To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of HybenX, an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and determine its efficacy in removal of smear layer. Forty root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for three weeks, divided into 4 groups and irrigated with: Group1: 5 ml 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; Group2: 5 ml 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; Group3: 5 ml HybenX; Group4: 5 ml distilled water (control). Dentin shavings were collected and plated on agar plates, followed by colony forming unit (CFU) determination. For smear layer removal examination, 30 single rooted teeth were instrumented and divided into 3 groups and treated with: GroupI: 5 ml of 17% EDTA; GroupII:5 ml of HybenX; and GroupIII: 5 ml of distilled water. Samples were then subjected to SEM examination. All irrigants showed a significant reduction in CFUs compared to the control group (P⟨ .001), but none compared to each other. Regarding smear layer removal in the apical third, EDTA removed smear layer more effectively than HybenX (P = .014). HybenX demonstrated good antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm and removed the smear layer effectively in coronal and middle third of the root canal system. HybenX can be considered as a promising irrigating agent in root canal treatment of infected teeth.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 7% maleic acid (MA) on shear bond strength of EpoSeal Plus sealer to root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one decoronated maxillary central incisors were longitudinally split into two halves, and each half of the root was further split into three sections, coronal, middle, and apical thirds, respectively, and embedded in dental stone block and abraded with silicon carbide paper to create smear layer. Random division of samples was done into Group 1 (n = 12): 0.9% of saline (5 mL/min), Group 2 (n = 15): 17% EDTA (5 mL/min), and Group 3 (n = 15): 7% MA (5 mL/min). After drying the specimens using paper points, polyethylene tubes were placed on the center of the root canal dentin, and EpoSeal Plus sealer was placed into the tubes, followed by which testing of shear bond strength using a universal testing machine was done. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test was done with a significance level (P = 0.05). Results: The results demonstrated significantly more shear bond strength in MA than EDTA in the middle and apical thirds (P Conclusion: The shear bond strength of EpoSeal Plus was found to be the maximum at all thirds of root canal dentin when irrigated with 7% MA.

Introduction: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of a single application of plain nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) paste in reducing dentine hypersensitivity. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three patients were recruited to participate in the study and randomized to be allocated into three groups (n-21): (1) Group 1 – n-HA paste, (2) Group 2 – fluoride paste, and (3) Group 3 – placebo. The patient's response to dentin hypersensitivity (DH) was evaluated at baseline (T0), immediately after application (T1), and after 1 week (T2). Tactile and cold air sensitivity (CAS) stimulus tests and visual analog scale subjective tests were used to measure the patient's response to DH. The data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistical software. Results: All three groups showed a statistically significant reduction in tactile sensitivity (TS), cold air sensitivity, and visual analog scale scores from T0–T1 and T0–T2 (P 0.005) except for Group 1, which showed a significant reduction (P = 0.033) in visual analog scale scores from T1–T2. However, the intergroup comparison at T2 demonstrated a significant difference in tactile scores (P = 0.005), CAS (P Conclusion: n-HA paste was the most effective desensitizing paste compared to fluoride and placebo pastes. The single application of the n-HA paste demonstrated a significant reduction in visual analog scale scores after 1-week.

This study investigated the influence of professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC) pastes on the surface texture of different subject materials. Two one-step PMTC pastes, Clinpro Cleaning Paste for PMTC (CP) and PRG Pro-Care Gel (PG), and multiple-step PMTC pastes, Merssage Regular (MR), Merssagge Fine (MF), and Merssage Plus (MP), were used. For comparison, PMTC was performed using distilled water without paste (DW). The subjected materials used were bovine enamel (ENA) and dentin (DEN), a resin composite (FSU), and lithium disilicate (IEC). The prepared specimens were polished using a #2000-grit silicon carbide paper. PMTC was performed using a brush at 1,000 rpm for 15 s. The surface roughness (Ra) values of the specimens before and after PMTC were measured by laser scanning microscopy. The Knoop hardness number (KHN) of the subjected material was obtained. The types of PMTC pastes and subject materials had a significant influence on the Ra values and KHN. For the majority of subject materials, the descending order of Ra values after PMTC was MR > MF > CP > PG > MP > DW. The descending order of KHN of the materials was IEC > ENA > FSU > DEN. Although one-step PMTC pastes appeared to be effective, it is important to consider the subject material during PMTC.

