Dentinal Shavings Research Articles

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Different Concentrations of Triple Antibiotic Paste on Mature Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis.

Background and aims. Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) is widely used in endodontics for root canal disinfection, particularly in regenerative procedures. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of different concentrations of TAP at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week intervals on mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.Materials and methods. A total of 287 extracted one-rooted human central incisors were infected with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 after removing the crown and preparation. The root canal space was filled with one of the 0.01-, 0.1-, 1-, 10-, 100-, and 1000-mg/mL concentrations of TAP or normal saline (control). The root canal dentin was sampled after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The dentinal shavings were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar plates after serial dilutions. The classic colony-forming unit (CFU) counting technique was used to determine remaining bacterial counts. Data were analyzed by using the two-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and one-way ANOVA (P<0.05).Results. TAP completely eliminated E. faecalis biofilms at all the intervals at concentrations of 1000, 100, and 10 mg/mL, whereas 1-, 0.1-, and 0.01-mg/mL TAP resulted in significant reduction of CFU means compared with the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the four time intervals.Conclusion. Use of lower concentrations of TAP at short term could eradicate E. faecalis biofilm and decrease high-concentration side effects.

The effect of chlorine dioxide on Enterococcus faecalis in exponential, stationary and starvation phases in extracted human teeth - an invitro study

Background: Enterococcus Faecalis (E faecalis) is isolated usually from failed root canal treated teeth. It can bind to dentin and co-aggregate with other organisms. The organism is resistant to the intracanal medicaments and irrigants. It has the ability to produce biofilms and survive within the root canal. They may develop resistance at different phases of bacterial growth cycle. Objective: To study the effect of chlorine dioxide on different phases of E faecalis growth cycle for 1 and 3 min duration. Methodology: E faecalis ATCC strain (29212) was cultured in different growth phases on dentinal blocks of extracted human teeth. After treatment with chlorine dioxide, left out colonies were counted from dentinal shavings. Observation of the remaining biofilm of different phases was made using the scanning electron microscope and comparison between them was done. Results: In all 3 phases, at the end of 1 and 3 min, significantly (p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.001 respectively) less E faecalis colonies were observed when compared to initial count. When effect of chlorine dioxide on E faecalis colonies was compared between the three phases, at the end of 1 min, significantly (p&lt;0.05) less E faecalis colonies were observed in exponential phase than in starvation phase. However, the E faecalis colony count during stationary phase was significantly (p&lt;0.05) less than the colony counts in both exponential and starvation phases. At the end of 3 min, there was no significant difference in E faecalis colony count between exponential and starvation phases. However, the E faecalis colony count during stationary phase was significantly (p&lt;0.05) less when compared to the colony counts in both exponential and starvation phases. Conclusion: Our study showed that starved cells of E faecalis were more resistant to 13.8% chlorine dioxide irrigant when treated for 1 and 3min. Keywords: E faecalis, Chlorine dioxide, Dentinal blocks, Biofilms.

A comparitive evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon and garlic as endodontic irrigants against enterococcus faecalis - An in vitro study

Aim : To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Cinnamon and Garlic as endodontic irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis with comparison of 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX. Methodology : Fifty freshly extracted intact human mandibular premolars were biomechanically prepared and stored in normal saline until autoclaving. The specimens were inoculated with E.faecalis suspension and incubated for 21 days. Five groups(n = 10) were treated with the respective irrigating solutions for 5 minutes. Dentinal shavings collected using H files and total number of CFU were determined. Results : 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX showed complete inhibition in all the samples. Complete inhibition was observed in 2 samples of Garlic and 1 sample of Cinnamon. Saline showed innumerable colonies in the same dilution. Conclusion : 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX showed complete inhibition where as Cinnamon and Garlic showed inhibition which suggest that they have an antimicrobial action but not up to the extent of NaOCl and CHX.

Antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite with a novel sonic agitation device

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with sonic agitation devices. Fifty extracted human single-rooted teeth were collected. Canals were prepared up to Profile #35/0.06. Forty teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 24 hours. The teeth were then divided into five groups based on the agitation device used. Group 1- was agitated with EndoActivator. Group 2 was agitated with Waterpik Power Flosser. In Group 3, Waterpik flosser was used with a nickel-titanium file. Group 4 (positive control) was not subjected to any agitation, and Group 5 -was the negative control. Superficial and deep dentinal shavings were collected from coronal and apical halves and sowed in brain heart infusion (BHI) agar to evaluate colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Krusal Wallis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test showed that Group 3 showed a smaller number of CFUs/mL Group 2 showed a relatively greater number of CFU/mL. The deep apical dentin areas showed more number of CFUs relative to other sites. The nickel-titanium file attached to the Waterpik Power Flosser system was found to be as effective as the EndoActivator in antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis.

Synergistic Effect of Microbubble Emulsion and Sonic or Ultrasonic Agitation on Endodontic Biofilm in Vitro

IntroductionIrrigation dynamics and antibacterial activity determine the efficacy of root canal disinfection. Sonic or ultrasonic agitation of irrigants is expected to improve irrigation dynamics. This study examined the effects of microbubble emulsion (ME) combined with sonic or ultrasonic agitation on irrigation dynamics and reduction of biofilm bacteria within root canal models. MethodsTwo experiments were conducted. First, high-speed imaging was used to characterize the bubble dynamics generated in ME by sonic or ultrasonic agitation within canals of polymer tooth models. Second, 5.25% NaOCl irrigation or ME was sonically or ultrasonically agitated in canals of extracted teeth with 7-day-grown Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Dentinal shavings from canal walls were sampled at 1 mm and 3 mm from the apical terminus, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated. Mean log CFU/mL values were analyzed with analysis of variance and post hoc tests. ResultsHigh-speed imaging demonstrated strongly oscillating and vaporizing bubbles generated within ME during ultrasonic but not sonic agitation. Compared with CFU counts in controls, NaOCl-sonic and NaOCl-ultrasonic yielded significantly lower counts (P < .05) at both measurement levels. ME-sonic yielded significantly lower counts (P = .002) at 3 mm, whereas ME-ultrasonic yielded highly significantly lower counts (P = .000) at both measurement levels. At 3 mm, ME-ultrasonic yielded significantly lower CFU counts (P = .000) than ME-sonic, NaOCl-sonic, and NaOCl-ultrasonic. ConclusionsEnhanced bubble dynamics and reduced E. faecalis biofilm bacteria beyond the level achieved by sonic or ultrasonic agitation of NaOCl suggested a synergistic effect of ME combined with ultrasonic agitation.

An In Vitro Study Comparing the Intracanal Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide– and Linezolid-based Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis

Introduction This study evaluated the efficacy of calcium hydroxide (CH), Vitapex (VP), linezolid (LZ), a combination of LZ with CH (LC), and a control group (N, no medicament) against Enterococcus faecalis (EF). Methods Human single-rooted premolars were instrumented up to ProTaper size F3 files. EF suspension was inoculated into each root specimen and incubated. The medicaments were syringed into each root by weight and incubated. After 72 hours, 6 samples per group (among the 5 groups) were retrieved. A hole was drilled on each root, and the dentinal shavings obtained were allowed to fall in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Dilutions from the broth were plated and spread over BHI agar and blood agar. Colony-forming units (CFU) of EF were measured from BHI agar. The procedure was repeated after 8 days and 14 days. Results In group CH, the mean CFU (log 10 values) after 72 hours, 8 days, and 14 days were 1.17 ± 1.16, 3.33 ± 1.97, and 4.17 ± 1.17, respectively (statistically significant). In group VP, the mean CFU were 0.83 ± 0.75, 4.00 ± 1.67, and 4.83 ± 1.72. In group LZ, the mean CFU at 72 hours and after 8 days was 0.17 ± 0.41, and no CFU were found on the fourteenth day. Similarly, in group LC, the mean CFU at 72 hours and after 8 days was 0.50 ± 0.84, which increased to 1.33 ± 1.51 on the fourteenth day (not significant). Conclusions LZ was found to be most effective on EF, followed by LC, CH, and VP.

