Ten of twenty teeth were dysplastic. The patient was treated under general anesthesia in a hospital setting. All affected primary teeth were extracted due to sensitivity, abscess and extremely poor long-term prognosis. Moving forward, a long-term interdisciplinary approach will be necessary to address this child's dentition as it develops.

Patrones de dieta y caries dental en la dentición permanente: Una revisión exploratoria

Introduction: Dental caries is influenced by diet com-ponents. Dietary patterns are the way people combine foods and drinks. They can be derived through adherence to a standard diet (a priori), obtaining patterns from existing diet data (a posteriori), or Reduced Rank Regression. Dental caries research has focused on sugar instead of food combinations. The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence about the relationship between caries in permanent dentition and dietary patterns. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted by searching in Web of Science and PubMed. We included articles from 2001 to 2021, that studied dietary patterns or a combination of foods using one of the three methods described. Articles that dealt exclusively with breastfeeding, temporary dentition in children, or specific chronic diseases or disabilities were excluded. We assessed the quality of the articles with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: 1094 articles were identified and nine were included in qualitative synthesis. Three articles obtained dietary patterns through a priori methods and six with an a posteriori approach. Most of the studies (8) were cross-sectional. Some dietary patterns related to caries were “High in sugar-sweetened beverages and sandwiches”, “obesogenic” and “sweet”. Adherence to dietary recommendations like Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) were associated with lower DMFS index and root caries index, respectively. Conclusions: An association between dietary patterns and caries was found, but causality cannot be affirmed. To a better understanding of this problem, new investigations are needed that should be focused on dietary styles instead of only some ingredients. Keywords: Dietary patterns; Dental caries; diet quality scores; Principal component analysis; Food combinations; Health behavior.

A two-year retrospective study on traumatic dental injury in the primary dentition.

The aim of this study was to analyze the causes, clinical characteristics, social factors, and current status of treatment of traumatic dental injury (TDI) in the primary dentition. A retrospective analysis was performed on 144 children (213 teeth) with TDI in the primary dentition from our hospital between December 2017 and June 2020. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and the Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon test. Boys accounted for 68.1% (98/144) and girls for 31.9% (46/144) of all 144 children with TDI in the primary dentition, with a boy-girl ratio of 2.13:1. The primary age of TDI in deciduous teeth was 2 to 4 years old, accounting for 59% of all cases. Collision with others and fall were the 2 main causes of trauma to the deciduous teeth, making up 52.1% and 44.4% of all causes, respectively. Crown fracture injury was the most common type of TDI in the primary dentition, accounting for 37% of all cases (53/144). Of the 144 cases, 17.4% (25/144) was accompanied by soft tissue laceration, while 22.2% (32/144) by swelling or contusion of tissue. Maxillary teeth (92.4%) were more vulnerable to injury than mandibular teeth (7.5%), with maxillary incisor being the most vulnerable 1 (91.5%). The percentage of children arrived at the hospital for treatment 24 hours after the injury was the highest (57.0%, 82/144). After the hospital visit, 74.3% of children received treatment for the dental trauma. In terms of the treatment modalities, extraction of the traumatized teeth (27.1%) and pulpectomy + resin filling (or preformed crown) restoration were predominant. Approximately 28.5% (41/144) of cases were reviewed within 2 years, with the proportion of children with pulpitis or periapical infection being the highest (29.3%, 12/41). Age, gender, collision, and fall are the factors linked to a higher risk of TDI in the primary dentition in children under the age of 7. Resin filling (or preformed crown) restoration and pulpectomy are effective in preserving the affected tooth and controlling infection. However, the preservation of the affected tooth and the prevention of infection may be hampered by late visits and low follow-up rates.

Treatment effects after maxillary expansion using invisalign first system vs. acrylic splint expander in mixed dentition: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundInvisalign First System (First) is a new type of orthodontic appliance for maxillary arch expansion in mixed dentition children. Till now, few studies have evaluated the expansion effects of First versus other appliances. What’s more, most studies of arch expansion did not include a natural group to rule out growth effects. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the dental and dentoalveolar effects using First or acrylic splint rapid maxillary expander (RME) in adolescents excluding growth factors.Materials and methodsAfter screening by strict inclusion criteria and propensity score matching (PSM), fifty-one patients were included: First group (n = 17), RME group (n = 17), and natural growth (NG) group (n = 17). Nine indicators including dental arch width, dentoalveolar arch width, and inclination of the molars were measured on digital dental casts at baseline (T0) and six-month follow-up (T1). Paired t-tests were used for intra-group results, and two-sample independent t-tests were used for inter-group comparisons.ResultsThere was no significant increase in all indicators within six months in the NG group (p > 0.05). In the First group and RME group, all width indicators were significantly increased after treatment (p < 0.05). The RME group exhibited greater expansion than the First group in intercanine width, first interpremolar width, second interdeciduous molar width, first intermolar width, arch perimeter, intercanine dentoalveolar width, intermolar dentoalveolar width, and inclination of the molars (p < 0.05). Whereas, there was no significant difference in arch depth between the two treated groups.ConclusionsBoth First and RME can expand the maxillary arch in mixed dentition. In case of mild to moderate maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD), Invisalign First System could be a reasonable option. RME shows significant better efficiency of dental arch expansion than First, recommended for patients with severe MTD.Trial registrationThis prospective study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (01/02/2022, registration number: ChiCTR2200056220). The trial was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hunan Xiangya Stomatological Hospital Central South University (20,200,088), and informed consent was obtained from all subjects and their legal guardian(s).