Introduction: Endodontic treatments aim to prevent or heal apical periodontitis. Some infections are persistent, which are mainly caused by bacterial invasion and colonization in canal walls and dentinal tubules. Some of these bacteria have the ability to form biofilms. Eradicating biofilms play a critical role in endodontic treatment. Mechanical instrumentation alone cannot eliminate biofilms. Because they render areas that cannot be touched by rotary files such as lateral canals, fins, and isthmuses, other chemical aids are necessary to maximize bacterial reduction. The most commonly used root canal irrigant is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Studies have shown supplementing NaOCl with contemporary different agitation devices may optimize endodontic treatment outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial effects of different agitation devices on single and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Hypotheses: There are no differences between root canal agitation devices in eliminating single and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals. Methods: Dentin blocks were prepared from human root dentin. To form biofilms, Enterococcus faecalis and plaque were introduced into dentinal tubules using centrifugation and incubation. After three weeks, two infected dentin samples were placed at 8 mm and 16 mm in a customized model. Samples were randomly divided into eight groups according to the agitation device used: Syringe needle irrigation (SNI), EndoActivator (EA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and EDDY, with 2.5% and 6% NaOCl concentrations. Samples were stained and observed using CLSM to quantify the proportions of killed bacteria in dentin canals. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between single- and multispecies biofilms. The killing of biofilms in dentin tubules was more effective when NaOCl was agitated. NaOCl concentration, location of infected dentin and agitation device used each played a role in the killing efficacy. There were no significant differences between the killing efficacies of EDDY and PUI. Conclusions: EDDY was as effective as PUI when used with concentrated NaOCl and demonstrated enhanced antibacterial effects against mono- and multispecies biofilms in the dentinal tubules. Apical portion with low antimicrobial efficiency remains a concern.

Os traumas dentais possuem uma significante ocorrência na odontologia. As fraturas radiculares podem ser consideradas como politraumatismos por envolverem diferentes tipos de tecido: dentina, cemento, polpa e periodonto. Objetivo: mostrar uma opção de protocolo terapêutico conservador no tratamento de fraturas radiculares horizontais a fim de preservar a estrutura dental levando em consideração a condição socioeconômica do paciente. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo masculino, 15 anos, procurou a clínica de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Alagoas onde procurou atendimento após sofrer um trauma. Ao exame clínico, observou-se que o incisivo central superior (11) apresentava fratura radicular horizontal cervical e discreto deslocamento palatino. Optou-se pela instalação de contenção semirrígida como tratamento imediato. Posteriormente uma pulpectomia do segmento coronal até a linha de fratura foi realizada com medicação intracanal composta por hidróxido de cálcio e clorexidina gel a 2%. Após 2 semanas foi realizada obturação do canal com MTA. Conclusão: O tratamento endodôntico foi realizado com sucesso, seu prognóstico depende do tipo de reparo tecidual na linha de fratura e saúde dos tecidos periodontais.