Antibacterial Activity of Propolis versus Conventional Endodontic Disinfectants against Enterococcus faecalis in Infected Dentinal Tubules

Introduction The antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis of 2 propolis samples was investigated in a dentin block model, and their effectiveness was compared with that of established endodontic disinfectants, chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2]. Methods Standardized dentin blocks were infected with E. faecalis ATCC 29212. The root canal space was filled with one of the ethanolic extracts of propolis (Artvin or Tekirdağ mix [TM]), CHX 2%, Ca(OH) 2, or ethanol or phosphate-buffered saline for control. Canal dentin was sampled after 1 or 7 days by using a standard-size bur. The dentinal shavings were vortexed vigorously in phosphate-buffered saline, and aliquots were cultured on tryptone soy agar plates. Colonies were counted after 2 days of incubation. Statistical significance was set to 5%. Results All experimental agents significantly reduced the number of the cultivable bacteria. CHX was the most potent disinfectant at both times. Compared with the ethanol control, no significant reduction in the number of colonies was found for the propolis extracts at day 1; however, significant reduction was found at day 7. The 2 propolis samples were statistically similar to each other and to Ca(OH) 2, but the TM sample was also similar to CHX at day 7. This has been linked to the greater concentration of flavonoids, a group of antibacterially active compounds, in the TM sample as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Conclusions The antimicrobial activity of the propolis samples tested in this study was between Ca(OH) 2 and CHX. Both propolis samples were antimicrobially effective; however, their activity did not exceed CHX.

Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of 0.5% IKI, 3% NaOCI and 0.2% CHX when used alone and in combination as intracanal irrigants against Enterococcus Faecalis. – An in vitro study

The success of endodontic treatment depends on the complete elimination of microorganisms from the complex root canal system. This is accomplished by chemo-mechanical preparation of the root canal system. Persistence of micro-organism and reinfection are the main causes of failed root canal therapy. Highly virulent Enterococcus faecalis has been implicated in endodontic treatment failure because of its resistance to intracanal irrigants and medication. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of 0.5% iodine potassium iodide, 3% NaOCl, 0.2%CHX, as intracanal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis, when used individually and their combination. A total number of 64 single rooted extracted teeth were sterilized by autoclaving and Enterococcus faecalis was inoculated into the root canals and left for 24 hours. Teeth were then divided into 8 groups and each group had 8 teeth, irrigated with 0.5% Iodine potassium iodide, 3% Sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% Chlorhexidine and their combination were performed in the root canals. Dentinal shavings were collected from specimens and cultured on brain heart infusion agar plates. Bacterial colonies of treated teeth and control specimens were counted and results were statistically analyzed. IKI when used alone showed the best antimicrobial effect at the middle third of the root canal. Combination of CHX and NaOCl showed the best antimicrobial effect at the apical third of the root canal. However there was no statistically significant difference between the irrigants IKI and CHX & NaOCl combination. From the results of the present study it can be concluded that IKI can be very useful intra canal irrigant in retreatment of root canal cases failed due to E faecalis.

Clinical Evaluation of Root Canal Irrigants in Dogs

home Acta Veterinaria Brno Journal of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic Search:

Nd:YAG laser irradiation in root canal disinfection.

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser irradiation in disinfecting the root canal system. Seventy-five teeth were uniformly instrumented and sterilized, and their root canals were infected for 60 min with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis in Tryptic Soy Broth. The teeth were divided into 6 groups: 1--non-infected controls; 2--infected controls; 3--infected, laser treated; 4--infected, laser dummy (dye only); 5--infected, laser dummy (dye and air-water spray); 6--infected, NaOCl-treated (reference group). After treatment, the root canals were dried and dentinal shavings removed for a post-treatment culture. Quantitative analysis of bacteria surviving the various treatments were performed and the bacterial counts for each group were compared. SEM analysis of teeth split longitudinally was used to illustrate the effect of treatment on the smear layer and on surface bacteria. Nd:YAG laser irradiation (group 3) significantly reduced the number of bacteria while NaOCl irrigation (group 6) effectively disinfected the canals.