Pengetahuan Orang Tua Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Terhadap Kasus Kesehatan Persistensi

School-age children, especially children of primary school age (6-12 years) are a group that is vulnerable to dental and oral diseases because it is during this period that milk teeth begin to fall out one by one and are replaced by permanent teeth, with variations in milk teeth and permanent teeth together. in the mouth, marking the period of mixed dentition in children. Elementary school-age children are the mixed dentition period, that is, the transitional period when milk teeth fall out and permanent teeth grow and are an age that is considered vulnerable to dental and oral diseases. The purpose of this research is to explain the knowledge of parents in elementary school children with persistence cases. The type of research used is a literature study. The literature study method is a series of activities related to methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes, and managing research materials. Results and conclusions that 1. Parents' knowledge of elementary school children with persistent cases is included in the less category where the better the knowledge the lower the child will experience tooth persistence. 2. Parents' knowledge will influence children's attitudes and behavior to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Lack of parental knowledge due to lack of education. 3. Tooth persistence in children who are not treated immediately will cause other dental problems such as malocclusion, ectopic eruption and impaction. Tooth persistence in children can be prevented if parents have more knowledge about tooth persistence.

Caries Experience in Primary and Permanent Dentition in Children Up to 15 Years of Age from Bosnia and Herzegovina-A Retrospective Study.

The research was conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional study. Analyzes and comparisons of caries indices were performed using groups formed according to their gender (male-M and female-F) and age, i.e., the first group-children in early childhood, ≤5 years; the second group, middle childhood 6-8 years; the third group, preadolescents 9-11 years old; fourth group, adolescents 12-15 years old. Overall prevalence of caries in primary dentition was 89.1%, while in permanent dentition, it was 60.7%. The overall mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth- dmft in male participants was 5.4, while in female participants, it was 5.1. By contrast, a higher overall mean DMFT was established in the female participants (2.7 vs. 3.0). We can see a high prevalence in all of the examined groups. In primary dentition, males examined during the course of the study had a higher overall mean dmft and the mean number of untreated decayed primary teeth, whereas females up to age 15 examined during the course of the study had more DMF teeth.

Association between maxillary canine impaction and other dental anomalies: radiological study of a mixed dentition children’s cohort from an orthodontic clinic

PurposeTo investigate the significance of association between maxillary impacted canines and various dental anomalies.MethodsFiles of 874 orthodontic patients were evaluated for the presence of maxillary impacted canines. From this sample, a group of 97 patients (39 males and 58 females) with at least 1 impacted maxillary canine consisted the study group. This group was compared to a control group of 97 patients (42 males and 55 females) that was created by random selection from the initial sample without maxillary canine impaction. The impaction diagnosis was made from the panoramic radiographs. Chi-square test was used to perform the analysis for significant associations. Stepwise discriminant analysis, binary logistic regression and classification tree were used to identify best combinations.ResultsStatistically significant difference was found for peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and infraoccluded deciduous molars. The presence of peg-shaped upper lateral incisors arises the probability of impacted canine to 83.3%, a distal displaced unerupted second premolar to 63.16% and the impaction of any other teeth to 80% as showed by the classification tree.ConclusionsThe presence of peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and infraocclusion of deciduous molars can be considered major valuable early risk indicators for maxillary canine impaction, because they manifest before the maxillary canine eruption. Special consideration should be given on distal displaced unerupted second premolar and the impaction of any other teeth. Patients with these dental anomalies are candidates for future interceptive treatment for canine eruption.

Comprehensive Oral Rehabilitation Amidst COVID-19 Times with General Anaesthesia in the Primary Dentition in Children with Frankel's Definitely Negative Behaviour

Accomplishing complete dental rehabilitation in a young child requires extra efforts, primarily because of the need to make use of behavior modification techniques, especially in the children requiring extensive dental procedures. Pharmacological means are sought when nonpharmacological techniques fail. General anesthesia (GA) comes to rescue in such cases. The applicability of GA in pediatric dentistry has been researched a lot and found to be effective. The case reports describe the challenges faced in managing the mutilated dentition in two children with Frankel's behavior rating as 1 (definitely negative behavior), in the midst of a pandemic where the pediatric dentist had to take care of the parental anxiety related to the child's oral conditions along with the concern of safety protocols followed in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Complete oral rehabilitation was accomplished for both the children under GA.