To study the effect of bioactive glass (BG) on the dentin bond strength and the microleakage of hybrid layer. In the study, 30 dentin planes were prepared from the third molars with no caries and equally assigned to the control group, BG group, and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)-polyacrylic acid (PAA)-BG group (S-P-BG group), randomly. After etched with 35% phosphoric acid, the dentin planes of BG group were pretreated with 0.5 g/L BG, and the dentin planes of S-P-BG group were pretreated with 5% STMP, 5% PAA and 0.5 g/L BG. No additional pretreatment was done to the dentin planes of control group. Then the dentin planes were bonded using 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive to 3M Z350XT composite resin, and cut into 0.9 mm×0.9 mm column samples, which were stored at 37 ℃ artificial saliva (AS). After 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months, the microtensile bond strength test was performed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD method. The morphology of the bond fracture interface was observed with scanning electron microscope. Other 27 teeth were collected and the enamel layer and roots cut off, with the pulp chamber exposed. 0.1% rhodamine B was added to the 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive, and then the adhesive was applied to complete the bonding procedures as above. The teeth were stored in 37 ℃ AS for 24 hours, 1 month, 3 months, and then 0.1% sodium fluorescein solution was placed in the chambers and stained for 1 hour. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the interface morphology and microleakage of the hybrid layer. At the end of 24 hours and 1 month, there was no significant difference in the microtensile bond strength among the three groups (P>0.05). After 3 months of soaking, the S-P-BG group [(36.91±7.07) MPa] had significantly higher microtensile bond strength than the control group [(32.73±8.06) MPa] (P=0.026); For the control group and the BG group, the microtensile bond strength significantly decreased at the end of 3 months compared with 24 hours (control group: P=0.017, BG group: P=0.01); The microtensile bond strength of S-P-BG group af the end of 3 months had no significant difference in compared with 24 hours [(37.99±7.98) MPa] (P>0.05). Observation of the fracture surface at the 24 hours showed no obvious mineralization in all the three groups. After 1 and 3 months, mineral formation was observed in BG group and S-P-BG group, and no obvious collagen exposure was observed in S-P-BG group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed no obvious differences in the morphology and quantity of the resin tag in the control group, BG group and S-P-BG group. At the end of 24 hours, leakage was found in all the three groups. The microleakage of the control group increased at the end of 3 months, while the microleakage of the BG and S-P-BG groups decreased. BG pretreatment of dentin bonding interface can induce mineralization at the bonding interface and reduce the microleakage of the hybrid layer; pretreating the dentin bonding interface with STMP, PAA and BG may enhance the maintaining of the dentin bonding durability.

Quality assessment worksheets according to In vitro reporting checklist from the Science in Risk Assessment and Policy - SciRAP (www.scirap.org)

An immature tooth with pulpal necrosis and periapical pathology imposes a great challenge to the endodontist. Endodontic treatment options for such teeth consist of conventional apexification procedure with and without apical barriers. Biodentine is a new material used for regenerative procedures and advertised as a bioactive dentin substitute. Apexification in one step using an apical plug of Biodentine can be considered a predictable treatment and may be an alternative to mineral trioxide aggregate apexification. This article demonstrates the use of the newer material, Biodentine, which helps in formation of a calcific barrier in a nonvital tooth and helps in the formation of the root apex. This case reports present apexification with the use of biodentine.

Factores que intervienen en la estabilidad y durabilidad del adhesivo en la dentina.

Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre os principais fatores etiológicos das lesões cervicais não cariosas (LCNCs), considerando seus aspectos multifatoriais e sua crescente prevalência na população. Periódicos nacionais e internacionais foram consultados nos bancos de dados (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Pubmed e Google Acadêmico), como também teses e livros relacionados ao tema. Artigos publicados entre 2015 e 2020 foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão/exclusão. As LCNCs se caracterizam pela perda mineral dentária na região cervical, sem envolvimento bacteriano, variando em forma, simetria e localização. Essas lesões vêm crescendo cerca de 5 a 85%, o que destaca a importância do presente estudo. Biocorrosão, abrasão e abfração são considerados os principais fatores etiológicos, e uma queixa comum dos pacientes é a hipersensibilidade dentinária. Curiosamente, grupos de risco tem sido relacionados às LCNCs como os atletas esportivos, indivíduos pós-ortodônticos, e portadores de doenças gastroesofágicas. Desta forma, conclui-se que, o conhecimento dos fatores etiológicos é essencial para nortear um adequado diagnóstico e assim conduzir para o correto manejo terapêutico.

Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a hereditary malformation of dental tissues affecting the dentin during the process of development. The teeth appear clinically normal; however, radigraphically the pulp morphology is abnormal and may be large or obliterated. The roots are diminutive, blunted, deformed or even absent. Periapical radiolucencies may be present without an apparent cause. The affected teeth may exhibit great mobility and exfoliate early even with minor trauma. In this article, we reported clinical and radiographic findings of a rare case of DD that have radiographic features of both DD- type II and DD type I in a 24 years old male patient visited the Out-Patient Dental Clinic of Qassim University, KSA.

Background: The term Erosion is not due to a single factor but multifactorial due to acids, mechanical wear and tear, trauma from axial and non-axial loads. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of local factor, the pH of gingival crevicular fluid on dental erosion. Materials and methods: The 200 adult volunteers of both sexes 30-50 yrs of age were involved in the study. Saliva and GCF samples were collected in the morning from 2 to 3 hours after breakfast with the help of proximal strips. The criteria for gingivitis was evaluated by measuring the plaque index, the gingival index, probing depth and bleeding on probing (BOP). Participants were divided into two groups: Control group-Normal gingiva (n=100) and moderate and severe gingivitis (n-100) with cervical lesions. Results: The collected data were analysed with IBM.SPSS statistics software 23.0 Version. The pH of GCF and Saliva were near neutral (6.5 and 6.4) in patients without gingivitis. In moderate and severe gingivitis, the pH was 5.4 and 6.1 of GCF and Saliva (P≤0.05). Conclusions: The pH of gingival crevicular fluid can be a contributing factor in the etiology of dental erosion in the process of lowering pH near enamel and dentin in the cervical areas.

Purpose: Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) is a common sequela of dental trauma, caries, restorations and vital pulp therapy procedures. Despite the application of high magnification and CBCT imaging, access cavity preparation for such cases is prone to procedural errors that may lead to substantial loss of dentin structure thereby reducing the long-term prognosis. This study aimed to achieve dentin conservation using a novel computer assisted dynamic navigation system (Navident) in comparison to freehand access preparation for locating calcified canals. Methods: Forty maxillary and mandibular central incisors (tooth #9 and tooth #25) were 3-D printed to simulate PCO. They were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups – Group 1: Freehand access; Group 2: Dynamic navigation access. Successful location of the canal, perforations and treatment times were noted, and volumetric analysis of remaining tooth structure was performed utilizing ITK-SNAP open source segmentation. Results: The access treatment method (freehand vs dynamic navigation) did not result in a significant difference in perforations or ability to locate the canal. Dynamic navigation resulted in significantly less tooth structure removed in maxillary teeth (35.5 vs. 62.2, p-value0.05). Dynamic navigation was associated with significantly faster drilling times for the first 8 treatment attempts in maxillary teeth (p0.05). The time was not significantly different between freehand and dynamic navigation for any of the treatment attempts in mandibular teeth (p >0.05). Drilling time significantly improved across the attempts for the freehand method in maxillary teeth by an average of 52.4 seconds per attempt (p Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of applying dynamic 3-D navigation technology to preserve tooth structure and predictably locate root canals in teeth with PCO.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin of one-step bonding agent containing hydrophilic amide monomers (HMA) and 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) with one-step bonding agent containing only MDP. Materials and Methods: 20 human third molar teeth randomly were divided into two groups. Teeth was abraded with a SiC disc (Carbimet, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, USA) to be under 1 mm of enamel-dentin junction. The dentin surface of each teeth were etched with %37 phosphoric acid for 15 s and then rinsed with water spray for 10 s and after that air dried. Cylinders of composite (Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Kuraray Noritake Inc, Okuyama, Japan) were bonded using 2 dental bonding agents. Group A used bonding agent containing HMA+MDP (Clearfil Universal Quick bond, Kuraray America, Inc. New York/NY, USA) and Group B used bonding agent containing only MDP (Clearfil S3 Bond plus, Kuraray America, Inc. New York/NY, USA) applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The speciemens were stored for 24 h in 37°C water and thermocycled between 5 and 55 C water with a 20 s dwell time for 5000 cycles. They were then submitted to a shear bond test with a universal testing machine (AGS-X, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a 100 N load cell at 1 mm/min. The values of SBS were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey’s test. Results: Group A was 35,96±5,47 MPa and B was 24,25±7,5 MPa There was a statistical difference between the two bonding agents (p<0.05). Group A was significantly higher than Group B. Conclusions: According to this study, bonding agents containing which type of monomers may be one of the important factors influencing dentin bond strength. When bonding agents with hydrophilic amide monomers are used, it has showed higher shear bond strength.

Background: It is widely accepted now that; additives to sodium hypochlorite helps in better pulp tissue dissolution. However, due to proprietary concerns, the available literature is unable to clarify exactly how the modified NaOCl is better than unaltered NaOCl. This review evaluates the effect of additives on sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue dissolution and physicomechanical effects on dentin. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using Medline PubMed, Ebscohost, Scopus, Google Scholar up to and including September 31, 2018, to identify relevant studies. All cross-reference lists of the selected studies were also screened. The inclusion criteria were articles in English or those having a detailed summary in English, published between January 2009 and September 2018. Articles were providing information about sodium hypochlorite, surfactants, and etidronic acid. Articles were providing information about in vitro studies, in which effect on root dentin was evaluated. Review, case reports, abstracts, letters to editors, and editorials were excluded. In vivo studies were excluded from this systematic review. Results: A total of 195 articles were examined, of which 11 articles were selected for the final synthesis. Most of the articles concluded that additives to sodium hypochlorite led to better pulp tissue dissolution and reduced the hardness of root canal dentin. Conclusion: This systematic review was able to garner adequate information stating that additives to sodium hypochlorite performed better pulp tissue dissolution. It was also able to evaluate successfully the physicomechanical effects of these solutions on root canal dentin.

Introduction: The bond strength to enamel may be simply improved by increasing the polymerization rate via prolonging the curing time. This study sought to assess the effect of increasing the curing time on microshear bond strength of enamel (Heliobond) and dentin (Excite) bonding agents to enamel. Materials and Methods: 90 extracted, sound human molar teeth randomly divided into six groups. In group 1, the enamel surfaces etched 30 seconds and were rinsed for 30 seconds. After drying, Heliobond was applied and light cured for 10 seconds, in groups 2 and 3, the curing time was 20 and 40 seconds, respectively. In group 4, specimens were prepared as in group 1 except that Excite dentin bonding agent was used. Groups 5 and 6 were prepared as in group 4 but the curing time was 20 and 40 seconds, respectively. The microshear bond strength of specimens was measured using micro tensile tester and analyzed. The mode of failure of specimens was evaluated under a microscope. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in bond strength of Heliobond and Excite specimens cured for different times. However, no significant difference was noted in microshear bond strength of specimens cured for 10 and 20 seconds (neither in Excite nor in Heliobond groups). Pairwise comparison of groups revealed significant differences between specimens cured for 10 and 20 seconds with 40 seconds curing times. The overall microshear bond strength of specimens in Heliobond groups was significantly higher than that of Excite groups. The mode of failure of groups bonded with Heliobond and Excite was not significantly different. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, prolonging the curing time up to the certain time significantly increased the micro shear bond strength of both enamel (Heliobond) and dentin (Excite) bonding agents to enamel.

Connective tissue response and push-out bond strengths of a new (mineral trioxide aggregate) MTA based endodontic sealer were evaluated.Polyethylene tubes containing ProRoot ES and Endosequence BC sealers were subcutaneously implanted in 45 rats. After 3, 7, 30 days the animals were euthanized, and the specimens were evaluated histologically. Bond strengths of the sealers to root dentine were measured using a push-out bond strength test.Scores of the inflammatory tissue reaction for ProRoot® ES were significantly lower than BC sealer group at 3 days with a thinner fibrous capsule at 30 days. Also, they were not significantly different from the control group. The push-out bond strength of ProRoot® ES could not be evaluated due to handling problems, nevertheless the measured Endosequence BC bond strengths were within an acceptable range.ProRoot® ES had better biocompatibility, seen as more favorable tissue response, than the BC Sealer, although the latter had improved handling characteristics.