Clinical condition of teeth and dentition in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND: Literature and statistical data reveal the increasing incidence of psychoneurological diseases (PND) and thus dental pathologies with PND in children and adolescents. Thus, the authors examined the structures and frequency of dental defects and deformities in patients with PND. Children and adolescents with PND aged 718 years are at high risk for the development of dental pathologies, and oxidative stress and immune system disorder present major associations with the pathogenesis of dental pathologies.&#x0D; AIM: To determine the structure and frequency of dental defects and deformities in children and adolescents with PND and study the etiopathogenetic factors and mechanism of pathology formation to guide the development of preventive measures.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprehensively analyzed the data of 299 patients aged 718 years, of which 143 were diagnosed with PND based on the International Classification of Disease 10th Revision (main group; МG) and 156 somatically healthy patients with dental pathologies (control group; CG). The participants were divided into two subgroups: 75 patients aged 712 years (52.44%; МG-1) and 68 patients aged 1318 years (47.55%; МG-2) from the main group (MG) and 65 (41.66%; CG-1) and 91 (58.33%; CG-2) patients from the CG of the respective age groups.&#x0D; RESULTS: The incidence rates of caries in the temporary teeth of MG-1 and CG-1 were 97.33% and 84.61% and in the permanent teeth of MG-2 and CG-2 were 95.58 and 87.91%, respectively. In the pre-eruptive period, the rates of dental lesions were as follows: hypoplasia, 20.97%; impaired dentition, 49.65%; primary adentia, 47.55%; anomalies of the completeness of teeth, 64.33%; endemic fluorosis of teeth, 2.79% in patients with PND; and 12.17%, 12.17%, 26.92%, 11.53%, and 0.6% in children and adolescents in CG, respectively (p 0.0001): disappearance of dental hard tissues, 9.09%; dental injuries, 24.47%; enamel necrosis, 7.7%; enamel erosion, 17.5% of patients with MG. In children and adolescents of CG, only tooth trauma was noted in 7.7% and enamel necrosis in 1.3%. In patients with PND, 49.6% had distal occlusion; 37.8%, cross occlusion; 31.6%, neutral occlusion; 29.9%, deep incisor occlusion; 25.9%, deep incisor malocclusion; 54.5%, narrowing of the lower dentition; 43.3%, crowding of teeth in the lower jaw; 26.6%, diastemas; and tremas, 23.8%.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Non-carious lesions of the teeth and a shift in the timing of the development of temporary and permanent teeth are more common in MG than in CG and lead to impaired dental anatomy and disrupt the aesthetics of smiles, speech, etc. Moreover, hypertrophic gingivitis and local periodontitis were characteristic of children with severe PND, who are at high risk for dental pathologies associated with oxidative stress and genetically related immune system disorders, especially in older children with PND.

Should midline diastema in mixed dentition be an aesthetic concern?

Mixed dentition determines an important period of occlusion development in childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the aesthetic impact of the midline diastema cut-off point in mixed dentition. A cross-sectional study was performed with 257 children aged 8-10 years in late mixed dentition, with midline diastema of 1-5 mm and normal maxillary overjet. Orthodontic Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score determined the aesthetic impact of the midline diastema. Four quartiles of diastema measurements and impact scores were considered as cut-off points. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were constructed, and the distances representing the distances to the ideal point were calculated. The Yuden index determined the efficiency of measuring the diastema to assess the aesthetic impact. The Kruskal-Wallis test compared the groups of participants classified according to the diastema cut-off by the sample quartile regarding the impact score. The analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%. There was no significant difference between the four groups of measurement quartiles of the diastema regarding the aesthetic impact (P > .05). The perception of dental aesthetics in mixed dentition children was not affected by the midline diastema, regardless of the cut-off point.

A non-randomized concurrent controlled trial of myofunctional treatment in the mixed dentition children with functional mouth breathing assessed by cephalometric radiographs and study models

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the clinical effects of myofunctional treatment on children with functional mouth breathing by cephalometric radiographs and study models.MethodsA total of 224 children (6–10 years old; 114 males and 110 females; SNA°: 82.24 ± 1.67°; ANB°: 2.79 ± 0.80°, 28° < SN-GoGn° < 37°) formed three groups: MB-M group (mouth breathers with myofunctional treatment,n = 75); MB-N group (mouth breathers with no treatment,n = 70); NB group (nasal breathers with no treatment, n = 79). A blind evaluation of cephalometric radiographs and study models was conducted at T1(pre-study) and T2 (post-study), respectively.ResultsTwo hundred four children (MB-M:66, MB-N:68, NB:70) completed the present study. At T1, MB-M and MB-N groups, compared to their NB counterpart, had greater anterior lower facial height(P < 0.01) and overjet(P < 0.001) but shorter overbite and maxillary canines width (P < 0.001). At T2, the MB-N group exhibited a higher ANB angle, anterior lower facial height, and overjet, but shorter overbite and maxillary canines width (P < 0.001). From T1 to T2, the anterior lower facial height increased, overbite and the maxillary canines width further decreased in the MB-N group (P < 0.001). However, in the MB-M group, the incisors were retracted, overbite increased (P < 0.001), anterior lower facial height increased insignificantly (P > 0.05), and maxillary canines width increased slightly (P < 0.05). In the NB and MB-M groups, the mandible showed a normal tendency to grow forward, whereas, in the MB-N group, the mandible showed a tendency to grow downward (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMouth breathers demonstrated increased anterior facial height and overjet but reduced overbite and maxillary arch width, which improved significantly following myofunctional treatment.Trial registrationTCTR: TCTR20220401001. Registered 1stApril 2022-Retrospectively registered.

Evaluación de la fuerza de mordida molar en dentición temporal cariada y no cariada en niños de 4 a 6 años

Objetive: The aim of the study was to evaluate the maximum molar bite force in children aged 4 to 6 years with and without dental caries. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out from May 2018 to December 2018. A total of 288 children aged between 4 to 6 years were randomly selected from six different primary schools in Chennai city, India and divided into two groups of 144 children each, based on the presence and absence of caries: Group A children with non-carious dentition and Group B children with carious dentition. Bite force measurement was performed using standardized custom made occlusal force gauge. Statistical analysis used: Data were expressed as the mean ± SD. Student’s t‑test (two tailed, independent) and ANOVA were used to find the significance of study parameters between the groups. Results: Occlusal bite force of non-carious dentition (367.94 ±33.71N) was higher than the carious dentition (326.73±27.83N) and it was statistically significant (p≤0.01). Overall occlusal bite force of boys (350.44±35.84N) was significantly higher than that of girls (344.22±38.25N). Flush terminal plane molar relationship showed higher occlusal bite force (380.54±27.36N) followed by mesial step (350.82±22.25N) and distal step (310.63±20.82N) molar relationship. Conclusion: Non-carious dentition showed significantly higher bite force than carious dentition in children 4 to 6 years of age. Boys had higher bite force than the girls and flush terminal plane molar relationship showed higher bite force than mesial and distal step molar relationship.

Functional orthopedic treatment for anterior open bite in children. Asystematic review of randomized clinical trials.

This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of orthopedic functional appliances for anterior open bite (AOB) in primary or mixed dentition children. A search for randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted in November 2020 in electronic databases with no data or language restrictions. Primary outcomes were skeletal cephalometric variables and adverse events. We used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool to assess methodological quality and the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. We identified five RCTs (220 participants). Very low certainty evidence showed an improvement in overbite (mean difference [MD] 3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63-4.57) and in the angulation of the upper incisors to the palatal plane (MD 3.70; 95% CI 0.85-6.55) with Frankel's functional regulator, compared to no treatment. There was no difference in the measured cephalometric variables when comparing removable palatal crib to fixed palatal crib, bonded spurs, and chin cup. When comparing removable versus magnetic bite blocks, abeneficial effect was observed in overbite, overjet, skeletal anteroposterior angular measurements, and skeletal vertical linear measures in the magnetic group. No adverse events were reported. There was insufficient evidence to infer the effects of these treatments for AOB, and high-quality RCTs are needed to increase the estimated effects. CRD42020175634, prospectively registered (05July 2020).

Association between breastfeeding profile and malocclusion of children in a preventive program

Purpose: To analyze the influence of the breastfeeding profile on the occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition in children participating and not participating in an educational-preventive dental program as well as its influence in these aspects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire filled in by the guardians combined with the examination of the occlusal characteristics of 400 children aged between 27 and 48 months, divided into 2 groups, 200 participants of a preventive dental program, Baby Clinic (BC), and 200 from schools from the city, not participating in a preventive dental program. The questionnaire included retrospective information on duration, type and form of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH). Clinical evaluation of dental occlusion was also performed, using the malocclusion index recommended by the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: In both groups, a high percentage of mothers breastfed their children (90% BC; 84.5% schools); high percentage of children had NNSH (64.5% BC; 57.5% schools), as well as a high rate of dental malocclusion (63% BC; 58% schools), the main one being anterior open bite (20.5% BC; 15% schools). In both groups, a lower occurrence of malocclusion was observed in children who were exclusively breastfed for up to six months (29.5% BC; 16.5% schools). Conclusions: our results indicated that children who were breastfed up to 6 months had a lower occurrence of malocclusion compared to those who were weaned early.