Objective To evaluate the effects of quercetin on dentin resistance to erosion and provide evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and therapy of dental erosion. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight dentin samples were prepared from 50 extracted human wisdom teeth (collected from Department of Oral Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology). Ninety-six samples were randomly divided into 8 groups using the following different soaking solutions: deionized water, ethanol (control groups), 12.300 mg/L sodium fluoride, 0.120 mg/L chlorhexidine, 0.183 mg/L epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and 0.075, 0.150 and 0.300 mg/L quercetin. In each group, twelve specimen was prepared. Before daily acid challenge, the samples were immersed in the respective solutions for 2 min, rinsed with deionized water, and immersed in artificial saliva for 2 h. The samples were then subjected to 4 cycles of in vitro acid challenges. This protocol was applied for 7 d. The surface microhardness (SMH) and surface profiles were measured before and after erosion using the surface microhardness tester and contact profilometry, respectively. The change in surface profiles and reduction in SMH were used to calculate the substance loss and reduction percentage of SMH (SMH%) respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken to observe the surface morphology of the samples. Additionally, another thirty two samples were divided into 8 groups (n=4) as mentioned above. The specimens were treated with 10% phosphoric acid and desiccated, immersed in the respective solutions for 2 min, rinsed, and immersed in the artificial saliva at 37 ℃ for 7 d. The content of cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (ICTP) in the soaking solutions were measure quantitatively. Results Compared with the control groups, the application of chlorhexidine, quercetin, and EGCG were effective in preventing the surface softening and substance loss of human dentin after erosion. More specifically, the specimens treated with 0.300 mg/L quercetin exhibited the lowest SMH% [(8.75±4.95)%], the lowest surface substance loss [(2.26±1.16) μm], and the lowest contents of ICTP in the soaking solution [(5.72±0.88) ng], showing significant differences to the chlorhexidine and EGCG treated samples (P 0.05). However, the specimens treated with 0.300 mg/L quercetin exhibited significantly lower SMH% than those treated with the other two concentrations of quercetin (P<0.05). Conclusions Within the limitations of the current study, immersion in the quercetin solution is effective in improving the dentin resistance to erosion by inhibiting the dentinal MMP. Among all the concentrations tested, 0.300 mg/L quercetin showed the best performance. Key words: Quercetin; Acid etching, dental; Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; Dentin

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulpal response after pulp capping using either biodentine (BD) or tech biosealer capping (TBC) in the dog model. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were carried out on 45 teeth in three mongrel dogs. The dental pulp was exposed in 30 teeth (2 experimental groups) and left unexposed in 15 teeth (control group). The cavities of the experimental groups were capped with either BD (n = 15 teeth) or TBC (n = 15 teeth). All cavities in the experimental and control groups were restored with resin-modified glass ionomer. Dentin bridge formation, architecture of the odontoblastic layers, and signs of inflammation were assessed after 1, 2, and 3 months using the computer image analyzer. Results: The BD group exhibited a thick newly formed reparative dentin bridge completely closing the exposure site with cell inclusions and mineralization, variable numbers of odontoblast-like cells, preserved pulp tissue, marked numerous collagen fibers, and blood vessels. While the TBC group exhibited an incomplete newly formed reparative dentin bridge with tunnel defect, vacuolated odontoblasts, complete pulp degeneration with multiple edematous spaces, hyperemic blood vessels, extravasated red blood cells, multiple calcified structures scattered just beneath the dentin bridge and through the pulp tissue, and newly ill-defined odontoblasts. Conclusion: For pulp capping, BD has a better dentin bridge formation and pulp preservation than TBC in the dog model.